大學(xué)英語(yǔ)2綜合教程unit1~unit6課文中英互譯_第1頁(yè)
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)2綜合教程unit1~unit6課文中英互譯_第2頁(yè)
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)2綜合教程unit1~unit6課文中英互譯_第3頁(yè)
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)2綜合教程unit1~unit6課文中英互譯_第4頁(yè)
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)2綜合教程unit1~unit6課文中英互譯_第5頁(yè)
已閱讀5頁(yè),還剩31頁(yè)未讀, 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說(shuō)明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡(jiǎn)介

Unit1Learning,Chinese-Style中國(guó)式的學(xué) 習(xí)風(fēng)格HowardGardner霍華德?加德 納Foramonthinthespringof1987,mywifeEllenandIlivedinthebustlingeasternChinesecityofNanjingwithour18-month-oldsonBenjaminwhilestudyingartseducationinChinesekindergartensandelementaryschools.ButoneofthemosttellinglessonsEllenandIgotinthedifferencebetweenChineseandAmericanideasofeducationcamenotintheclassroombutinthelobbyoftheJinlingHotelwherewestayedinNanjing.1987年春,我和妻子埃 倫帶著我們18個(gè)月的兒子本杰明在繁忙的中國(guó) 東部城市南京住了一個(gè)月,同 時(shí)考察中國(guó)幼兒園和小學(xué)的 藝術(shù)教育情況。然而,我和埃倫獲得的有關(guān)中美教育 觀念差異的最 難忘的體驗(yàn)并非來(lái)自 課堂,而是來(lái)自我們?cè)谀暇┢陂g寓居的金陵 飯店的大堂。Thekeytoourroomwas attachedtoalargeplasticblockwiththeroomnumberonit.Whenleavingthehotel,aguestwasencouragedtoturninthekey,eitherbyhandingittoanattendantorbydroppingitthroughaslotintoabox.Becausethekeyslotwasnarrow,thekeyhadtobepositionedcarefullytofitintoit.我們的房門鑰匙系在一 塊標(biāo)有房間號(hào)的大塑料板上。酒店鼓勵(lì)客人外出 時(shí)留下鑰匙,可以交 給服務(wù)員,也可以從一個(gè)槽口塞入 鑰匙箱。由于口子狹小,你得留神將鑰匙放準(zhǔn)位置才塞得 進(jìn)去。Benjaminlovedtocarrythekeyaround,shakingitvigorously.Healsolikedtotrytoplaceitintotheslot.Becauseofhistenderageandincompleteunderstandingoftheneedtopositionthekeyjustso,hewouldusuallyfail.Benjaminwasnotbotheredintheleast.Heprobablygotasmuchpleasureoutofthesoundsthekeymadeashedidthosefewtimeswhenthekeyactuallyfounditswayintotheslot.本杰明愛(ài)拿著鑰匙走來(lái)走去, 邊走邊用力搖晃著。他 還喜歡試著把鑰匙往槽口里塞。由于他 還年幼,不太明白得把 鑰匙放準(zhǔn)位置才成,因此 總?cè)贿M(jìn)去。本杰明一點(diǎn)也不在意。他從 鑰匙聲響中得到的 樂(lè)趣大概跟他偶爾把 鑰匙成功地塞進(jìn)槽口而獲得的樂(lè)趣一樣多。NowbothEllenandIwereperfectlyhappytoallowBenjamintobangthekeynearthekeyslot.Hisexploratory behaviorseemedharmlessenough.ButIsoonobservedaninterestingphenomenon.AnyChinesestaffmember nearbywouldcomeovertowatchBenjaminand,notinghislackofinitialsuccess,attempttoassist.HeorshewouldholdontoBenjamin'shandand,gentlybutfirmly,guideitdirectlytowardtheslot,repositionitasnecessary,andhelphimtoinsertit.The"teacher"wouldthensmilesomewhatexpectantlyatEllenorme,asifawaitingathankyou——andonoccasionwouldfrownslightly,asifconsideringustobeneglectingourparentalduties.我和埃倫都滿不在乎,任由本杰明拿著 鑰匙在鑰匙的槽口鼓 搗。他的探索行 為似乎并無(wú)任何害 處。但我很快就 觀察到一個(gè)有趣的 現(xiàn)象。飯店里任何一個(gè)中國(guó)工作人員若在近旁,都會(huì)走 過(guò)來(lái)看著本杰明, 見(jiàn)他初試失敗,便都會(huì) 試圖幫忙。他們會(huì)輕輕握緊本杰明的手,直接將它引向 鑰匙的槽口, 進(jìn)行必要的重新定位,并幫他把 鑰匙插入槽口。然后那位“老師”會(huì)有所期待地 對(duì)著我和埃倫微笑,似乎等著我 們說(shuō)聲謝謝——偶爾他會(huì)微微皺眉,似乎 覺(jué)得我倆沒(méi)有盡到當(dāng)父母的責(zé)任。IsoonrealizedthatthisincidentwasdirectlyrelevanttoourassignedtasksinChina:toinvestigatethewaysofearlychildhoodeducation(especiallyinthearts),andtothrowlightonChineseattitudestowardcreativity.AndsobeforelongIbegantointroducethekey-slotanecdoteintomydiscussionswithChineseeducators.我很快意識(shí)到,這件小事與我 們?cè)谥袊?guó)要做的工作直接相關(guān) :考察兒童早期教育(尤其是藝術(shù)教育)的方式,揭示中國(guó)人 對(duì)創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)的態(tài)度。因此,不久我就在與中國(guó)教育工作者 討論時(shí)談起了鑰匙槽口一事。