英語高考-完形填空說明文(原卷版)

資料僅供參考文件編號：2022年4月版本號：A修改號：1頁次：1.0審核：批準:發(fā)布日期：第二部分語言知識運用精做08完形填空說明文 說明文往往圍繞一個問題從不同的側面來加以說明，通常結構嚴謹，句子結構復雜，因此也是高考完形填空題中較難理解的一種文體。其主要特點為：1.開頭點題在說明文類的完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出說明的對象，這是掌握說明細節(jié)的前提。2.結構清晰 說明文一般按一定的順序展開。理清文章的說明順序，對于正確把握文意和上下文的邏輯關系，選擇正確答案具有重要意義。3.難度較大 說明文往往采用比較正式的文體，表述準確嚴謹，生詞術語較多，句子較長，結構較為復雜。4.遣詞用字簡練 說明文一般采用簡練的語言，按一定的方法介紹事物的類別、性質、特點、構造、成因、關系或事物的運動變化、發(fā)展的過程及其規(guī)律。5.條理清晰 說明文十分講究條理性，一般采取時間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序或認知順序來說明事物或事理。【解題技巧】1.快速弄清文章大意 對于此類文章我們結合選擇項，進行粗讀或略讀，對文章的大意要先有一個大體的了解。說明文往往生詞較多，而題材又比較廣泛，所以閱讀時，首先要能夠掌握文章的大意。2.弄清楚說明的順序 把握了說明順序，就能準確把握文章的脈絡，加強對整篇文章的理解。3.把握文章的組織結構，理清事實細節(jié) 把握語篇特征對理解文意與答題極為有利。說明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表達清楚的、邏輯比較嚴密的短文。在閱讀這類文章時，我們一定要仔細研讀文章的開頭和結尾，從主題句著手，找出支持句，然后尋找文章的結論。這時，我們還要特別注意，不要被表面的一些細節(jié)所迷惑，我們在理解細節(jié)的基礎上，還要斟酌文字的內(nèi)涵意義，從而對文章進行深層次的理解。4.注重上下文語境 應逐句精讀短文，逐題分析選項，對特定的語境作深入的理解，克服＂思維定勢＂，根據(jù)全文大意和詞不離句、句不離文的原則逐項填空。5.熟練做題方法，遵循四個原則：（1）上下一致。每個選擇項必須從全文出發(fā)，從大處著手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成誤選。（2）語法正確。從語法地角度去考慮動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)以及詞類用法。（3）邏輯合理。在完形填空題中，邏輯推理非常重要，有時每個選擇項從語法上講都正確，但是有的是不合語境邏輯的。（4）符合搭配。英語中固定搭配很多，需要熟練掌握，才能做好此類題目。Cloze1（2016·上海卷）體裁文章話題詞數(shù)建議時間難度自測正確率說明文一種新型管理理論——授權管理及其作用。38215分鐘★★★☆☆Inthe1960s,DouglasMcGregor,oneofthekeythinkersintheartofmanagement,developedthenowfamousTheoryXandTheoryY.TheoryXistheideathatpeopleinstinctively1workandwilldoanythingtoavoidit.TheoryYistheviewthateveryonehasthepotentialtofindsatisfactioninwork.Inanycase,despitesomuchevidencetothe2,manymanagersstillagreetoTheoryX.Theybelieve,3,thattheiremployeesneedconstantsupervisioniftheyaretoworkeffectively,orthatdecisionsmustbeimposedfrom4withoutconsultation.This,ofcourse,makesforauthoritarian(專制的)managers.Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysof5people.Unlikeauthoritarianmanagement,—allmembersofthedepartmentorworkgroupareaskedto6tothisprocess.Thisismanagementbythecollectiveopinion.ManywesterncompanieshavetriedtoimitatesuchAsianwaysofdoingthings,whicharebasedongeneral7.Someexpertssaythatwomenwillbecomemoreeffectivemanagersthanmenbecausetheyhavethepowertoreachcommongoalsinawaythattraditional8managerscannot.Arecenttrendhasbeentoencourageemployeestousetheirowninitiative,tomakedecisionsontheirownwithout9managersfirst.Thisempowerment(授權)hasbeenpartofthetrendtowardsdownsizing:10thenumberofmanagementlayersincompanies.Afterde-layeringinthisway,acompanymaybe11withjustatoplevelofseniormanagers,front-linemanagersandemployeeswithdirectcontactwiththepublic.Empowermenttakestheideaofdelegation(委托)muchfurtherthanhas12beenthecase.Empowermentanddelegationmeannewformsofmanagementcontrolto13thattheoverallbusinessplanisbeingfollowed,andthatoperationsbecomemoreprofitableundertheneworganization,ratherthanless.Anothertrendisoff-siteor14management,whereteamsofpeoplelinkedbye-mailandtheInternetworkonprojectsfromtheirownhouses.Projectmanagersevaluatethe15oftheteammembersintermsofwhattheyproduceforprojects,ratherthantheamountoftimetheyspendonthem.1.A.desire B.seek C.lose D.dislike2.A.contrary B.expectation C.degree D.extreme3.A.viceversa B.forexample C.however D.otherwise4.A.outside B.inside C.below D.above5.A.replacing B.assessing C.managing D.encouraging6.A.refer B.contribute C.object D.apply7.A.agreement B.practice C.election D.impression8.A.bossy B.experienced C.western D.male9.A.asking B.training C.warning D.firing10.A.doubling B.maintaining C.reducing D.estimating11.A.honored B.left C.crowded D.compared12.A.economically B.traditionally C.inadequately D.occasionally13.A.deny B.admit C.assume D.ensure14.A.virtual B.ineffective C.day-to-day D.on-the-scene15.A.opinion B.risk C.performance D.attractivenessCloze2（2014·新課標全國卷I）體裁文章話題詞數(shù)建議時間難度自測正確率說明文各種形式的活動，如果人們經(jīng)常做，都會產(chǎn)生厭倦情緒。24917分鐘★★★☆☆ Asageneralrule,allformsofactivityleadtoboredomwhentheyareperformedonaroutine(常規(guī))basis.Asamatteroffact,wecanseethis1atworkinpeopleofall2.Forexample,onChristmasmorning,childrenareexcitedabout3withtheirnewtoys.Buttheir4soonwearsoffandbyJanuarythose5toyscanbefoundputawayinthebasement.Theworldisfullof6stampalbumsandunfinishedmodels,eachstandingasamonumenttosomeone’s7interest.Whenparentsbringhomeapet,theirchild8bathesitandbrushesitsfur.Withinashorttime,however,the9ofcaringfortheanimalishandedovertotheparents.Adolescentsenterhighschoolwithgreat10butaresoonlookingforwardto11.Thesameistrueoftheyoungadultsgoingtocollege.Andthen,howmany12,whonowcomplain(抱怨)aboutthelongdrivestowork,13droveforhoursatatimewhentheyfirst14theirdriver’slicenses(執(zhí)照)

