高考英語科普類說明文閱讀理解-有解析（教學(xué)資料）

-高考英語科普類說明文閱讀理解--有解析文檔信息主題：關(guān)于"中學(xué)教育"中"高考"的參考范文。屬性：Doc-962RB9,doc格式，正文104194字。質(zhì)優(yōu)實惠，歡迎下載!作為內(nèi)容寫作的參考文案，解決如何寫作、正確編寫文案格式、內(nèi)容摘取等相關(guān)適用：工作.目錄TOC\o"1-5"\h\z\o"CurrentDocument"目錄 1 42015-2017年高考英語科普類說明文 4[2017?北京卷] 4【名師點(diǎn)睛】 8[2017?江蘇卷] 9【名師點(diǎn)睛】 12一、題型特點(diǎn)與命題方式： 12【命題趨勢】 13[2017?江蘇卷] 13【名師點(diǎn)睛】 201、根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測 202、根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測 203、根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法（前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等）進(jìn)行猜測 214、根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測 225、根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測 226、根據(jù)同義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測 237、根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測 23[2017?全國卷口 24【名師點(diǎn)睛】 27[2017?全國卷H] 28[2017?全國卷ni] 31[2017?浙江卷6月考] 35【名師點(diǎn)睛】 372016高考題 38.【2016?全國新果標(biāo)II】C 38\o"CurrentDocument"【答案】9.B10.A11.C12.D 41【名師點(diǎn)睛】 41\o"CurrentDocument".【2016?北京】C 42\o"CurrentDocument".Thepassageshowsthat0 45【答案】 45\o"CurrentDocument"63.D64.B65.D66.C 45【名師點(diǎn)睛】 46\o"CurrentDocument"3.【2016?天津】C 47.【答案】A 50.【答案】D 50【解析】 50.【答案】C 51【解析】 51.【答案】C 51.【答案】B 51【解析】 51\o"CurrentDocument"4.【2016?浙江】C 52.【答案】D 56.【答案】D 56【解析】 56.【答案】C 57【解析】 57.【答案】B 57.【答案】D 57【解析】 57【名師點(diǎn)睛】 57.【2016?江蘇】B 58【答案】 61.【2016?江蘇】C 63【答案】 66【名師點(diǎn)睛】 672015年高考試題 67.【2015?湖北卷】D[ 68【考點(diǎn)定位】說明文閱讀 71.【2015?北京卷】C 72【解析】 75【考點(diǎn)定位】科技類說明文 76.【2015?江蘇】B 76【考點(diǎn)定位】科普說明文閱讀 80【解析】 84【考點(diǎn)定位】議論文閱讀 845.【2015?廣東】C 85\o"CurrentDocument"Andeonbelievedthat_ 87【考點(diǎn)定位】教育類短文閱讀 89.【2015?陜西】C 89【考點(diǎn)定位】環(huán)保類閱讀理解 92.【2015?四川】D 92【考點(diǎn)定位】考查說明文閱讀 96.【2015?四川】E 96【解析】 100【考點(diǎn)定位】考查說明文閱讀 100.【2015?天津】B 101WhatcanOshbotworkas? 103【考點(diǎn)定位】科技類短文閱讀 104.【2015?浙江】C 104【考點(diǎn)定位】這是一篇夾敘夾議的文章 109.【2015?安徽】C 110【答案】 112【考點(diǎn)定位】心理類短文閱讀 113\o"CurrentDocument".【2015?湖南】B 113【答案】 117【解析】 H7【考點(diǎn)定位】科普類短文閱讀。 118.【2015?新課標(biāo)全國II】B 118【答案】 121【考點(diǎn)定位】科普類短文閱讀 122.【2015?新課標(biāo)全國I】D 122【答案】 125【考點(diǎn)定位】社會類短文閱讀 126正文-高考英語科普類說明文閱讀理解一有解析2015-2017年高考英語科普類說明文[2017?北京卷]Hollywood'stheorythatmachineswithevil（邪惡的）mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence（AI）maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制論）,putitthisway:"Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere（干預(yù)）,wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-born,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhuma;itisalogicalcoequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleitructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagaitverydetermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard,,Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchearguethatwecansealthemachinesiideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoawerdifficultquestiobutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagaitordinaryhuma,letalonesuperintelligentmachines,,SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearche.Somearguethathumaandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams-yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhuma.OthesaywecanjustHswitchthemoff"asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothethinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,"Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetraformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoohine."However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron-induced（中子誘導(dǎo)）nuclearchainreaction,,.Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay_A.runoutofhumancontrolB.satisfyhuman'srealdesiresC.commandarmiesofkillerrobotsD.workfasterthanamathematician.MachineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeabletoA.preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyedB.achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependentlyC.doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenordeD.beathumaininternationalchessmatches.Accordingtosomeresearche,wecanusefirewallsto_A.helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetterB.besecureagaitevilhumanbeingsC.keepmachinesfrombeingharmedD.avoidrobots'affectingtheworld.