TWODIFFERENTWAYSTOLEARN兩種不同的學(xué) 習(xí)方式WithafewexceptionsmyChinesecolleaguesdisplayedthesameattitudeasthe staffatthe JinlingHotel.Since adults knowhow toplacethekey inthekey slot,which isthe ultimatepurpose ofapproachingtheslot,andsincethechildisneitheroldenoughnorcleverenoughtorealizethedesiredactiononhisown,whatpossiblegainisachievedbyhavinghimstruggle?Hemaywellgetfrustratedandangry—certainlynotadesirableoutcome.Whynotshowhimwhattodo?Hewillbehappy,hewilllearnhowtoaccomplishthetasksooner,andthenhecanproceedtomorecomplexactivities, likeopeningthedoororaskingforthekey—bothofwhichaccomplishmentscan(andshould)induecoursebemodeledforhimaswell.我的中國(guó)同行,除了少數(shù)幾個(gè)人外, 對(duì)此事的態(tài)度與金陵 飯店工作人員一樣。既然大人知道怎么把 鑰匙塞進(jìn)槽口——這是處理槽口一事的最 終目的,既然孩子還很年幼, 還沒(méi)有靈巧到可以獨(dú)自完成要做的 動(dòng)作,讓他自己瞎折 騰會(huì)有什么好處呢?他很有可能會(huì)灰心 喪氣發(fā)脾氣——這當(dāng)然不是所希望的 結(jié)果。為什么不教他怎么做呢?他會(huì)高興,他 還能早些學(xué)會(huì)做 這件事,進(jìn)而去學(xué)做更復(fù) 雜的事,如開(kāi) 門,或索要鑰匙——這兩件事到時(shí)候同樣可以(也應(yīng)該)示范給他看。Welistenedtosuchexplanationssympatheticallyandexplainedthat,firstofall,wedidnotmuchcarewhetherBenjaminsucceededininsertingthekeyintotheslot.Hewashavingagoodtimeandwasexploring,twoactivitiesthatdidmattertous.Butthecriticalpointwasthat,intheprocess,weweretryingtoteachBenjaminthatonecansolveaproblemeffectivelybyoneself.Suchself-reliance isaprincipalvalueofchildrearinginmiddle-classAmerica.Solongasthechildisshownexactlyhowtodosomething—whetheritbeplacingakeyinakeyslot,drawingahenormakingupforamisdeed —heislesslikelytofigureouthimselfhowtoaccomplishsuchatask.And,moregenerally,heislesslikelytoviewlife —asAmericansdo—asaseriesofsituationsinwhichonehastolearntothinkforoneself,tosolveproblemsonone'sownandeventodiscovernewproblemsforwhichcreativesolutionsarewanted.我倆頗為同情地聽(tīng)著 這一番道理,解 釋道,首先,我 們并不在意本杰明能不能把鑰匙塞進(jìn)鑰匙的槽口。他玩得開(kāi)心,而且在探索, 這兩點(diǎn)才是我 們真正看重的。但關(guān) 鍵在于,在 這個(gè)過(guò)程中,我 們?cè)噲D讓本杰明懂得,一個(gè)人是能夠很好地自行解決 問(wèn)題的。這種自力更生的精神是美國(guó)中 產(chǎn)階級(jí)最重要的一條育兒觀。如果我們向孩子演示 該如何做某件事——把鑰匙塞進(jìn)鑰匙的槽口也好,畫(huà)只雞或是彌補(bǔ)某種錯(cuò)誤行為也好——那他就不太可能自行想方設(shè)法去完成這件事。從更廣泛的意 義上說(shuō),他就不太可能——如美國(guó)人那樣——將人生視為一系列的情境,在 這些情境中,一個(gè)人必 須學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立思考,學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立解決 問(wèn)題,進(jìn)而學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造性地加以解決的新 問(wèn)題。TEACHINGBYHOLDINGHISHAND把著手教Inretrospect,itbecamecleartomethatthisincidentwasindeedkey—andkeyinmorethanonesense.Itpointedtoimportantdifferencesintheeducationalandartisticpracticesinourtwocountries.回想起來(lái),當(dāng) 時(shí)我就清楚地意 識(shí)到,這件事正是體 現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵之所在——而且不僅僅是一種意 義上的關(guān)鍵之所在。 這件事表明了我 們兩國(guó)在教育和 藝術(shù)實(shí)踐上的重要差異。Whenourwell-intentionedChineseobserverscametoBenjamin'srescue, theydidnotsimply pushhishand downclumsily oruncertainly,asImighthavedone.Instead,theyguidedhimwithextremefacilityandgentleness inpreciselythedesireddirection.IcametorealizethattheseChinesewerenotjustmoldingandshapingBenjamin'sperformanceinanyoldmanner:InthebestChinesetradition,theywerebazheshoujiao —"teachingbyholdinghishand"—somuchsothathewouldhappilycomebackformore.那些善意的中國(guó)旁 觀者前來(lái)幫助本杰明 時(shí),他們不是簡(jiǎn)單地像我可能會(huì)做的那樣笨拙地或是猶猶豫豫地把他的手往下推。相反,他 們極其熟練地、溫和地把他引向所要到達(dá)的確切方向。我逐 漸認(rèn)識(shí)到,這些中國(guó)人不是 簡(jiǎn)單地以一種陳舊的方式塑造、引 導(dǎo)本杰明的行 為:他們是在恪守中國(guó) 傳統(tǒng),把著手教,教得本杰明自己會(huì)愉快地要求再來(lái)一次。Theideathatlearningshouldtakeplacebycontinualcarefulshapingandmoldingappliesequallytothearts.Watchingchildrenatworkinaclassroomsetting,wewereastonished bytheirfacility.Childrenasyoungas5or6werepaintingflowers,fishandanimalswiththeskillandconfidenceofanadult;calligraphers9and10yearsoldwere producing works thatcouldhavebeendisplayed inamuseum. Inavisittothehomesoftwooftheyoungartists,welearnedfromtheirparentsthattheyworkedonperfectingtheircraftforseveralhoursaday.