專業(yè)八級分類模擬435

專業(yè)八級分類模擬435(總分：58.92，做題時間：90分鐘)一、PARTIREADINGCOMPREHENSION、題數(shù)：1,分數(shù)：30.00)SECTIONAMULTIPLE-CHOICEQUESTIONSInthissectiontherearefourpassagesfollowedbyfourteenmultiplechoicequestions.Foreachmultiplechoicequestion,therearefoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswerandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETTWO.PASSAGEONEIfyoudropyourlaptopcomputer,achipbuiltintoitwillsensetheaccelerationandprotectthedelicatemovingpartsofitsharddiskbeforeithitstheground.AgroupofresearchersledbyJesseLawrenceofStanfordUniversityareputtingthesameaccelerometerchiptoanintriguingnewuse:detectingearthquakes.Theyplantocreateanetworkofvolunteerlaptopsthatcanmapoutfuturequakesinfargreaterdetailthantraditionalseismometersmanage.Seismometersarelarge,expensivebeasts,costing$10,000ormoreapiece.Theyaredesignedtobeexquisitelysensitivetothesortofvibrationsanearthquakeproduces,whichmeanstheycanpickuptremorsthatbeganhalfwayaroundtheworld.Bycontrast,theaccelerometerchipsinlaptops,whichhaveevolvedfromthoseusedtodetectwhenacarisinacollisionandthustriggerthereleaseoftheairbags,arerathercrudedevices.Theyare,however,ubiquitous.Almostallmodemlaptopshavethemandtheyareevenfindingtheirwayintomobilephones.TheiPhone,forexample,usessuchachiptodetectitsorientationsothatitcanrotateitsdisplayandthusmakeiteasilyreadable.Onitsown,anaccelerometerchipinalaptopisnotveryusefulforearthquake-detection,asitcannotdistinguishbetweenaquakeandallsortsofothervibrations——theusertappingawayatthekeyboard,forexample.Butiflotsofthesechipsareconnectedtoacentralserverviatheinternet,theirresponsescanbecompared.Andifalargenumberinaparticularplaceregisteravibrationatalmostthesametime,itismorelikelytobeanearthquakethanabunchofusersallhittingtheirspacebars.Toexploitthisgroupeffect,DrLawrence"sQuake-CatcherNetwork(QCN)employsthesamesoftwarethatisusedbytheSETI@homeproject,whichaggregatescomputingpowerfromhundredsofthousandsofvolunteercomputersaroundtheworldtoanalyzeradio-telescopesignalsforsignsofextraterrestrialintelligence.DrLawrenceandhiscolleagueshavealreadydemonstratedthattheQCNworks.ItdetectedaquakenearReno,Nevada,inApril,andonenearLosAngelesinJuly.Merelydetectingaquake,however,isnotthepoint.Seismometerscandothat.Tobeuseful,theQCNneedstobeabletodothingsthatseismometerscannot.Oneofthosethingsistomeasurethemaximumamountofgroundshaking.Thesensitivityofseismometersmeansthatstrongsignalswoulddamagethemiftheywerenotdesignedto"clip"suchsignalswhentheyexceedacertainthreshold.Thepricepaidisthatinformationaboutstrong,nearbyearthquakesislost.Laptopaccelerometersaremorerobust.Thoughtheycannot,ifinAmerica,tellyouanythingaboutanearthquakeinChina,theycansometimesdobetterthanconventionalkitwhenmeasuringlocalquakes.Thenetwork"ssecondbenefitisofsheernumbers.Thisshouldallowtheconstructionoffarmoredetailedmapsoftheup-and-downandside-to-sidemotionsinducedbyearthquakes.Thesevaryalotfromquaketoquake,andthatmeansthedamagedonebyaquakeofanygivenstrengthisalsovariable.Abetterunderstandingofhowmovementanddamagerelatemighthelpbothbuildingdesignandtownplanninginearthquakezones.Ofcourse,forthattowork,youhavetoknowwhereeachlaptopwasatthemomentofthequake.Ideally,thisinformationwouldcomefromaGlobalPositioningSystemdevicefittedwithinthelaptop,butfewcomputershavethematthemoment.Intheirabsence,informationautomaticallysuppliedaboutthesiteofthenearestrouter(anetworkdevicethatcomputersusetoconnecttothewiderinternet)givesaroughlocation.Thisisimperfect,butpoolingthedatafromlotsoflaptopsmeansthatlocationerrorscanbedetectedstatisticallyanderroneousdatadiscarded.Ifthatcanbedonequicklyenough,theQCNcouldbringathird—andmostvaluable—benefit:warning.Thespeedofinternetcommunication,coupledwithaschemeforuploadingdatafromeachcomputeratbriefintervals,meansthatDrLawrence"snetworkcouldissueanearthquakewarningwithinseconds.Thatisfasterthantraditionalseismometernetworks,whichupdatelessregularly,and,aboveall,ismuchfasterthanseismicwavestravel.Warningscouldthusbebroadcasttoplacestheearthquakewaveshadnotyetreached,givingpeoplevitaltimetofindaplaceofrefuge.Atthemoment,theQCNhasabout1,500participatingcomputers.But,ashappenedwithSETI@home,theresearchersexpectnumberstogrowonceknowledgeoftheprojectspreads:,forthosewhowanttojoininthefun.PASSAGETWODamnyou,tallpeople.Theyblockyourviewatthemovietheater.They"reapaintoshopfor:WhoreallywantstodragthemselvestotheBig&TalltobuyUncleLurchapairofextra-longpants?They"retheoneswithbetterchancesofbecomingprobasketballplayers,orsupermodels.Squirtsprobablydon"tneedanymorereasonstoenvytheirlonger-limbedneighbors.Unfortunately,anewstudyjustaddedtotheindignityofshortpeople.AccordingtoapaperfromtheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch,bothmenandwomenwhoareaboveaverageheight—5ft.10in.formales,5ft.4in.forfemales——reporthigherlevelsofhappinessthansmallerpeople.Inthestudy,menwhocalltheirlivesthe"worstpossible"arenearlyaninchshorterthantheaverageman.Thewomenmostdowninthedumpsarehalfaninchsmaller,onaverage,thantheaveragewoman.Tallerpeoplesaytheyaremorecontent,andarelesslikelytoreportarangeofnegativeemotionslikesadnessandphysicalpain."Happinessisjustonemorethingthattallerpeoplehavegoingforthem,"saysAngusDeaton,aPrincetoneconomistandco-authorofthestudy,whostandsasmug6ft.4in.(Fulldisclosure:I,too,amabout6ft.4in.,butIwillrefrainfrommockingshrimpsinthisstory.)Whyaretallpeoplehappier?AccordingtoDeaton"sanalysis,theresultislinkedtoeducationandincome.Thestudyfoundthattallerpeopletendtohavemoreeducation,andthushigherincomelevels,thanshorterpeople.Itfollowsthatthesmarter,richertallpeoplewouldbesunnierthantheirverticallychallengedcompatriots."Moneybuysenjoymentandhigherlifeevaluation,"saysDeaton."Itbuysoffstress,anger,worryandpain.Incomeisthething!"Togainsomereal-worldinsightintothesestats,IcalledthefirstsmartshortpersonIcouldthinkof,afriendnamedMiltonLee.Despitewhatthesestudiesindicate,smartshortpeopledoexist.Milt,agraduateoftheUniversityofPennsylvania,madeakillingasaWallStreettraderinthe1990s,butquitfinancetochasehisdreamofbecomingabasketballcoach.HehastrainedmanyNBAplayers,includingthisyear"stopdraftpick,Oklahoma"sBlakeGriffin,andevenlandedanassistantcoachinggigfortheLosAngelesClippers"summer-leagueteam.DespitegivingupanhealthyWallStreetincome,Lee,whoclaimshe"s5ft.9in.butadmitstobeing5ft.8in.whenpressed,considershimselfcontent."I"mnottotallybuyingit,"hesaysofthestudy."I"mbelowaverageheight,andhaveabove-averagehappiness."Inhisbasketballwork,Leespendsalotoftimearoundwell-compensatedhumantrees,anddoesn"talwaysseesmilingfaces."ThereareplentyofNBAplayerswhoareabsolutelymiserable,"Leesays."Theywantmoreplayingtime,theyfeelunderappreciated.Onlyadozenorsoguysfeelthattheyaretrulyloved."InhisWallStreetdays,Leesawplentyofrich,happyshortpeopleandwealthy,depressedtallpeople.Hedoesofferonereasonwhytallermenmightbehappier."WheneverI"moutwithtallguys,theytendtogetmoreattentionfromwomen,"saysLee."Youneverheargirlssay,"Hey,I"mreallyintoshortguys.""Leedirectedmetooneoftheplayershecoaches,ColemanCollins,forthesmart,tallguy"sperspective