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?A.ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAIOB.Itwillgetwoewithhumaninterference,,C.ItwillbesolvedbutwithdifficultyoD.Itwillstayforadecade.【文章大意】本文為科普類文章，講的是隨著科技的發(fā)展，人工智能(AI)可能會超出人類的控制。67.A段落大意題。第一段第二句說"人工智能雖然擅長完成任務(wù)，但這有可能不是我們真正想要的"。因此選A?！久麕燑c(diǎn)睛】推理判斷題屬于主觀題，是層次較高的題目。它包括判斷題和推理題。這兩類題常常相互依存，推理是為了作出正確的判斷，正確的判斷又依賴于合乎邏輯的推理。此類題要求在理解表面文字的基礎(chǔ)上，作出判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意思和深層意思，也就是通過文章中的文字信息、上下文的邏輯關(guān)系及事物的發(fā)展變化等已知的信息，推斷出作者沒有直接表達(dá)的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)。推理判斷題的解題方法：推理判斷題不僅要求考生讀懂文章中的每個句子的意思還要推理它們之間的關(guān)系，結(jié)合自己的生活常識和經(jīng)驗，再通過邏輯推理和判斷，理解文章的言外之意，從而揭示文章的深層涵義。任何一篇文章都有其特定的寫作目的，讀者需要知道如何去做或按照某種方式思考問題。推理判斷題的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理時我們務(wù)必要忠于原文，在文章中尋找并確定可推論的依據(jù)，即：已知部分-推論的前提，從中推測出未知部分-推理的結(jié)論，切忌妄加評論，把自己的觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)成作者的觀點(diǎn)。[2017?江蘇卷]Beforebirth,babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother'svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning（胎教），birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk:OrnithologicalAdvances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch（孵化）.New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmum'scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld,.Thiseducationalmethodwasfitobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,abiologistatFlindeUniveityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrewerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothe-asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme!"call.Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds,theresearchesoughtthered-backedfairywren,anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Fittheycollectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueelandbeforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalysingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymotheandchicks,rankingthembysimilarityoItturoutthatbabyred-backedfairywrealsoemergechirpingliketheirmums.Andthemorefrequentlymothehadcalledtotheireggs,themoresimilarwerethebabies'beggingcalls.Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmum'svoicewererewardedwiththemostfoodoThisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneurological（神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的）strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn."Asaparent,doyouinvestinqualitychildren,ordoyouinvestinchildrenthatareinneed?"Kleindorferasks."Ourresultssuggestthattheymightbegoingforquality.58.TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1mea"A.bethewotB.bethebestC.bejustasbadD.bejustasgood59.WhatareKleindorfer'sfindingsbasedon?A.Similaritiesbetweenthecallsofmumsandchicks.B.TheobservationoffairywreacrossAustralia.C.ThedatacollectedfromQueeland'slocals,,D.Controlledexperimentsonwreandotherbirds,60.Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidentifythebabybirdswhich_A.canreceivequalitysignalsB.areinneedoftrainingC.fittheenvironmentbetterD.maketheloudestcall【文章大意】本文是一篇科普說明文。文章介紹了一項新發(fā)現(xiàn)：幼鳥在被孵化前母鳥便教它們識別聲音了。母親呼喚它們的鳥蛋越頻繁，則它們的孩子越會發(fā)出相似的聲音；幼鳥的聲音越像它們母親的聲音，則它們獲得的食物獎勵就越多。B詞義猜測題。第一段將人類嬰與幼鳥進(jìn)行了對比，畫線詞組所在句上文講出生前人的辨別聲音的能力很強(qiáng)，下文講一些母鳥在幼鳥被孵化之前就教它們學(xué)唱歌了。據(jù)此可以判斷，在胎教方面，鳥兒的表現(xiàn)是最好的，推測"ruletheroost"意為"bethebest",故選B項。A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第三句HWhentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothe—asoundthatservedastheirregular'feedme!'call."可知，當(dāng)這些幼鳥被孵化出來的時候，它們也發(fā)出了和它們的媽媽類似的鳴叫。據(jù)此可知，SoniaKleindorfer的發(fā)現(xiàn)是以母鳥和幼鳥叫聲的相似點(diǎn)為基礎(chǔ)的，故選A項。【名師點(diǎn)睛】猜測詞義題概況詞義猜測是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力，也是高考必考的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識較多的課外詞匯?？忌鷳?yīng)學(xué)會通過構(gòu)詞、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、同義、反義及上下文線索等確定詞義。一、題型特點(diǎn)與命題方式：此類題型有逐漸增加的趨勢，尤其是猜測詞組、句義題。因為猜測詞組、句義題涉及題材背景、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、文章主旨、作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度等。聯(lián)系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答這類題的關(guān)鍵。近幾年閱讀理解的生詞率略有上升，加大了猜測難度。命題者著重考查考生利用同義或反義關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法、語法和語篇文脈等理解生詞的能力。【命題趨勢】.