學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)通過(guò)不間斷的精心塑造與引 導(dǎo)而得以實(shí)現(xiàn),這一觀念同樣適用于藝術(shù)。我們觀看了孩子 們?cè)诮淌依飳W(xué) 習(xí)藝術(shù)的情景,他 們的嫻熟技藝令我們驚訝。年僅 5、6歲的孩子就帶著成人的那種技巧與自信在畫(huà)花、畫(huà) 魚(yú)和動(dòng)物;9歲、10歲的小書(shū)法家寫(xiě)出的作品 滿可以在博物 館展示。有一次去兩位小 藝術(shù)家的家里參觀,我們從孩子的父母 處得知,他們每天練習(xí)數(shù)小時(shí)以完善他們的技藝。CREATIVITYFIRST?創(chuàng)造力第一?Intermsofattitudestocreativitythereseemstobeareversalofpriorities:youngWesternersmakingtheirboldestdeparturesfirstandthengraduallymastering the tradition; and young Chinesebeingalmostinseparablefrom the tradition, but,over time,possiblyevolvingtoapointequallyoriginal.從對(duì)創(chuàng)造力的態(tài)度來(lái)說(shuō),優(yōu)先次序似乎是 顛倒了:西方的年 輕人先是大膽 創(chuàng)新,然后逐 漸深諳傳統(tǒng);而中國(guó)的年 輕人則幾乎離不開(kāi) 傳統(tǒng),但是,隨著 時(shí)間的推移,他 們同樣可能發(fā)展到具有創(chuàng)新的境界。Onewayofsummarizingthe AmericanpositionistostatethatwevalueoriginalityandindependencemorethantheChinesedo.Thecontrastbetweenourtwoculturescanalsobeseenintermsofthefearswebothharbor.Chineseteachersarefearfulthatifskillsarenotacquiredearly,theymayneverbeacquired;thereis,ontheotherhand,nocomparablehurrytopromotecreativity.Americaneducatorsfearthatunlesscreativityhasbeenacquiredearly,itmayneveremerge;ontheotherhand,skillscanbepickeduplater.美國(guó)人的立 場(chǎng)可以概括起來(lái) 這么說(shuō),我們比中國(guó)人更重 視創(chuàng)新和自立。我 們兩種文化的差異也可以從我 們各自所懷的憂慮中顯示出來(lái)。中國(guó)老 師擔(dān)心,如果年輕人不及早掌握技 藝,就有可能一 輩子掌握不了;另一方面,他 們并不同樣地急于促 進(jìn)創(chuàng)造力的發(fā)展。美國(guó)教育工作者 則擔(dān)心,除非從一開(kāi)始就 發(fā)展創(chuàng)造力,不然創(chuàng)造力就有可能永不再 現(xiàn);而另一方面,技 藝可于日后獲得。However,Idonotwanttooverstatemycase.ThereisenormouscreativitytobefoundinChinesescientific,technologicalandartisticinnovationspastandpresent.AndthereisadangerofexaggeratingcreativebreakthroughsintheWest.Whenanyexaggeratingcreativeinnovationisexaminedclosely,itsrelianceonpreviousachievementsisalltooapparent(the"standingontheshouldersofgiants"phenomenon).但我并不想夸大其辭。無(wú) 論在過(guò)去還是在當(dāng)今,中國(guó)在科學(xué)、技 術(shù)和藝術(shù)革新方面都展示了巨大的 創(chuàng)造力。而西方的 創(chuàng)新突破則有被夸大的危 險(xiǎn)。如果仔細(xì)審視任何一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)新,其對(duì)以往成就的依 賴則都顯而易見(jiàn)(“站在巨人肩膀之上”的現(xiàn)象)。ButassumingthatthecontrastIhavedevelopedisvalid,andthatthefosteringofskillsandcreativity arebothworthwhilegoals,theimportantquestionbecomesthis: Canwegather,fromtheChineseandAmericanextremes,asuperiorwaytoapproacheducation,perhapsstrikingabetterbalancebetweenthepolesofcreativityandbasicskills?然而,假定我這里所說(shuō)的反差是成立的,而培養(yǎng)技藝與創(chuàng)造力兩者都是值得追求的目標(biāo),那么重要的問(wèn)題就在于:我們能否從中美兩個(gè)極端中尋求一種更好的教育方式,它或許能在創(chuàng)造力與基本技能這兩極之間獲得某種較好的平衡?Unit2ALIFEFULLOFRICHES富足的一生ItwasearlyDecember2003,myfirstseasonasaSalvationArmybellringer,whenIwasconfrontedwiththequestion.IwasstandingjustoutsidethedoorwayofaWal-Mart,offeringa"thankyou"andasmiletoeachpersonwhodroppeda donationintomyredkettle.Aneatlydressedwomanandheryoungsonwalkeduptothekettlestand.Whileshesearchedherpurseforsomecash,theboylookedupatme.Ican stillseetheconfusionandcuriosityinhiseyesasheasked,"Areyoupoor?"1.首次面對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題,是在2003年12月初,我第一次為救世軍搖鈴募捐的時(shí)候。當(dāng)時(shí)我就站在沃爾瑪商場(chǎng)入口處門外,對(duì)每一位向我的紅壺里投入捐款的人都報(bào)以一聲謝謝”和一個(gè)微笑。一位穿著整潔的婦人牽著她的幼子向放壺的臺(tái)子走過(guò)來(lái)。她在錢包里摸著找錢時(shí),孩子抬頭看了我一眼,問(wèn)我:“你窮嗎?”當(dāng)M他眼里充滿疑惑和好奇,時(shí)至今日仍歷歷在目。"