Beforepeopleretire,theyusually15todoalotof16things,whichtheyneverhad17todowhileworking.But18afterretirement,thegolfing,thefishing,thereadingandalloftheotherpastimesbecomeasboringasthejobsthey19.And,likethechildinJanuary,theygosearchingfornew20.1.A.principle B.habit C.way D.power2.A.parties B.races C.countries D.ages3.A.working B.living C.playing D.going4.A.confidence B.interest C.anxiety D.sorrow5.A.same B.extra C.funny D.expensive6.A.well-organized B.colorfully-printed C.newly-collected D.half-filled7.A.broad B.passing C.different D.main8.A.silently B.impatiently C.gladly D.worriedly9.A.promise B.burden C.right D.game10.A.courage B.calmness C.confusion D.excitement11.A.graduation B.independence C.responsibility D.success12.A.children B.students C.adults D.retirees13.A.carefully B.eagerly C.nervously D.bravely14.A.required B.obtained C.noticed D.discovered15.A.need B.learn C.start D.plan16.A.great B.strange C.difficult D.correct17.A.time B.money C.skills D.knowledge18.A.only B.well C.even D.soon19.A.lost B.chose C.left D.quit20.A.pets B.toys C.friends D.colleaguesCloze3（2012·新課標全國卷Ⅰ）體裁文章話題詞數(shù)建議時間難度自測正確率說明文身勢語在交際中的重要性24618分鐘★★★★☆ Bodylanguageisthequiet,secretandmostpowerfullanguageofall!Itspeaks1thanwords.Accordingtospecialists,ourbodiessendoutmore2thanwerealize.Infact,non-verbal(非言語)communicationtakesupabout50%ofwhatwereally3.Andbodylanguageisparticularly4whenweattempttocommunicateacrosscultures.Indeed,whatiscalledbodylanguageisso5apartofusthatit’sactuallyoftenunnoticed.Andmisunderstandingsoccurasaresultofit.6,differentsocietiestreatthe7betweenpeopledifferently.NorthernEuropeansusuallydonotlikehaving8contact(接觸)evenwithfriends,andcertainlynotwith9.PeoplefromLatinAmericancountries,10,toucheachotherquitealot.Therefore,it’spossiblethatin11,itmaylooklikeaLatinois12aNorwegianallovertheroom.TheLatino,tryingtoexpressfriendship,willkeepmoving13.TheNorwegian,veryprobablyseeingthisaspushiness,willkeep14—whichtheLatinowillinreturnregardas15. Clearly,agreatdealisgoingonwhenpeople16.Andonlyapartofitisinthewordsthemselves.Andwhenpartiesarefrom17cultures,there’sastrongpossibilityof18.Butwhateverthesituation,thebest19istoobeytheGoldenRule:treatothersasyouwouldliketobe20.1.A.straighter B.louder C.harder D.further2.A.sounds B.invitations C.feelings D.messages3.A.hope B.receive C.discover D.mean4.A.immediate B.misleading C.important D.difficult5.A.well B.far C.much D.long6.A.Forexample B.Thus C.However D.Inshort7.A.trade B.distance C.connections D.greetings8.A.eye B.verbal C.bodily D.telephone9.A.strangers B.relatives C.neighbours D.enemies10.A.inotherwords B.ontheotherhand C.inasimilarway D.byallmeans11.A.trouble B.conversation C.silence D.experiment12.A.disturbing B.helping C.guiding D.following13.A.closer B.faster C.in D.away14.A.steppingforward B.goingon C.backingaway D.comingout15.A.weakness B.carelessness C.friendliness D.coldness16.A.talk B.travel C.laugh D.think17.A.different B.European C.Latino D.rich18.A.curiosity B.excitement C.misunderstanding D.nervousness19.A.chance B.time C.result D.advice20.A.noticed B.treated C.respected D.pleasedCloze1（2019?廣東省廣州市2019屆高三第二次模擬考試）話題詞數(shù)難度參考用時正確率發(fā)射衛(wèi)星的意義313★★★☆☆16分鐘AlwayswishedtheEarthhadasecondmoonThenyouwillbe1tohearthattheChengduAerospaceScienceInstitutehasplanstolaunchmultipleminimoonsoverthenextfewyears.Similartoour2satellite，thelightoftheartificialorb球體willbeobtainedfromthesunand3toEarthbyitsmirror﹣likecoating.Accordingtoitsdesigners,the4oflightbeingreflectedcanbecontrolledfromEarthandthelightcanevenbe5,ifnecessary.Whilethemultipleminimoonswillcertainlyappearpicturesque，theirmainpurposeistoconserve6TheChengduAerospaceexpertsclaimtheminimoon'sdusk—likeglowwillallowthegovernmenttoeventually7costlystreetlightsincities.TheyestimatethatusingtheartificialsatellitetolightupChengdu'sstreetsatnightwill8thecity1.2billionyuananally.Sincetheorb'slocationcanbe9moved，itcouldalsobeusedtoshinelightoverdisaster—struckareasthathavelost10.Oncethefirstminimoonis11successfully，theexpertsplantolaunchthree12ones.Together，thesatellites，whichwilltaketurnsdependingontheir13inrelationtothesun，areexpectedto14anareaof3，600to6，400squarekilometers.Whiletheorbswillbe15throughatelescopefromanywhereontheglobe,theirrealbeautywillonlybeseenbyvisitingChengdu.Officials,16,believetheywillbeahugetouristattraction，helpingimprovethecity's17.Asisoftenthecasewithmajor18,someexpertsareconcerned.They19thatthemoonswillimpactonthesleeppatternsofhumansandanimals.However，officialsbelievethesatelliteswillcauselittle，ifany20.1.A.pleased B.surprised C.alarmed D.relieved2.A.traditional B.unique C.natural D.famous3.A.carried B.reflected C.introduced D.transformed4.A.colour B.speed C.source D.amount5.A.sentout B.switchedoff C.givenaway D.turneddown6.A.resources B.animals C.farmland D.space7.A.rebuild B.expand C.improve D.remove8.A.bring B.leave C.save D.cost9.A.hardly B.easily C.frequently D.normally10.A.money B.home C.contact D.power11.A.travelling B.appearing C.working D.signaling12.A.additional B.special C.bright D.colourful13.A.size B.importance C.position D.function14.A.pickup B.takeup C.holdup D.lightup15.A.reliable B.visible C.available D.testable16.A.therefore B.however C.otherwise D.moreover17.A.population B.education C.evolution D.conflict18.A.drawback B.breakthroughs C.technology D.economy19.A.doubt B.conclude C.worry D.agree20.A.disturbance B.destruction C.satisfaction D.discussionCloze2（江蘇省南京市九月學情調(diào)研）話題詞數(shù)難度參考用時正確率古希臘戲劇的起源355★★★☆☆17分鐘TheBeginningofDramaTherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theonemostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedonthe

1thatdramaevolvedfromritual(宗教儀式).Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning,humanbeings

2thenaturalforcesoftheworld—eventheseasonalchanges—asunpredictable,andtheysoughtthroughvariousmeansto

3theseunknownandfearedpowers.Thosemeasureswhichappearedto

4thedesiredresultswerethenkeptandrepeateduntiltheychangedinto

5rituals.6storiesarosewhichexplainedormaskedthemysteriesoftherituals.Astimespassed,someritualswere

7,butthestories,latercalledmyths,continuedtoexistandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.Thosewhobelievedthatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritualscontainedthe

8oftheatrebecausemusic,dance,masks,and

9werealmostalwaysused.

10,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformancesand

11theentirecommunitydidnotparticipate,a(n)

12divisionwasusuallymadebetweenthe＂areaofactingandtheatreinwhichanaudiencesits＂.Besides,therewereperformers,and,sinceconsiderableimportancewas

13toavoidingmistakesinthepracticeofrituals,religiousleadersusually

14thattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoftenimitated(模仿)otherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings,andmimed(用啞劇表演出)the

15effect—successinhuntorbattle,thecomingrain,therevivaloftheSun—

16anactormight.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentativeswereseparatedfrom

17activities.Anothertheorytracesthetheater’soriginfromthehumaninterestin

18.Accordingtothisview,talesaboutthehunt,warorotherthingsaretoldandgraduallyspread.

19throughtheuseofactionanddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilygymnasticorthatare

20ofanimalmovementsandsounds.1.A.background B.assumption C.evidence D.theory2.A.viewed B.employed C.imagined D.dismissed3.A.take B.possess C.guarantee D.control4.A.start B.show C.bring D.continue5.A.usual B.direct C.convincing D.fixed6.A.Apparently B.Actually C.Eventually D.Naturally7.A.spread B.abandoned C.followed D.celebrated8.A.seed B.content C.myth D.history9.A.costumes B.routines C.instructions D.performances10.A.Asaresult B.Infact C.Onthecontrary D.Inaddition11.A.when B.although C.unless D.while12.A.deep B.equal C.clear D.extra13.A.attached B.related C.committed D.tied14.A.putup B.tookup C.tookon D.puton15.A.unexpected B.unpredicted C.prepared D.desired16.A.whenever B.as C.whatever D.so17.A.social B.political C.economic D.religious18.A.accounts B.story-telling C.descriptions D.drama-writing19.A.atthattime B.atatime C.atfirst D.atonce20.A.imitations B.creatures C.presentations D.exhibitionsCloze1話題詞數(shù)難度參考用時正確率不同時期社會觀點的行為標準246★★★☆☆16分鐘IfyouassociatemodernBritishfictionwiththecool,lonelytonesofMartinAmisandJulianBarnes,andUSfictionwithJonathanFranzen’s

1innerworldsorJohnIrving’ssentimentality,itseemsyouhavegood

2.Ananalysisofthe

3textsofEnglish-languagebooksoverthe

4centuryconcludesthat,sincethe1980s,wordsthat

5emotionalcontenthavebecome

6morecommoninUSbooksthaninBritishones.The

7,byanthropologist(人類學家)AlbertoAcerbioftheUniversityofBristol,UK,andhiscolleagues,takesadvantageofGoogle’sdatabaseofmorethan5milliondigitally

8booksfromthepastseveralcenturies.Thisresourcehas

9beenusedtoexaminethe

10ofliterarystylesandtrendsinliteraryexpressionsofindividualism.Such

11oftheculturalinformationmadeavailablebynewtechnologieshasbeen

12＂culturomics＂(文化組學).Its

13thinkthattheseapproachescan

14trendsinsocialopinionsandstandardsofbehaviorthatare

15hiddenwithinvastquantitiesofdata.＂Languageuseinbooks

16whatpeoplearetalkingaboutandthinkingaboutduringa

17time,soGoogleBooksprovidesafascinating

18intothepast,＂sayspsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityinCalifornia.The