.WhenItoldhimLeequestionedthefindings,Collins,whois6ft.9in.,wasn"tsurprised."Shortpeoplearealwaysreadytodisagree,"saysCollins,whograduatedfromVirginiaTechwhenhewas19,afterjustthreeyears,andplayedfortheschool"sbasketballteam.Hepointsoutthathehasmanyshortfriends."Generallyspeaking,I"vefoundthattheyaremorelikelytohaveachipontheirshoulder,morelikelytohavesomethingtoprove,"Collinssays.Collins,now23,supportsthestudy"sresults."I"mgenerallyinagoodmood,"hesays."AndbasedontheanecdotalevidenceI"veseen,tallpeoplehaveamorepleasantdispositionandaremoreeasygoing.Theydon"thavetomakeanextraefforttocommandattention.Whentheywalkintoaroom,ittendstocomenaturallytothem."Suchrecognitionsurelyhelpsyourself-esteem.Ifonlyitwasn"ttoolateforyoushortpeopletohaveagrowthspurt.PASSAGETHREEMONDAY'SSupremeCourtdecisiontoblockaclass-actionsex-discriminationlawsuitagainstWal-Martwasahugesetbackforasmanyas1.6millioncurrentandformerfemaleemployeesoftheworld"slargestretailer.Butthedecisionhasconsequencesthatrangefarbeyondsexdiscriminationortheviabilityofclass-actionsuits.Theunderlyingissue,whichtheSupremeCourthasnowratified,isWal-Mart"sauthoritarianstyle,bywhichexecutivespressurestore-levelmanagementtosqueezemoreandmorefrommillionsofclerks,stockersandlower-tiermanagers.Indeed,thesexdiscriminationatWal-Martthatdrovetherecentsuitistheproductnotmerelyofmanagerialbiasandprejudice,butalsoofacorporatecultureandbusinessmodelthatsustainsit,rootedinthecompany"sverybeginnings.Inthe1950sand"60s,northwestArkansas,whereWal-Martgotitsstart,waspoor,whiteandrural,inthemidstofawaveofagriculturalmechanizationthatgeneratedahugesurplusofunskilledworkers.Tothesemenandwomen,theburgeoningchainofdiscountstoresfoundedbySamWaltonwasagodsend.Themenmightfinddignitymanagingastoreinsteadofahardscrabblefarm,whiletheirwivesanddaughterscouldearnpinmoneyclerkingforMr.Sam,ashewasknown."TheenthusiasmofWal-Martassociatestowardtheirjobsisoneofthecompany"sgreatestassets,"declaredthefirm"s1973annualreport.ApatriarchalethoswaswrittenintotheWal-MartDNA."WelcomeAssistantManagersandWives"readabannerata1975meetingforexecutivetrainees.Andthatcorporateculture—"thesinglemostimportantelementinthecontinued,remarkablesuccessofWal-Mart,"assertedDonSoderquist,thecompany"schiefoperatingofficerinthe1990swassustainednotonlybythehypercentralizedmanagerialcontrolthatflowedfromtheBentonville,Ark.,homeofficebutbytheevangelicalProtestantismthatMr.Soderquistandotherexecutivesencouraged.Wal-Martattorneyshaveargued,andtheSupremeCourtagreedthisweek,thatevenifsexdiscriminationwasoncepartofthecompany"sculture,itisnowancienthistory:ifanystoremanagersareguiltyofbiaswhenitcomestopromotingwomen,theyareatoddswithcorporatepolicy.Wal-MartisnolongeranOzarkcompany;itisacosmopolitan,multinationaloperation.Butthatavoidsthemoreessentialpoint,namelythatWal-Martviewslowlaborcostsandahighdegreeofworkplaceflexibilityasasignalcompetitiveadvantage.Itisamilitantlyanti-unioncompanythathasbeenforcedtopayhundredsofmillionsofdollarstocurrentandformeremployeesforviolationsofstatewageandhourlaws.Inotherwords,thepatriarchyofoldhasbeenreconfiguredintoamoresystematicallyauthoritarianstructure,onethatdeploysacommunitarianethostosustainahighdegreeofcorporateloyaltyevenaswagesandworkingconditionsareputundercontinualdownwardpressure—especiallyinrecentyears,asWal-Mart"ssame-storesaleshavedeclined.Workersofbothsexespaytheprice,butwomen,whoconstitutemorethan70percentofhourlyemployees,paymore.TherearetensofthousandsofexperiencedWal-Martwomenwhowouldliketobepromotedtothefirstmanagerialrung,salariedassistantstoremanager.ButWal-Martmakesitimpossibleformanyofthemtotakethatpost,becauseitsruthlessmanagementstylestructuresthejobitselfasonethatmostwomen,andespeciallythosewithyoungchildrenorarelativetocarefor,wouldfinddifficulttoaccept.Why?Because,forallthechangethathassweptoverthecompany,atthestorelevelthereisstillafairamountoftheoldcommunalsociability.Recognizingthatworkerssteepedinthatculturemakepoorcandidatesforassistantmanagers,whoarethefrontlinesinenforcinglabordiscipline,Wal-Martinsiststhatalmostallworkerspromotedtothemanagerialranksmovetoanewstore,oftenhundredsofmilesaway.Foryoungmeninahurry,that"saninconvenience;formiddle-agedwomencaringforfamilies,thiscorporatereassignmentpolicyamountstosexdiscrimination.True,Wal-Martishardlyaloneindemandingthatrisingmanagerssacrificefamilylife,butfewcompaniesmakerelocationsuchafixedpolicy,andfewhaveemploymentrollsevenathirdthesize.Theobstaclestowomen"sadvancementdonotstopthere.Theworkweekforsalariedmanagersisaround50hoursormore,whichcansurgeto80or90hoursaweekduringholidayseasons.Notunexpectedly,somemanagersthinkwomenwithfamilyresponsibilitieswouldbalkatsuchdemands,anditishardlytothediscreditofthousandsofWal-Martwomenthattheymayberight.Thereusedtobearemedyforthissortofmanagerialauthoritarianism:itwascalledaunion,whichbargainedovernotonlywagesandpensionsbutalsothekindofqualitativeissues,includingpromotionandtransferpolicies,thathaveprovedsovexingfornon-unionizedemployeesatWal-Martandotherbigretailers.Foratimeitseemedasiftheclass-actionlawsuitmightbeapartialsubstitute.Bydrasticallylimitinghowaclass-actionsuitcanbebrought,theSupremeCourtleavesmillionsofservice-sectorworkerswithfewavenuestoescapethegrindingworklifeandlimitedopportunitiesthatsomanynowface.PASSAGEFOUR"HELLisacitymuchlikeLondon,"opinedPercyByssheShelleyin1819.Modemacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.Butexactlyhowtheinnerworkingsoftheurbanandruralmindscausethisdifferencehasremainedobscure—untilnow.AstudyjustpublishedinNaturebyAndreasMeyer-LindenbergoftheUniversityofHeidelbergandhiscolleagueshasusedascanningtechniquecalledfunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimaging(FMRI)toexaminethebrainsofcitydwellersandcountrybumpkinswhentheyareunderstress.InDrMeyer-Lindenberg"sfirstexperiment,participantslyingwiththeirheadsinascannertookmathsteststhattheyweredoomedtofail(theresearchershaddesignedsuccessratestobejust25%-40%).Tomaketheexperiencestillmorehumiliating,theteamprovidednegativefeedbackthroughheadphones,allthewhilecheckingparticipantsforindicationsofstress,suchashighbloodpressure.Theurbanites"generalmentalhealthdidnotdifferfromthatoftheirprovincialcounterparts.However,theirbrainsdealtwiththestressimposedbytheexperimentersindifferentways.Thesedifferenceswerenoticeableintworegions:theamygdalasandtheperigenualanteriorcingulatecortex(PACC).Theamygdalasareapairofstructures,oneineachcerebralhemisphere,thatarefounddeepinsidethebrainandareresponsibleforassessingthreatsandgeneratingtheemotionoffear.ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.Thoselivingintownshadhigherlevels.Citydwellershadthehighest.Notthatsurprising,tothoseofaShelleyesquedisposition.InthecaseofthePACC,however,whatmatteredwasnotwheresomeonewaslivingnow,butwhereheorshewasbroughtup.Themoreurbanaperson"schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.Theamygdalasthusseemtorespondtothehere-and-nowwhereasthePACCisprogrammedearlyon,anddoesnotreactinthesame,flexiblewayastheamygdalas.Second-to-secondchangesinitsactivitymight,though,beexpectedtobecorrelatedwithchangesintheamygdalas,becauseofitsroleinregulatingthem.FMRIallowssuchcorrelationstobemeasured.Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside,regardlessofwheretheynowlive,thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.Furtherevidence,then,forShelley"spointofview.Moreover,itisalsoknownthatthePACC-amygdalalinkisoftenoutofkilterinschizophrenia,andthatschizophreniaismorecommonamongcitydwellersthancountryfolk.DrMeyer-Lindenbergiscarefulnottoclaimthathisresultsshowthecauseofthisconnection.Buttheymight.DrMeyer-Lindenbergandhisteamconductedseveralsubsequentexperimentstochecktheirfindings.Theyaskedparticipantstocompletemoremathstests—andalsotestsinwhichtheymentallyrotatedanobject—whileinvestigatorschidedthemabouttheirperformance.Theresultsmatchedthoseofthefirsttest.Theyalsostudiedanothergroupofvolunteers,whoweregivenstress-freetaskstocomplete.TheseexperimentsshowednoactivityineithertheamygdalasorthePACC,suggestingthattheearlierresultswereindeedtheresultofsocialstressratherthanmentalexertion.Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.Thatassociationis,nevertheless,interesting.Livingincitiesbringsmanybenefits,butDrMeyer-Lindenberg"sworksuggeststhatShelleyandhisfellowRomanticshadatleasthalfapoint.(分數(shù)：29.92).WhichofthefollowingisNOToneoftheadvantagesofQCNcomparedwithtraditionalseismometers?(PASSAGEONE)(分數(shù)：1.36)Itschipscanmeasurethemaximumamountofgroundshaking.Itcancapturedetailedinformationabouthowmovementanddamagerelateinearthquakes.Itcanbeusedasearthquakewarningforpeopleindangerouszones.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zItcancollectsignalsfromallaroundtheworld.V解析：［解析］該題為事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)原文第4段，"Tobeuseful,theQCNneedstobeabletodothingsthatseismometerscannot”，在后面的第5,6,8段中，文章分別列舉了QCNi它做到而傳動測震儀做不到的，如QC阿以測量strongsignals，因為太強的震動會破壞traditionalseismometers,更加詳細的關(guān)于某一地點震動方向強弱與所造成損害的關(guān)系，以及用來預(yù)警。而D選項恰恰相反，QCN勺局限就在于它不能測量大范圍的地震，只能是小范圍的，當?shù)氐牡卣?。因此正確答案為D.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutQCNisNOTtrue?(PASSAGEONE)(分數(shù)：1.36)TheaccelerometerchipsusedinQCNweredesignedfordetectingearthquake.VItshareswithSETI@homeprojectthesamesoftwareforexploitinggroupeffect.Ithasbeensuccessfulindetectingearthquakes.Itcanprovideusefulinformationfortownplanninginearthquakezones.解析：［解析］該題為綜合理解題。根據(jù)原文第1段，筆記本電腦中的accelerometer的最初的功能是保護電腦中元器件不受震動損害，而非探測地震。因此選A。其他B,C,D選項分別在第3和6段中有提及，因此是正確的。.Whatdoesthearticlemainlytalkabout?(PASSAGEONE)(分數(shù)：1.36)ABetterWaytoForecastEarthquake.Thenewtechniqueofusinglaptopsforearthquakedetecting.VTheimportanceofvolunteeringlaptopowners.Aneffectivedeviceforprotectinglaptopsfromearthquake.解析：［解析］該題為主旨大意題?？v觀全文，作者主要談了如何收集大量筆記本電腦中檢測震動的加速測量儀發(fā)回的數(shù)據(jù)來檢測小范圍內(nèi)的地震。因此正確答案為B。文中并未說QCNT以預(yù)報地震更談不上一種更好的方法，只是在小范圍內(nèi)可以快速檢測出地震。C選項只是文中的一部分內(nèi)容，不能概括全文大意。D選項并未提到。⑷.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthefindingsofthestudy?(PASSAGETWO)分數(shù)：1.36)Peoplewhoareaboveaverageheightfeelhappierthansmallerpeople.Themorepeoplearebelowaverageheightthelesstheyfeelcontent.VTallerpeoplearelesslikelytohavenegativefeelings.Smallerpeoplearemorelikelytofeelphysicalpain.解析：［解析］該題為細節(jié)理解題。原文的第2,3段描述了該研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)，研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)是身高高于平均身高的人幸福感更強，他們比矮個子的人更不容易受到負面情緒和身體疼痛的困擾。