Well,"Istammered,tryingtothink,"Ihavemorethansomepeople,butnotasmuchasothers."Hismotherscoldedhimforthesocialno-no,andtheyhurriedofftodotheirshopping.Hisquestion,however,didnotleaveme.2.嗯,”我結(jié)結(jié)巴巴,邊想邊回答,“我比有些人擁有的多,但比其他人擁有的少?!蹦赣H因?yàn)楹⒆訂?wèn)了一個(gè)在社交上不該問(wèn)的問(wèn)題,訓(xùn)斥了他一頓,他倆便匆匆的趕去購(gòu)物。但是孩子的問(wèn)題卻一直留在我的心頭揮之不去。I'veneverthoughtofmyselfas"poor,"butIcan'tdenycertainfacts.EverytimeIfilloutmy1040form,Ifallintooneofthelowestincomebrackets.Inthepast35years,I'vetakenjustonevacationtrip.MyTVisablack-and-whitesetthatsomeonegavemeeightyearsago.我從不認(rèn)為自己窮”,但有些事實(shí)我不可否認(rèn)。每當(dāng)我填1040稅務(wù)中報(bào)表時(shí),我都屬于收入最低的檔次之一。在 過(guò)去的三十五年中,我只出去度過(guò)一次假。我的電視機(jī)是黑白的,還是八年前別人送給我的。YetIfeelnothingmorethanapassingwhimtoattainthematerialthingssomanyotherpeoplehave.My1999carshowsthewearandtearof105,000miles.Butitisstilldependable.Myapartmentismodest,butquietandrelaxing.Myclothesarewellapartmentismodest,butquietsuitedtomywork,whichisprimarilyoutdoors.Myminimalcomputerneedscanbemetatthelibrary.4.然而,想要得到其他那么多人都有的物質(zhì)的東西,對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō),只不過(guò)是轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的念頭而已。我的汽車是1999年的產(chǎn)品,到現(xiàn)在開(kāi)了十萬(wàn)五千英里,已經(jīng)很破很舊了,但是它依然可靠。我的住房不大,但是很安靜,住著挺舒心。我的衣服很適合于我的工作,主要都在 戶外。我對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)的很少的需求,可以在圖書(shū)館得到解決。InspiteofwhatIdon'thave,Idon'tfeelpoor.Why?I'veenjoyedexceptionallygoodhealthfor53years.It'snot justthatI've been川ness-free,it'sthatIfeelvigorousandspirited.Exercisingisactuallyfunforme.Ilookforwardtolong,energizingwalks.AndIlovethe"cando"attitudethatfollows.盡管有些東西我沒(méi)有,我并不感到貧窮。這是為什么?五十三年來(lái)我一直非常健康。我不但不生病,而且精力充沛,情 緒飽滿。鍛煉對(duì)我而言是確確實(shí)實(shí)的快事,我樂(lè)意長(zhǎng)距離步行,越走越有勁。我喜愛(ài)步行后隨之產(chǎn)生的一種“什么都干得了”的心態(tài)。Ialsocherishthegiftofcreativity.WhenIwriteabeautifullineofpoetry,orfabricateajokethatticklessomeone,Ifeelrichinside.I'mcontinuallysurprisedattheinsightsthatcomethroughmywritingprocess.Andtalkingwithsomanyinterestingwriterfriendsisoneofmymainsourcesofenjoyment.我還十分珍惜我的創(chuàng)作才能。當(dāng)我寫(xiě)出美麗的詩(shī)句或編造出能把人逗樂(lè)的笑話時(shí),我內(nèi)心感到很富有。通過(guò)寫(xiě)作而獲得的洞察力,不斷地令我驚奇。而與那么多寫(xiě)作朋友交 談,是我樂(lè)趣的主要源泉之一。ButthereisonevitalareaofmylifewhereIamnotsowelloff.Inasocietythatspendssomuchemotionalenergyonthepursuitofpossessions,Ifeeloutofplace.但是在我生活中,有一個(gè)重要方面我并不那么富有。在一個(gè)對(duì)物資財(cái)富的追求投入如此之多心力的社會(huì)中,我 覺(jué)得很不自在。WhenIwasyounger,therewasanexceptionallyinterestingperson Idated.What was most importanttoher,she told me,was"what'sontheinside."IthoughtIhadfoundsomeonespecial tosharemy life with. ThenI tookherto see myapartment.Atthetime,Ilivedinabasementefficiencywithafewpiecesofdatedfurniture.Theonlynew,comfortablechairwastheoneatmydesk.Shortlyafterhervisit,ourrelationshipwentstraightsouth.我年輕時(shí)曾與一位非常有趣的女士 談過(guò)朋友。她對(duì)我說(shuō),對(duì)她而言,最重要的是“一個(gè)人的內(nèi)心”我以為我找到了非同一般的生活伴 侶。后來(lái)我就帶她到我的寓所。當(dāng)時(shí)我住的是一個(gè)地下室經(jīng)濟(jì)型小套間,只有幾件陳舊的家具。唯一新而舒適的椅子是書(shū)桌旁的那把。她來(lái)訪后不久,我們的關(guān)系就急轉(zhuǎn)直下。Theseeminglyabruptchangeinherprioritieswasjolting.Itremainsamostmemorableturningpointinmypersonaljourney.所看重的東西似乎突然有了變化,使我大為震動(dòng)。在我的人生旅途上,這仍然是一個(gè)最難以忘懷的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。Incontrasttorelationships,stuffjustdoesn'tmeanthatmuchtome.Ithinkmostpeoplefeelthesameway —exceptwhentherearesocialconsequencestonothavingparticularitems.Thereisacommercialontheradiothatbegins,"Everybodywantsahigh-endTV…"Thepressuretopurchaseisreal.Itmaybetruethateverybodywantsahigh-endTV.Afterall,nobodywantstobeanobody.10.