19resultscertainlyseemtoshowthatinformaldescriptionsaboutsocialmoodarereflectedinthe

20(bothfictionandnon-fiction)ofthetwentiethcentury.1.A.independent B.emotional C.peaceful D.autonomous2.A.reason B.way C.excuse D.truth3.A.digitized B.translated C.adapted D.adopted4.A.old B.modern C.former D.past5.A.take B.include C.carry D.arrange6.A.significantly B.surprisingly C.doubtfully D.instructively7.A.book B.study C.experiment D.lecture8.A.written B.chosen C.scanned D.made9.A.formally B.casually C.never D.previously10.A.evolution B.development C.progress D.revolution11. A.learning B.mining C.searching D.using12.A.regarded B.formed C.appointed D.called13.A.opponents B.owners C.advocates D.writers14.A.examine B.discover C.cause D.generate15.A.certainly B.often C.also D.otherwise16.A.suggests B.reflects C.explains D.displays17.A.particular B.different C.hard D.pleasant18.A.window B.picture C.sight D.roof19.A.earliest B.best C.latest D.poorest20.A.literature B.science C.politics D.economicsCloze1體裁文章話題詞數(shù)建議時間難度自測正確率說明文網(wǎng)絡安全問題40016分鐘★★★★☆ The

Term

＂CYBERSPACE＂

was

coined

by

WilliamGibson,ascience-fictionwriter.Hefirstuseditinashortstoryin1982,andexpandedonitacoupleofyearslaterinanovelNeuromancer.His1creationturnedouttoberemarkablyprescient（有先見之明）.Cyberspacehasbecomeshorthandforthecomputingdevices,networks,fiber-opticcables,andwirelesslinksthatbringtheinternettobillionsofpeoplearoundtheworld.The2madebythesetechnologieshavebroughttremendousbenefitstoeveryonewhousesthewebto3humanity’scollectivestoreofknowledgeeveryday. The

potential

damage,

though,

extends

well

beyond

such

7intrusion.

Wider8_havebeenraisedbytherealizationofagrowingnumbersofcyber-warriorsbeingrecruitedbycountriesthatseecyberspaceasanewterritoryofwarfare.America’spresident,BarackObama,saidinaWhiteHousepressreleasethatcyber-threats＂9oneofthegravestnational-securitydangers＂thecountryisfacing. 13,thesedefenseshaveworkedreasonablywell.Despitethetalkabouttheriskofa＂cyber9/11＂,theinternethasprovedremarkably14.Hundredsofmillionsofpeopleturnontheircomputerseverydayandbankonline,shopat15stores,sharegossipandphotoswiththeirfriendsonsocialnetworksandsendallkindsofsensitivedataoverthewebwithoutilleffect.Companiesandgovernmentsareshiftingevermoreservicesonline.1.A.technical B.literary C.deliberate D.noble2.A.senses B.restrictions C.connections D.differences3.A.breakthrough B.keepback C.standfor D.tapinto4.A.collections B.mistakes C.leaks D.sources5.A.hackers B.agencies C.critics D.victims6.A.assessed B.insisted C.revealed D.concluded7.A.social B.cultural C.civil D.commercial8.A.gaps B.contacts C.effects D.concerns9.A.pose B.solve C.maintain D.reduce10.A.availability B.security C.temptation D.preservation11.A.worryabout B.specializein C.keepaway D.putoff12.A.brokedown B.turnedup C.fellapart D.shutdown13.A.Ofcourse B.Inanotherword C.Onthewhole D.Aboveall14.A.calmandstable B.funandfashionableC.profitableandproductive D.wildandwell-received15.A.luxurious B.favorite C.virtual D.convenienceCloze2體裁文章話題詞數(shù)建議時間難度自測正確率說明文人際交往中一個重要的原則30317分鐘★★★☆☆Peoplearealwaysaskingwhatthemostimportantelementtoahealthyrelationshipis.The1istherearemany.Butthereisonereallyimportantthingthatallgreatandhealthyrelationshipshaveincommon—2.Yes,ofcourse,therearesomelittle3lieseveninthebestofrelationships—4surprisesorunexpectedbirthd