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，身高比平均身高低1英寸的男性以及身高比平均身高低半英寸的女性情況最糟(worstpossible)，因此B選項不符合研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。.TallandshortpeoplecouldbedifferentintermsofthefollowingaspectsEXCEPT---||||||---.(PASSAGETWO)分數(shù):1.36)financeeducationTOC\o"1-5"\h\zmoralityVmarriage解析：［解析］該題為事實細節(jié)題。在原文的第4段，作者提到了高矮個在教育和收入上通常有較大差別，原文第7段提到高個子男性更易受女性青睞，擇偶更容易。因此答案選G.Theauthor"sattitudetowardstheresultofthestudyis---||||||---.(PASSAGETWO)(分數(shù):1.36)neutralVsurprisedresistantpositive解析：［解析］該題為觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)原文第3段，作者說道：Fulldisclosure:I,too,amabout6ft.4in.,butIwillrefrainfrommockingshrimpsinthisstory.表明自己不會因為自己是高個子而產(chǎn)生偏見。而且縱觀全文，他陳述了研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，分別找了高個子和矮個子的代表，介紹了他們對該研究結(jié)論的看法。因此他自己的態(tài)度應(yīng)該是neutral的，答案為A。.Thefollowingfactorscontributetotherecentsex-discriminationlawsuitagainstWal-MartEXCEPT---||||||---.(PASSAGETHREEX分數(shù)：1.36)Wal-Mart"smanagerialbiasandprejudiceWal-Mart"scorporatecultureWal-Mart"sbusinessmodelTOC\o"1-5"\h\zWal-Mart"srecruitmentdiscriminationV解析：［解析］該題為事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)原文第3段，作者提到沃爾瑪?shù)男詣e歧視是企業(yè)本身管理上的偏向，企業(yè)文化和運營模式等因素共同造成的，因此A,B,C選項均在該段提到。而文中并沒有提到沃爾瑪在招聘員工時有性別歧視，因此答案為Do.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutWal-Martwhenitwasstarted?(PASSAGETHREE)(分數(shù)：1.36)Itprovidedmanyjobopportunitiesforthoseunskilledworkers.Itwasfoundedtobeacosmopolitan,multinationaloperation.VItwaslocatedintheruralarea.Thetargetcustomersweremainlythosewithlowincome.

文中提到Inthe1950sand,那時很多人由此可知選項A,C都是解析：［解析］該題為綜合理解題。原文的第3,4段回顧了沃爾瑪創(chuàng)建初期時，(PASSAGETHREE)分數(shù):60s,northwestArkansas,whereWal-Martgotitsstart,waspoor,whiteandrural因為農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化而失業(yè)，因此這樣一個折扣連鎖店為這些人提供了大量工作崗位。正確的，并且可以推斷其主要顧客群是那些低收入的人。所以應(yīng)選Bo文中提到Inthe1950sand,那時很多人由此可知選項A,C都是(PASSAGETHREE)分數(shù):1.36)Italwayspromotedequalitybetweenmaleandfemaleemployees.Itvaluesahighdegreeofworkplaceflexibility.VItrequireswomentosacrificetheirfamilylifeforwork.Itencouragesemployeestostrikeabalancebetweenworkandlife.解析：［解析］該題為綜合理解題。由原文第5,6段可知，沃爾瑪在創(chuàng)建初期確實是重男輕女的，認為女性只能做一些零雜工作。由第7段，Wal-Martviewslowlaborcostsandahighdegreeofworkplaceflexibilityasasignalcompetitiveadvantage，可知B選項是符合沃爾瑪公司文化。原文第10,11段提到公司的reassignmentpolicy,這說明公司文化并不是看重員工家庭與生活平衡，這樣的政策對女性而言更難接受，但并不是要求女性為工作犧牲家庭。綜上，正確答案為Bo.WhatistheaimofthereassignmentpolicymadebyWal-Mart?(PASSAGETHREE)分數(shù)：1.36)Tomakesurethepromotedassistantmanageradequatelyenforceslabordiscipline.VToencourageinter-storemobility.Tomaintainafairamountoftheoldcommunalsociability.Tosetobstaclesforwomentobepromotedtohigherpositions.解析：［解析］該題為細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)原文第10段，作者在該段解釋了為什么女性升職更加困難的原因，是因為沃爾瑪?shù)膔eassignmentpolicy,因為員工在同一個店工作時間長了，會融入店內(nèi)的文化并且和其他員工有communalsociability,這樣如果被提拔為助理經(jīng)理，就不容易嚴格地要求下級執(zhí)行工作紀律。因此，新上任的助理經(jīng)理都要調(diào)到其他連鎖店。由此可見正確答案為Ao.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?(PASSAGEFOUR)分數(shù)：1.36)Whythecityisnotasuitableplacetolive.Howtodetecttheinnerworkingofpeopledealingwithstress.VHowurbanandruralresidentsdifferintermsofmentalmechanism.Whythecitydwellerssufferahigherriskofmooddisorderthancountrymen.解析：［解析］該題為主旨大意題。這篇文章主要談了都市人和鄉(xiāng)村人大腦的不同活動。文章從城市人比鄉(xiāng)村人更易患情緒失調(diào)這個現(xiàn)象談起，介紹了Meyer-Lindenberg博士的科學(xué)實驗，即觀察兩個群體的人在處理壓力時，腦部的活動方式，并介紹了這個實驗的結(jié)果。由此可見，文章的主題是B。其他選項盡管也在中中提到，但只是其中一部分內(nèi)容。.”outofkilter"(Para.6)isclosestinmeaningwith---||||||---.(PASSAGEFOUR)(分數(shù):1.36)unexpectedVoutofcontrolill-informedcontradictory解析：［解析］該題為語義理解題。