相對(duì)于人際關(guān)系而言,物質(zhì)財(cái)富對(duì)我并不那么重要。我認(rèn)為大多數(shù)人與我同感一一除非當(dāng)某一物品的缺失會(huì)引 發(fā)社會(huì)后果時(shí),人們才會(huì)有不同的想法。電臺(tái)播放的一個(gè)商業(yè)廣告開(kāi)頭這樣說(shuō):“每個(gè)人都想擁有一臺(tái)高檔電視???”,購(gòu)買這種電視機(jī)的壓力千真萬(wàn)確。也許每個(gè)人真的都想要一臺(tái)高檔 電視機(jī),畢竟沒(méi)有人想做一個(gè)無(wú)名之輩11.ButI'mhappytolivewithoutone.Infact,notbeingfocusedonmaterialgoodsfeelsquitenaturaltome.Therearemanypeoplethroughouttheworldwhowouldconsidermylifestyletobeaffluent.11.但是沒(méi)有這樣的電視機(jī)我也照樣活得快樂(lè)。事實(shí)上不專注于物質(zhì)財(cái)富,對(duì)我而言相當(dāng)自然。在這個(gè)世界上有很多人認(rèn)為我活得很富足。Neartheendoftheyear,whenIputontheSalvationArmy'sredapron, somethingchangesinsideme. Instead offeelingoutofplaceeconomically,Ibegintofeelagenuinesenseofbelonging.AsIringmybell,peoplestoptosharetheirpersonal storiesof howmuchit meanttobehelped when theyweregoing througharoughtime.PeoplehelpingpeopleissomethingIfeeldeeplyconnected to.WhileI'mringingthe bell,complete strangers havebrought mehotchocolate, leaving mewithalingeringsmile.Countless individuals havehelpedtokeepmewarmwiththesentiments oftheseason:"Thank youforringingonsuchacoldday." "CanIgetyouacupofcoffee?""Blessyouforyourgoodwork." December isthetimeofyearIfeelwealthiest.臨近歲末每當(dāng)我系上救世軍的紅圍裙時(shí),我的內(nèi)心會(huì)發(fā)生變化。我非但不感到經(jīng)濟(jì)上不自在,還開(kāi)始感到一種真正的歸屬感。我搖鈴時(shí),人們會(huì)停下腳步,給我講述他們的故事,講述他們遇到困難時(shí)受到幫助對(duì)他們多么重要。我感到我與人助人這件事深深地聯(lián)系在一起。在我搖鈴的時(shí)候,從未謀面的陌生人給我拿來(lái)熱乎乎的巧克力飲料,留給我一個(gè)久不消逝的微笑。無(wú)數(shù)的路人向我表達(dá)圣誕節(jié)的祝愿,使我感到溫暖。“謝謝你在這樣的冷天搖鈴。”“要不要我洽您弄一杯咖啡 ?”“你做好事,上帝保佑你?!笔率且荒曛形腋械阶罡蛔愕臅r(shí)候。Overthepastfouryears, I'vegrowntounderstandmoreaboutmyselfbecauseofasinglequestionfromacuriouschild.AsI've examinedwhatitmeansto bepoor,ithasbecome clear tome whatIammostthankful for:bothmytangible and myintangiblegoodfortune.13.由于一個(gè)好奇的孩子提了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)題,我在過(guò)去的四年中對(duì)自己的了解進(jìn)了一步。當(dāng)我審視貧窮究竟意味著什么時(shí),我清楚了我最應(yīng)感恩的是什么:我的有形和無(wú)形的好運(yùn)氣。Unit4——MaiaSzalavitz,formerlyatelevisionproducer,nowspendshertimeasawriter.Inthisessaysheexploresdigitalrealityanditsconsequences.Alongtheway,shecomparesthedigitalworldtothe"real"world,acknowledgingtheattractionsoftheelectronicdimension.邁亞?塞拉維茨曾是電視制片人,目前從事寫(xiě)作。她在本文中探索了數(shù)字化世界及其后果。與此同 時(shí),她將數(shù)字化世界與真 實(shí)世界做了比 較,承認(rèn)電子空間自有其魅力。MaiaSzalavitz邁亞?塞拉 維茨1AftertoolongontheNet,evenaphonecallcanbeashock.Myboyfriend'sLiverpoolaccentsuddenlybecomesimpossibletointerpretafterhiseasilyunderstoodwordsonscreen;asecretary'sclippedtoneseemsmorerejectingthanI'dimagineditwouldbe.Timeitselfbecomesfluid--hoursbecomeminutes,orsecondsstretchintodays.Weekends,onceahighlightofmyweek,arenowjusttwoordinarydays.在網(wǎng)上呆了太久,聽(tīng)到 電話鈴聲也會(huì)嚇一大跳。 顯示屏上看多了我男朋友那些一目了然的文字,他的利物浦口音一下子 變得難以聽(tīng)懂;而秘 書(shū)的清脆快速的語(yǔ)調(diào)聽(tīng)上去比我想象的要生硬。 時(shí)間本身變得捉摸不定——幾小時(shí)變成幾分鐘,或幾秒鐘延伸為幾天。周末原本是我一周的黃金 時(shí)段,現(xiàn)在卻不過(guò)是平平常常的兩天。2Forthelastthreeyears,sinceIstoppedworkingasatelevisionproducer,Ihavedonemuchofmyworkasatelecommuter.IsubmitarticlesandeditthemviaemailandcommunicatewithcolleaguesonInternetmailinglists.MyboyfriendlivesinEngland,somuchofourrelationshipisalsocomputer-assisted.在我不再當(dāng) 電視制片人的這三年間,我的大部分工作都是在家里使用 計(jì)算機(jī)終端進(jìn)行的。我通 過(guò)電子郵件投稿和校 訂,利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的人名地址與同行交流。我男朋友住在英國(guó),因此兩人的關(guān)系也在很大程度上借助于 電腦維系。IfIdesired,Icouldstayinsideforweekswithoutwantinganything.Icanorderfood,andmanagemymoney,loveandwork.Infact,attimesIhavespentaslongasthreeweeksaloneathome,goingoutonlytogetmailandbuynewspapersandgroceries.Iwatchedmostoftheendlesssnowstormof'96onTV.