《英語學術論文寫作（第三版）》課件English Academic Writing-第四章-第三版

EnglishAcademicWritingChapter4:DataCollectionandEvaluationEnglishAcademicWritingLeadin:(1)Howdoyouusuallycollectthedata?Whencollectingdata,whatprinciplesdoyouusuallyabideby?(2)Whatdoyouthinkaboutplagiarism?Howtoavoidplagiarism?(3)Isanoutlinenecessarytowriteanacademicpaper?Whyorwhynot?(4)Whatarethecommonoutlines?Whichtypedoyouusuallyuse?(5)Whatarethetipsforcomparisonandcontrast?ChapterFour:DataCollectionandEvaluation

PartOne:MaterialCollectionandManagement

PartTwo:

DevelopinganOutline

PartThree:ComparisonandContrastChapterFour

PartOne:MaterialCollectionandManagement1.Introduction

Datacollectionmustusuallyfollowcertainprinciplesandhasitsownspecificmethods.Thischapterfocusesoncollectionandretrievalofmaterialsforliteraturereview.ChapterFour

PartOne:MaterialCollectionandManagement2.PrinciplesofDataCollectionandSelectionDatacollectionandselectionusuallyfollowfourprinciples:CenteredaroundthethemeTrueandverifiableTypicalNovel(c.f.儲佩成,2002:107~110)ChapterFour

PartOne:MaterialCollectionandManagement3.ThreeImportantStepsforDataCollectionandEvaluation

Understandtypesofresources.Criticallyreadandevaluatethoseresources.

Takenoteseffectively.ChapterFour

PartOne:MaterialCollectionandManagement4.TypesofResourcesTherearemainlytwotypesofresources:primaryandsecondary.TypesPrimarysourceSecondsourceDefinition

Aprimarysourceisanoriginaldocumentoraccountthatisnotaboutanotherdocumentoraccountbutstandsonitsown.Secondarysourcesarethosethatinterpretprimarysourcesorareotherwiseastepremoved.Examplese.g.novel,poem,play,diary,Thedatafromaresearchstudye.g.(1)Ajournalarticleorbookaboutapoem,novel,orplay(2)AcommentaryaboutwhataninterviewsignifiesChapterFour

PartOne:MaterialCollectionandManagement5.DataCollection(1)Collectingprimarysources

A.TextsB.InterviewsChapterFour

PartOne:MaterialCollectionandManagement(2)Collectingsecondarysources

SearchingtheWebforgovernmentdocuments.Governmentrecordsmaybehelpfulbutinmostcasessecondary-sourceresearchbeginsatthelibrary.Steps：①Searchencyclopedias.②Searchbiographicalreferences,yearbooks,atlases,gazettesandprofessionaldictionariesrelevanttothetopic.③Searchlibrarycatalogstofindappropriatebooks.④Retrievejournalarticlescitationfromjournalsornewspapersindexwiththerelevanttermsfoundinencyclopedias,dictionariesandotherreferencedirectories.ChapterFour

PartOne:MaterialCollectionandManagement6.DataEvaluationDefinition:DataEvaluationreferstotheprocessofcriticallyreadingandevaluatingthesources.Fourimportantdimensionsincriticalthinkingandreading:(1)Structure(2)Purpose(3)Audience(4)AuthorChapterFour

PartOne:MaterialCollectionandManagement7.EvaluatingWebPages

CommoncriteriausedtoaccesstheinformationfoundontheInternet:(1)Authorship

(2)Thepublishingbody(3)Pointofvieworbias

(4)Referraltoand/ordisplayofknowledgeoftheliterature(5)Accuracyorverifiabilityofdetails(6)CurrencyChapterFour

PartOne:MaterialCollectionandManagementCriteriaforevaluatingaccuracy:Foraresearchdocument,thedataandtheresearchmethod(s)areincluded.Themethodologyisappropriatetothetopicandallowsthestudytobeduplicatedforpurposesofverification.Thedocumentreliesonothersourcesorincludeslinkstothedocumentsthemselves.Thedocumentnamesindividualsand/orsourcesthatprovidednon-publisheddatausedinthepreparationofthestudy.Thebackgroundinformationthatwasusedcanbeverifiedforaccuracy.ChapterFour

PartOne:MaterialCollectionandManagementCriteriaforcurrency:Thedocumentincludesthedate(s)atwhichtheinformationwasgathered.Thedocumentreferstoclearlydatedinformation.Wherenecessary,thedocumentincludesinformationontheregularityofupdates.Thedocumentincludesapublicationdateora“l(fā)astupdated”date.Thedocumentincludesadateofcopyright.