作者在該段前面提到，只要他們在鄉(xiāng)村長大，那么在他們的大腦中，前扣帶皮層和杏仁核之間的聯(lián)系是在預(yù)料之中的。然而，對于那些在城市里長大的人，這些聯(lián)系中斷了。因此可以推斷outofkilter的意思為“不符合規(guī)律，無法預(yù)料”。正確答案為A。.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthefindingsofthestudy?(PASSAGEFOUR)(分數(shù)：1.36)CitydwellershadthehighestlevelofPACCactivityintimeofpressure.Theplacewheretheparticipantswerebroughtupmattersmoreinpredictingtheirmentalactivity.Ruralresidentshadthelowestlevelsofamygdalasactivitywhenconfrontedwithstress.TheregulatorymechanismofPACCfailsamongpeoplewhonowliveinthecity.解析：［解析］該題為綜合理解題。文章的第4,5,6段描述了實驗的結(jié)果，可知鄉(xiāng)村人的杏仁核顯示出最低的活躍水平。城鎮(zhèn)人的杏仁核則顯示出較高的活躍水平。而都市人的是最高的。由此可知A選項錯誤，C選項正確。另外，試驗者們的前扣帶皮層的活動則跟他們在哪里長大有關(guān)，跟他們現(xiàn)在生活在哪里無關(guān)，可知B選項只是部分正確。而D選項應(yīng)該是對于從小在城市長大的人，而非現(xiàn)在住在城市的人。因此選C。.Whichofthefollowingisamongthelimitationsofthestudymentionedinthetext?(PASSAGEFOUR)(分數(shù)：1.36)Thescanningtechniqueusedtoexaminethebrains.Therandomnessofchoosingparticipants.Itsinadequatedesignofmathproblemsthattheparticipantsareaskedtosolve.Itsinabilitytoclaimacausalrelationshipbetweensocialstressandmentalactivities.V解析：［解析］該題為事實細節(jié)題。在文章的最后一段，作者提到了該研究的局限之處。一是研究樣本較小，從而結(jié)論不具有很強的推廣性；二是研究結(jié)果僅僅揭示了現(xiàn)象之間的聯(lián)系，并不能斷定兩者間具有因果關(guān)系。而研究的方法以及選取受試的程序并未提到。因此正確答案為Do.SECTIONBSHORTANSWERQUESTIONSInthissectionthereareeightshortanswerquestionsbasedonthepassagesinSectionA.Answereachquestioninnomorethan10wordsinthespaceprovidedonANSWERSHEETTWO.Howcanscientistsdetectanearthquakebasedonthesignalstheaccelerometersendsback?(PASSAGEONE)(分數(shù)：1.36)解析：Bycollectingsignalsfromallthevolunteerlaptops.［解析］該題為細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)原文第3段，單獨一個加速測量儀發(fā)回的數(shù)據(jù)并不能夠檢測地震，需要收集在一個區(qū)域范圍內(nèi)大量測量儀一起發(fā)回的信號，才能夠作為判斷是否有地震的依據(jù)。.WhatcouldenableQCNtomakeawarningofacomingearthquake?(PASSAGEONE)(分數(shù)：1.36)解析：ThewideuseofGPSdeviceswithinlaptops.［解析］該題為理解推斷題。根據(jù)原文第7,8段，目前大部分筆記本電腦中還沒有GPS設(shè)備，這使得QCN6法準確地知道每一臺發(fā)回震動信息的筆記本的位置。而只有具備了精確的位置信息，QCNcouldbringathird—andmostvaluable—benefit:warning。.WhydoestheauthorcitetheexampleofMiltonLee?(PASSAGETWO)分數(shù)：1.36)解析：Tobetterunderstandthefindingswithrealworldinsight.［解析］該題為細節(jié)推斷題。在第5段開始，作者提到打給MiltonLee是為了gainsomereal-worldinsightintothestatistics,作為矮個子的代表MiltonLee認為矮個子中也有富有，快樂的人，而高個子也會感到沮喪，同時在后文中作者又舉了一個高個子的例子，而且作者并未表示出對研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的態(tài)度，可以看出他舉MiltonLee的例子只是為了通過了解真實生活中的例子更好地理解該研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)。.WhatdoesCollinsmeanbysayingtheshortpeople"aremorelikelytohaveachipontheirshoulder"(Para.8)?(PASSAGETWO)分數(shù)：1.36)解析：Theytendtochallengeothers.［解析］該題為語義理解題。haveachiponone"sshoulder的意思為"向別人叫板，或?qū)δ呈滦拇娌粣偂?。在文章中，通過上下文，Collins認為Shortpeoplearealwaysreadytodisagree...morelikelytohavesomethingtoprove。.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofclass-actionlawsuitasmeansofprotectingtherightsofemployees?(PASSAGETHREE)分數(shù)：1.36)解析：Itsuseisgreatlylimitedbythesupremecourt.［解析］該題為細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第1,2段，作者認為緩解這種管理上的專政，成為工會是一個很好的辦法。它可以幫助工人在薪酬和職位晉升等方面和雇主協(xié)商。人們一度認為集體訴訟可以作為工會的一種替代，但最高法院對于集體訴訟的種種限制，使得大量飽受壓榨的工人又少了改變現(xiàn)狀的渠道。.WhydoestheauthormentionShelly"swordsatthebeginningofthetext?(PASSAGEFOUR)(分數(shù):1.36)解析：Tointroducethefollowingdiscussionabouturbanandruraldwellers.［解析］該題為田節(jié)理解題。作者在文章開頭引用雪萊的話“倫敦就像是地獄”，是為了引出后面關(guān)于城市和鄉(xiāng)村居民的討論。.Whatisthemainfunctionofamygdalas?(PASSAGEFOUR)(分數(shù)：1.36)解析：Todetectthreatsandgeneratefear.