我要是愿意的 話,可以一連幾個(gè)星期不出 門而什么也不缺。我可以在網(wǎng)上訂購(gòu)食品、網(wǎng)上理 財(cái)、網(wǎng)上戀愛(ài)、網(wǎng)上工作。事 實(shí)上我有時(shí)獨(dú)自呆在家里 長(zhǎng)達(dá)三個(gè)星期,只偶爾出去拿信、 買報(bào)紙及日用品。 1996年那一場(chǎng)接一場(chǎng)的暴風(fēng)雪我大都是在 電視上看到的。Butafterawhile,lifeitselfbeginstofeelunreal.IstarttofeelasthoughI'vebecomeonewithmymachines,takingdatain,spittingthembackout,justanotherlinkintheNet.Othersonlinereportthesamesymptoms.Westarttofeelanaversiontooutsideformsofsocializing.WehavebecometheNetcritics'worstnightmare.然而,一段 時(shí)間之后,生活本身就 顯得不那么真 實(shí)了。我開(kāi)始 覺(jué)得自己似乎與機(jī)器融 為一體了,我接收信息,再 發(fā)送出去,就如同互 聯(lián)網(wǎng)的一個(gè)連接點(diǎn)。其他上網(wǎng)的人也 談到了同樣的癥狀。我 們開(kāi)始厭惡外面的社交方式。我 們的狀況成了批 評(píng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的人們最害怕見(jiàn)到的一幕。Whatfirstseemedlikealuxury,crawlingfrombedtocomputer,notworryingabouthair,andclothesandface,hasbecomeaformofescape,alackofdiscipline.Andonceyoustartreplacingrealhumancontactwithcyber-interaction,comingbackoutofthecavecanbequitedifficult.一下床就上機(jī),不再 為發(fā)型、服飾、面部化妝煩心,起初看似高級(jí)的享受如今卻成 為一種對(duì)生活的逃避,一種缺乏自律的表 現(xiàn)。你一旦開(kāi)始用網(wǎng)絡(luò)交際取代人與人的真 實(shí)接觸,要走出 這種穴居狀態(tài)就會(huì)相當(dāng)困 難。Ifindmyselfshyer,morecautious,moreanxious.Or,conversely,whensuddenlyconfrontedwithreallivehumans,Igetoverexcited,speaktoomuch,interrupt.IconstantlyworryifIamdressedappropriately,thatperhapsI'veactuallyforgottentoputonaskirtandwalkedoutsideintheT-shirtandunderwearIsleepandlivein.我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己變得比以前怯生、 謹(jǐn)慎、焦慮?;蛘撸?過(guò)來(lái),當(dāng)我突然面 對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)中活生生的人 時(shí),會(huì)變得過(guò)于興奮,說(shuō)個(gè)不停,愛(ài)打斷別人的 講話。我老是擔(dān)心自己衣著是否得體,擔(dān)心自己會(huì)不會(huì)真的忘了穿裙子,只穿著夜 間睡覺(jué)、白天活動(dòng)的那件 T恤和內(nèi)衣就出 門了。Attimes,Iturnonthetelevisionandjustleaveittotalkawayinthebackground,somethingthatI'dneverdonepreviously.Thevoicesoftheprogramsarecomforting,butthenI'mjarredbythecommercials.Ifindmyselfsuckedinbysoapoperas,orneedingtokeepupwiththelatestnewsandtheweather."Dateline,""Frontline,""Nightline,"CNN,NewYork1,everypossibleangleofeverystoryoverandoverandover,evenwhentheyareofnopossibleusetome.Workmovesintothebackground.Idecidetocheckmyemail.有時(shí)我把電視機(jī)開(kāi)著,讓它作為背景聲音一直響著,以前我從不 這樣做。目中的說(shuō)話聲讓人感到寬慰,可那些廣告又叫我心 煩。我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己沉浸在肥皂劇里,或者不停地收看最新的新 聞報(bào)道和天氣預(yù)報(bào)。一而再再而三地從“每日新聞”、“一線新聞”、“夜間新聞”、有線新聞電視網(wǎng)、紐約一套上收看有關(guān)每一條新 聞的各種不同 視角的報(bào)道,盡管它 們對(duì)我毫無(wú)用處。工作成了次要的。我決定去看一下自己的 電子信箱。Online,Ifindmyselfattackingeveryoneinsight.Iambad-tempered,andeasilyangered.Ifindeveryoneonmymailinglistinsensitive,believingthatthey'veforgottenthattherearepeopleactuallyreadingtheirwoundingremarks.Idon'trealizethatI'mprojectinguntilafterI'vebeenembarrassedbysomeonewhopolitelypointsoutthatI'veattackedherforagreeingwithme.在網(wǎng)上,我 發(fā)現(xiàn)自己見(jiàn)誰(shuí)攻誰(shuí)。我脾氣暴躁, 動(dòng)輒生氣。我覺(jué)得我與之通信的每一個(gè)人都麻木不仁, 認(rèn)為他們已經(jīng)忘卻還有人真會(huì)去 讀他們那些刻薄傷人的言辭。直到有人禮貌地指出,她同意我的 觀點(diǎn)卻遭到我的抨 擊時(shí),我才意識(shí)到,自己是在以己度人,不由得深感 尷尬。WhenI'minthisstate,Ifightmyboyfriendaswell,misinterpretinghisintentionsbecauseofthelackofemotionalcuesgivenbyourtypeddialogue.Thefighttakeshours,becausethesystemkeepscrashing.Isayaline,thenhedoes,thencrash!Andyetwekeepon,doggedly.在這種精神狀態(tài)下,我也和男朋友吵架,常因 鍵出的對(duì)話缺乏情感暗示而誤解他的本意。由于系 統(tǒng)常出故障,兩人一爭(zhēng)就是幾個(gè)小 時(shí)。我寫(xiě)一句,他回一句,接著系 統(tǒng)失靈!可我 們倆還是鍥而不舍地接著吵。