Ifnodateisgiveninanelectronicdocument,youcanviewthedirectoryinwhichitresidesandreadthedateoflatestmodification.ChapterFour

PartOne:MaterialCollectionandManagementActivity1:Whenwritingapaperwiththefollowingresearchtopic:Socialandeffectivestrategiesinlanguagelearning,Whichofthefollowingsourceswouldinitiallybeevaluatedasuseful?(1)TheInternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,1968.(2)Abook:Thestudyofsecondlanguageacquisition(Ellis1999)

(3)Anarticle:中國英語學習策略實證研究20年...ChapterFour

PartOne:MaterialCollectionandManagementKey:

(1)TheInternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,1968.(notuseful)

(2)Abook:Thestudyofsecondlanguageacquisition(Ellis1999)(useful)(3)Anarticle:中國英語學習策略實證研究20年(useful)...ChapterFour

PartOne:MaterialCollectionandManagement8.Note-taking(1)Whattowritedown?①Anythingandeverythingthatwillfleshoutthethesisstatementorresearchquestion.②Duplicatingfacts③Contradictoryinformation④Notesfrommorethanoneortwokeysources.⑤Aworkingbibliographyofallthesourcesconsulted.⑥Thecallnumberofabook,thesearchtermsenteredintoanydatabase,andanyURLs(websiteaddresses)foronlineinformationforeasyre-accesstoaresource.ChapterFour

PartOne:MaterialCollectionandManagement(2)Specifictipstoavoidplagiarism①Paraphrase②Takecaretodistinguishbetweenbackgroundandnot-so-commonlyknownfacts.③Quotation

gotomainChapterFour

PartTwo:DevelopinganOutline1.FunctionsofanOutlineReasonsforcreatinganoutline:Aidsinthewritingprocess.Helpsorganizeideas.Presentsmaterialinalogicalform.Showsrelationshipsamongideasinthepaper.Constructsanorderedoverviewofwhatiswritten.Definesboundariesandgroups.ChapterFour

PartTwo:DevelopinganOutline2.CreatinganOutlineProcessesincreatinganoutline:

Determinepaper’spurpose.Determineaudienceforwhompaperiswritten.

Developthethesisforthepaper.Then:Brainstorm:Listalltheideastobeincludedinthepaper.Organize:Grouprelatedideastogether.Order:Arrangematerialinsubsectionsfromgeneraltospecificorfromabstracttoconcrete.

Label:Createmainandsubheadings.ChapterFour

PartTwo:DevelopinganOutline3.FourMainComponentsforEffectiveOutlines(1)ParallelismE.g.

Ⅰ.ChooseDesiredCollegesⅡ.PrepareApplication(2)CoordinationE.g.Ⅰ.VisitandevaluatecollegecampusesⅡ.VisitandevaluatecollegewebsitesA.NoteimportantstatisticsB.LookforinterestingclassesChapterFour

PartTwo:DevelopinganOutline(3)SubordinationE.g.Ⅰ.DescribeaninfluentialpersoninyourlifeA.FavoritehighschoolteacherB.Grandparent(4)Division

E.g.Ⅰ.CompileresumeA.ListrelevantcourseworkB.ListworkexperienceC.ListvolunteerexperienceChapterFour

PartTwo:DevelopinganOutline4.TypesofOutlinesandSamples(1)AlphanumericoutlinesTheformattingfollowsthisorder:RomanNumeralsCapitalizedLettersArabicNumeralsLowercaseLettersE.g.

Ⅰ.ChooseDesiredCollegesA.VisitandevaluatecollegecampusesB.Visitandevaluatecollegewebsites1.Lookforinterestingclasses2.Noteimportantstatistics

a.Student/facultyratio

b.RetentionrateChapterFour

PartTwo:DevelopinganOutline(2)FullSentenceoutlinesFullsentencesarerequiredateachleveloftheoutline.(3)DecimaloutlinesE.g.1.ChooseDesiredCollege1.1Visitandevaluatecollegecampuses1.2Visitandevaluatecollegewebsites1.2.1Lookforinterestingclasses1.2.2Noteimportantstatistics

ChapterFour

PartTwo:DevelopinganOutline5.PointstoConsiderinDevelopinganOutlineAreyouclosertobeingabletowriteapaperthanbeforetheoutlineiscreated?Doanytransitionsbetweenideassuggestthemselves?Isanythingleftoutoftheoutline?Couldthethoughtsintheclusteringexercisehavebeenorganizeddifferently?Doestheoutlineseembalancedordoesonepartoverwhelmtherest??IfthereisnoThesisStatementyet,doestheoutlinehelpresolvewhatthatcontrollingideamightbe?Beforefinallysittingdowntowritethepaper,checkoutothersources—becarefultogivepropercreditforanyborrowedideasandnottoletthethoughtsofothersovershadowyourowngoodideas.

gotomainChapterFour

PartThree:ComparisonandContrast1.IntroductionDefinition:Comparisonandcontrastarewaysoflookingatobjectsandthinkingabouthowtheyarealikeordifferent.Differences:(1)Whencomparingitems,lookforsimilarities.(2)Whencontrastingitems,lookattheirdifferences.

E.g.Appleandorangesarebothfruit.Theyarefoods.E.g.Applesarered.Orangesareorange.Thefruitshavedifferenttextures.ChapterFour

PartThree:ComparisonandContrast2.ComparisonandContrastOrganizationThreestrategiestoorganizecomparisonandcontrastpapers:(1)Whole-to-Whole,orBlock(2)Similarities-to-Differences(3)Point-by-PointChapterFour

PartThree:ComparisonandContrast3.TransitionsforComparisonandContrastTypesComparisontransitions:Contrasttransitions:Sentencepatternsforcomparisonandcontrast:Transitionalwordsalso,as,aswellas,both,inthesamemanner,inthesameway,like,likewise,mostimportant,same,similar,similarity,thesameas,tooalthough,but,differ,eventhough,however,incontrast,instead,nevertheless,ontheotherhand,unless,unlike,while,yet…isthesameas……and…sharesimilar……issimilarto…in…Thesimilaritybetween…and…liesin……h(huán)assomethi