［解析］根據(jù)原文第3段，Theamygdalasareapairofstructures,oneineachcerebralhemisphere,thatarefounddeepinsidethebrainandareresponsibleforassessingandgeneratingtheemotionoffear,可適當對原文進行簡化得出答案。.Whydidtheresearchteamconductanotherexperimentwithstress-freetasks?(PASSAGEFOUR)(分數(shù):1.36)解析：Toconfirmtheirearlierfindingsareattributedtosocialstress.［解析］根據(jù)原文第7段，TheseexperimentsshowednoactivityineithertheamygdalasorthePACC,suggestingthattheearlierresultswereindeedtheresultofsocialstressratherthanmentalexertion,可推知研究者進一步進行實驗是為了驗證之前的發(fā)現(xiàn)。二、PARTHTRANSLATION：總題數(shù)：1,分數(shù)：12.50)無聲即沉默。沉默有各種各樣。腹中空泛，思想一片蒼白，故無言可發(fā)，這是沉默。熱情已如柴薪盡燃，故而冷漠處世，無喜無悲，無憂無憤，對人世的一切都失去興趣和欲望，這也是沉默。有過愛，有過恨，有過迷茫，有過穎悟，有過一呼百應(yīng)的吶喊，有過得不到回報的呼喚，然而卻守口如瓶，只是平靜地冷眼看世界，這是沉默。飽經(jīng)憂患，閱盡人生百態(tài)，胸有千山萬壑的屐痕，有江河湖海的濤聲，然而卻深思不語，這也是沉默。一把價值連城的意大利小提琴，和一只被隨手削出的蘆笛，不去觸動它們，便都是沉默，但沉默的內(nèi)涵卻并不一樣，即便永遠不再有人去觸動它們，你依然可以想象聽見它們可能發(fā)出的決然不同的鳴響。一塊瑩潔無瑕的美玉，和一塊粗糙的土磚，放在那里也都是沉默。然而誰能把它們所代表的內(nèi)容劃一個等號呢？(分數(shù)：12.50)正確答案：（）解析：Speechlessnessiscausedbyanemptyheadorablankmind—thatissilence.Enthusiasmfadeslikedyingembers,thusleadingtocynicismandindifferencetolife,whicharousesneitherhappinessnorsadness,neitherworriesnoranger,withoutanyinterestinanddesireforanything—thatissilence.Despitealltheexperiencesofloveandhate,ofdisorientationandreorientation,oforder-givingthatwasansweredbyhundredsandcallingthatwasnotansweredbyasinglesoul,hekeepshismouthshut,butonlywatchestheworldcalmly—thatisalsosilence.Withsufferingandhardship,readingsofallkindsofhumanconditions,footprintsleftinmountainsandvalleysandsoundsofriversandoceanscherishedintheheart,heisdeepinthought—thatisstillsilence.三、PARTmWRITING（總題數(shù)：1,分數(shù)：16.50）2.題目要求:Forvariousreasons,somecollegestudentshavetopayfortheirtuitionbystudentloans.Doyouthinkit"sagoodwaytosupportyourcollegelife?Readtheexcerptcarefullyandwriteyourresponseinabout300words,inwhichyoushould:summarizebrieflytheauthor"sopinionaboutstudentloans;giveyourcomment.Markswillbeawardedforcontentrelevance,contentsufficiency,organizationandlanguagequality.Failuretofollowtheaboveinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.Studentloansareoneofthetopwaysthatstudentspayforcollege.IthasbecomeafactoflifeintheAmericanhighereducationsystem,butmostborrowersdon"tunderstandtherisks.Studentloanscanbeagreatwaytofundahighereducation,buttheyarealsooneoftheworsttypesofdebtforborrowers.Ifyou"replanningtoborrowforcollege（orplanningtohelpyourstudentsborrowforcollege）,youneedtoreallyunderstandthesekeyfundamentalsofstudentloandebt,andrunthecalculationbelow.Thiswillhelpyoumakesurethatstudentloansaregooddebtforyou,anddon"tspiralintoafinancialnightmareforyou.WhenStudentLoansAreGoodDebtStudentloansaregooddebtwhentheyhelpyouimproveyourfinancialfuture.Remember,educationisaninvestment,andyouwanttomakesurethatyou"regettingasolidreturnonyourinvestment.Ifgoingtocollegehelpsyouearnmore,itisusuallyagooddebt.Onaverage,gettingacollegedegreewillseeyourinitialearningsjumpatleast25%comparedtohighschoolgraduates.Thegapfromhighschooltocollegegraduateearningsisobvious.Butitgoesbeyondthat:it"snotjustgoingtocollegethatcanboostearnings,butit"salsoaboutchoosinganappropriatedegree.AccordingtoarecentsurveybytheNationalAssociationofCollegesandEmployers,engineershavethehigheststartingsalaryamongcollegegraduates,earningonaverage$62,062intheirfirstyear.Incontrast,humanitiesandsocialsciencemajorshavetheloweststartingsalary,just$37,791.That"salmosta$25,000differencebetweenstartingsalaries,anditstartstopaintthepictureofwherestudentloansstopbeinggooddebt.Ifyou"regoingtotakeoutstudentloans,thefirstgoalshou