I'dneverrealizedhowimportantdailyroutineis:dressingforwork,sleepingnormalhours.I'dneverthoughtIreliedsomuchonco-workersforcompany.Ibegantounderstandwhylong-termunemploymentcanbesodamaging,whylifewithoutanexternallysupporteddailyplancanleadtohigherratesofdrugabuse,crime,suicide.以前我從未意 識(shí)到日常的生活起居是多么重要,如穿戴整 齊去上班,按 時(shí)就寢。以前我從未想 過(guò)自己會(huì)那么依 賴同事做伴。我開(kāi)始理解 為什么長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的失業(yè)會(huì)那么傷人,為什么一個(gè)人的生活缺少了外部支持的日常 計(jì)劃就會(huì)導(dǎo)致吸毒、犯罪、自 殺率的增長(zhǎng)。Torestorebalancetomylife,Iforcemyselfbackintotherealworld.Icallpeople,arrangetomeetwiththefewremainingfriendswhohaven'tfledNewYorkCity.Itrytoatleastgettothegym,soastosetaparttheweekendfromtherestofmyweek.Iarrangeinterviewsforstories,doctor'sappointments--anythingtogetmeoutofthehouseandconnectedwithothers.為了恢復(fù)生活的平衡,我強(qiáng)迫自己回到真 實(shí)世界中去。我 給別人打電話,與所剩無(wú)幾的仍然住在 紐約城的幾個(gè)朋友安排 見(jiàn)面。我至少 設(shè)法去去健身房,以便使周末與工作日有所不同。我安排采 訪好寫(xiě)報(bào)道,預(yù)約看醫(yī)生——安排任何需要我出 門與他人接觸的活 動(dòng)。Butsometimesbeingfacetofaceistoomuch.Iseeafriendandherringinglaughterisintolerable--thenoiseofconversationintherestaurant,unbearable.Imakemyexcusesandflee.Ire-entermyapartmentandruntothecomputerasthoughitwereaplaceofsafety.但有時(shí)面對(duì)面地與人相 處實(shí)在難以忍受。我與一位朋友 見(jiàn)面,她那種響亮的笑聲讓人忍無(wú)可忍——飯店里的噪雜談話聲也讓人受不了。我找了個(gè)藉口逃之夭夭。我重新回到我的公寓,沖向 電腦,似乎那兒才是一個(gè)安全的地方。Iclickonthemodem,theonce-annoyingsoundoftheconnectionnowaspleasantasmyfavoritetune.Ientermypassword.Therealworlddisappears.我點(diǎn)擊鼠標(biāo),打開(kāi)調(diào)制解調(diào)器,曾經(jīng)聽(tīng)了就煩的連接聲此刻聽(tīng)起來(lái)就如同最心愛(ài)的曲子那么悅耳。我 鍵入密碼。真實(shí)世界轉(zhuǎn)瞬便消逝了。Unit5LookatthefollowingtwosayingsandthenseeifthestoryofMichaelStonebearsoutthepointstheymake.Thegreatertheobstacle,themoregloryinovercomingit.--MoliereWhenitisdarkenough,youcanseethestars.--CharlesA.Beard讀一讀以下兩則名言,想一想邁克爾 ?斯通的故事是否印 證了其間的道理。障礙越是巨大,逾越它也就越感自豪?!锇е挥刑炜掌岷跁r(shí),你才可以看到星星。一一查爾斯?A?比爾德DavidNaster大衛(wèi)?納史特1Hispalmsweresweating.Heneededatoweltodryhisgrip.ThesunwasashotasthecompetitionhefacedtodayattheNationalJuniorOlympics.Thepolewassetat17feet.【1】Thatwasthreeincheshigherthanhispersonalbest.MichaelStoneconfrontedthemostchallengingdayofhispole-vaultingcareer.他手心在出汗。他需要用毛巾把握竿的手擦干。太陽(yáng)火辣辣的,與他今天在全國(guó)少年奧林匹克運(yùn) 動(dòng)會(huì)上所面臨的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)一樣熱烈。橫桿升到了 17英尺。比他個(gè)人的最高 紀(jì)錄高出3英寸。邁克爾 ?斯通面 臨的是其撐竿跳高生涯中最具挑戰(zhàn)性的一天。Thestandswerestillfilledwithabout20,000people,eventhoughthefinalracehadendedanhourearlier.【2】Thepolevaultistrulythehighlightofanytrackandfieldcompetition.Itcombinesthegraceofagymnastwiththestrengthofabodybuilder. Italsohastheelementofflying,andthethoughtofflyingashighasatwo-storybuildingisamerefantasytoanyonewatchingsuchanevent.盡管賽跑決賽一小時(shí)前就已經(jīng)結(jié)束,看臺(tái)上仍然 觀眾滿座,足有 20,000人上下。撐竿跳高確 實(shí)是所有田徑比 賽中最精彩的 項(xiàng)目。它融合了體操運(yùn) 動(dòng)員的優(yōu)雅與健美運(yùn) 動(dòng)員的力量。它 還具有飛翔的特征, 對(duì)觀看該項(xiàng)目比賽的觀眾來(lái)說(shuō),飛躍兩層樓的高度簡(jiǎn)直是一件不可思 議的事情?!?】AslongasMichaelcouldrememberhehadalwaysdreamedofflying.Michael'smotherreadhimnumerousstoriesaboutflyingwhenhewasgrowingup.Herstorieswerealwaysonesthatdescribedthelandfromabird's-eyeview.HerexcitementandpassionfordetailsmadeMichael'sdreamsfullofcolorandbeauty.Michaelhadthisonerecurringdream.Hewouldberunningdownacountryroad.Asheracedbetweengoldenwheatfields,hewouldalwaysoutrunthelocomotivespassingby.Itwasattheexactmomenthetookadeepbreaththathebegantoliftofftheground.Hewouldbeginsoaringlikeaneagle.邁克爾自從能 記事起就一直夢(mèng)想著 飛翔。從小到大,母 親給邁克爾念過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)關(guān)于飛翔的故事。她的故事 總是從高空俯瞰描述大地。她 對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的激情和酷愛(ài)使得邁克爾的夢(mèng)境色彩 繽紛、絢麗無(wú)比。邁克爾 總是重復(fù)做著一個(gè)夢(mèng)。他在鄉(xiāng)間大路上飛奔。當(dāng)他奔跑在金色的麥田之 間時(shí),總是把開(kāi)過(guò)的機(jī)車一路甩在身后。就在他深深吸上一口氣的瞬 間,他開(kāi)始從地面一 躍而起,就像一 頭雄鷹那樣開(kāi)始翱翔。Whereheflewwouldalwayscoincidewithhismother'sstories.Whereverheflewwaswithakeeneyefordetailandthefreespiritofhismother'slove.Hisdad,ontheotherhand,wasnotadreamer.BertStonewasahard-corerealist.Hebelievedinhardworkandsweat.Hismotto:Ifyouwantsomething,workforit!他飛越的都是母 親故事里描述的地方。無(wú) 論他飛向何方,他都 懷著母愛(ài)所賜予他的自由精神,用敏 銳的目光觀察入微??伤母?親卻不是個(gè)夢(mèng)想家。伯特?斯通是個(gè) 徹頭徹尾的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者。他信奉的是努力與苦干。他的格言是:要想有所收獲,就得努力工作!Fromtheageof14,Michaeldidjustthat. 【6】Hebeganaverycarefultrainingprogram.Heworkedouteveryotherdaywithweightlifting,withsomekindofrunningworkonalternatedays. TheprogramwascarefullymonitoredbyMichael'scoach,trainerandfather.Michael'sdedication,determinationanddisciplinewasacoach'sdream.Besidesbeinganhonorstudentandonlychild,MichaelStonecontinuedtohelphisparentswiththeirfarmchores.MildredStone,Michael'smother,wishedhecouldrelaxabitmoreandbethat"freedreaming"littleboy.Ononeoccasionsheattemptedtotalktohimandhisfatheraboutthis,buthisdadquicklyinterrupted,smiledandsaid,"Youwantsomething,workforit!" 從14歲起,邁克爾就是這么做的。他開(kāi)始按非常周密的 計(jì)劃訓(xùn)練。他每隔一天 進(jìn)行舉重訓(xùn)練,其它的日子做些跑步 訓(xùn)練。訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃由邁克爾的教 練、訓(xùn)練員兼父親嚴(yán)加督導(dǎo)。邁克爾的投入、 執(zhí)著、自律正是每一個(gè)教 練所夢(mèng)寐以求的。邁克爾在學(xué)校是位 優(yōu)秀生,在家是個(gè)獨(dú)生子,但他仍幫助父母在自家的 農(nóng)場(chǎng)上干些雜活。邁克爾的母親米爾德里德 ?斯通希望他能更放松些, 還是做那個(gè)“自由幻想”的小男孩。有一次,她試圖跟他及其父 親好好談一下,可當(dāng)父 親的馬上就打斷了她,笑著說(shuō):“要想有所收獲,就得努力工作!”AllofMichael'svaultstodayseemedtobetherewardforhishardwork.IfMichaelStonewassurprised,excitedorvainaboutclearingthebarat17feet,youcouldn'ttell.Assoonashelandedontheinflatedlandingmat,andwiththecrowdonitsfeet,Michaelimmediatelybeganpreparingforhisnextattemptatflight. 【7】Heseemedunawareofthefactthathehadjustbeatenhispersonalbestbythreeinchesandthathewasoneofthefinaltwocompetitorsinthepole-vaultingeventattheNationalJuniorOlympics.邁克爾今天 躍過(guò)的所有高度 顯然都是對(duì)他刻苦努力的回 報(bào)。邁克爾 ?斯通在成功躍過(guò)17英尺的橫桿 時(shí)是感到驚訝、激動(dòng)還是得意,人 們無(wú)從知曉。邁‘’克爾身體剛剛落在充氣墊上,觀眾還沒(méi)坐下,他 馬上就開(kāi)始準(zhǔn) 備下一次飛躍。他似乎并未意 識(shí)到自己剛剛把個(gè)人最好成 績(jī)提高了3英寸,已經(jīng)是全國(guó)少年奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)撐竿跳高 項(xiàng)目最后兩名決 賽者之一。7WhenMichaelclearedthebarat17feet2inchesand17feet4inches,【7】againheshowednoemotion.Ashelayonhisbackandheardthecrowdgroan,heknewtheothervaulterhadmissedhisfinaljump.Heknewitwastimeforhisfinaljump.Sincetheothervaulterhadfewermisses,Michaelneededtoclearthisvaulttowin.Amisswouldgethimsecondplace.Nothingtobeashamedof,butMichaelwouldnotallowhimselfthethoughtofnotwinningfirstplace.當(dāng)邁克爾成功 躍過(guò)17英尺2英寸和17英尺4英寸高度的橫桿 時(shí),他仍沒(méi)有流露出 絲毫感情。他仰面躺著,聽(tīng)到 觀眾在嘆息,他知道另一位撐竿跳運(yùn)動(dòng)員最后一跳沒(méi)有成功。他知道自己最后一跳的 時(shí)刻到了。由于那位運(yùn) 動(dòng)員失敗次數(shù)較少,邁克爾 這一跳只有成功才能 獲勝。這一次跳不過(guò)就會(huì)使自己落到第二名。那也 絲毫無(wú)愧,但邁克爾決不 讓自己產(chǎn)生哪怕一絲與冠軍無(wú)緣的念頭。Herolledoveranddidhisroutineofthreefinger-tippedpush-ups.Hefoundhispole,stoodandsteppe

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無(wú)特殊說(shuō)明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒(méi)有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒(méi)有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫(kù)網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

最新文檔

評(píng)論

0/150

提交評(píng)論