要求根據(jù)閱讀材料所提供的信息，結(jié)合中學(xué)生應(yīng)有的常識和經(jīng)驗，正確判斷生詞詞組的含義或成熟詞在特定語境中表達(dá)的具體含義以及一些句子的意思。.要求猜測詞義的詞一般為實詞及其詞組，通過構(gòu)詞、定義、對比、因果、聯(lián)想、上下文等線索確定詞義的具體內(nèi)容。例如第65題。.代詞復(fù)指理解題也是猜測詞義的?？碱愋?。用"邏輯關(guān)系梳理法"、"遞向?qū)ほ櫡?理清人物及事物之間的邏輯關(guān)系是關(guān)鍵所在。解題思路做這種類型的題目，要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的語境上下文來判斷其意義。因此熟練掌握一些猜詞技巧是做好這類題的關(guān)鍵。命題者在出這類題時慣用常規(guī)詞義來麻痹考生，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境主觀臆斷?？键c(diǎn)：考查科普說明文閱讀[2017?江蘇卷]Oldproblem,newapproachesWhilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife,globalwarmingwillcontinueforsomedecadesafterC02emissio（排放）peak.Soevenifemissioweretobegintodecreasetoday,wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation,,Whenitcomestoadaptation,itisimportanttoundetandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Wearethereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard,buttoacotantlyshiftingsetofconditio.Thisiswhy,inpartatleast,theUSNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat:"Thereisno'one-sizefitsall,adaptation/'Nevertheless,therearesomeactiothatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskorcost.Aroundtheworld,peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways,especiallyinsomepoorcountries.FloodshavebecomemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdecades.MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereothesawonlydisaster.Hisnot-for-profitorganizationru100riverboatsthatserveasfloatinglibraries,schools,andhealthclinics,andareequippedwithsolarpanelsandothercommunicatingfacilities.Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivity（連接）toreplacefloodedroadsandhighways.Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel:hisstaffshowpeoplehowtomakefloatinggardeandfishpondstopreventstarvationduringthewetseason。ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactioarebeingtaken.ChewangNorphellivesinamountainousregioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglacie（冰川）thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreattoagriculture.Withouttheglacie,waterwillarriveintheriveattimeswhenitcandamagecrops.Norphel'sipirationcamefromseeingthewasteofwateroverwinter,whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasiwhereitfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsoficesupplyperfectlytimedirrigation（灌;既）water.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves,Norphelcalculatesthathehasstoredabout200,000m3ofwater.Climatechangeisacontinuingprocess,soNorphel'sicereserveswillnotlastforever.Warmingwillovertakethem.Butheisprovidingafewyeaduringwhichthefarmewill,perhaps,beabletofindothermeaofadapting.IncreasingEarth'sreflectivenesscancooltheplanet.InsouthernSpainthesuddenincreaseofgreenhouses（whichreflectlightbacktospace）haschangedthewarmingtrendlocally,andactuallycooledtheregion.WhileSpainasawholeisheatingupquickly,temperaturesnearthegreenhouseshavedecreased.Thisexampleshouldactasanipirationforallcities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite,citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess,,InPeru,localfarmearoundamountainwithaglacierthathasalreadyfallenvictimtoclimatechangehavebegunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife-givingice.Theoutcomeisstillfarfromclear.ButtheWorldBankhasincludedtheprojectonitslistof“100ideastosavetheplanet".Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarehappeningeverywhere.AfriendofmineowanareaoflandinwesternVictoria.Overfivegeneratiothelandhasbeentoowetforcropping.Butduringthepastdecadedecliningrainfallhasallowedhimtoplanthighlyprofitablecrops.Farmeinmanycountriesarealsoadaptinglikethis-eitherbygrowingnewproduce,orbygrowingthesamethingsdifferently.Thisiscommonsee.Butsomesuggestioforadaptingarenot.Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it'sanoeedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.Humanbeingswillcontinuetoadapttothechangingclimateinbothordinaryandastonishingways.Butthemostseibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.Afterall,ifweadaptinthatway,wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyotheo.TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2implies_A.adaptationisanever-changingprocessB.thecostofadaptationvarieswithtimeC.globalwarmingaffectsadaptationformsD.adaptationtoclimatechangeischallenging.WhatisspecialwithregardtoRezwan'sproject?A.Theprojectreceivesgovernmentsupport,,B.DifferentorganizatioworkwitheachotheroC.Hisorganizationmakesthebestofabadsituation,,D.Theprojectconnectsfloodedroadsandhighways..WhatdidtheIceMandotoreducetheeffectofglobalwarming?A.StoringiceforfutureuseoB.ProtectingtheglaciefrommeltingoC.ChangingtheirrigationtimeoD.Postponingthemeltingoftheglacieo.WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?A.Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.B.Theglobalwarmingtrendcannotbestopped.C.ThiscountryisheatinguptooquicklyoD.Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming,,.Accordingtotheauthor,pollutingindustriesshould_A.adapttocarbonpollutionB.planthighlyprofitablecropsC.leavecarbonemissionaloneD.fightagaitcarbonpollution.What'stheauthor'spreferredsolutiontoglobalwarming?A.Settingupanewstandard,,B.Reducingcarbonemission,,C.Adaptingtoclimatechange。D.Monitoringpollutingindustries,,【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了世界各地適應(yīng)如今全球變暖的氣候的方法。A句意理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句"Wearethereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard,buttoacotantlyshiftingsetofconditio?可知，我們并不是在討論適應(yīng)一個新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而是適應(yīng)不斷變化的條件。據(jù)此可以判斷，這句話的意思是：適應(yīng)是一個不斷變化的過程。故選A項。C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第三句"MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereothesawonlydisaster."以及該段其他內(nèi)容可知，Rezwan所在的組織充分利用洪水災(zāi)害為人們提供便利，故選C項。A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段"Thelossofglacie（冰川）thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreattoagriculture...Norphel'sipirationcamefromseeingthewasteofwateroverwinter,whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasiwhereitfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring."可知，"冰人"適應(yīng)全球變暖的影響的方法是冬天將水凍成冰儲存起來，以備春天用，故選A項。而這種方法并沒有防止冰川的融化和改變灌溉的時間，故排除B、C和D項。D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段"IncreasingEarth'sreflectivenesscancooltheplanet...Bypaintingbuildingswhite,citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess/*以及第六段“…paintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife-givingice."可知，提高地球?qū)獾姆瓷淠芰梢跃徑鈿夂蜃兣?，而秘魯農(nóng)民的做法恰恰印證了這一點(diǎn)。故選D項。D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第七段"Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it'sanoeedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual."以及最后一段"Butthemostseibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution,"可知，一些污染企業(yè)辯解稱他們無法控制碳污染，只能選擇適應(yīng)，這完全是胡扯，污染企業(yè)仍然要減少碳排放，與碳污染做斗爭。故選D項?！久麕燑c(diǎn)睛】詞義猜測技巧工根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需要猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。例如：Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthenlettingitcoolveryslowlyo句子給予annealing以明確的定義,即“退火".根據(jù)同位關(guān)系迸行猜測閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時后面緊跟一個同位語，對前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋，這時可利用同位關(guān)系對前面或后面的詞義或句意進(jìn)行猜測。例如：Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginoldtimeso同位語部分alargebuildinginoldtimes給出了castle的確切詞義,即古時候的"城堡"Weareonthenightshift—frommidnightto8.—thisweek,兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明nightshift是"夜班"的意思。The"Chunnel”,atunnel（隧道）connectingEnglandandFrance,isnowcomplete,,此句中atunnelconnectingEnglandandFrance是Chunnel的同位語。因此，The"Chunnel"就是英法之間的海底隧道。.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法（前綴、后綴.復(fù)合、派生等）進(jìn)行猜測在英語中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴，在后面加后綴，從而構(gòu)成一個詞，乍看起來，這個詞可能是新詞，但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識，就不難猜出它的詞義。例如："Ourpartiesareaimedforchildren2to10,"Anacleriosaid,“andthey*reveryinteractiveandcreativeinthattheybuiltaseeofdramabasedonasubject文中interactive是由前綴inter-（相互的）和active（活動的，活躍的）而構(gòu)成的，同時根據(jù)上下文的意思可以判斷，該詞的含義應(yīng)是"互動的"Perhaps,wecanseesomepossibilitiesfornextfiftyyea.Butthenexthundred?possibility是possible的同根名詞，據(jù)此可以判斷定possibility意思是"可能性"4,根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測在一篇閱讀文章中，根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。例如：Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain從后面的結(jié)果"永遠(yuǎn)不能再運(yùn)動"中，可以推測permanent的意思為"永遠(yuǎn)的，永久的"5.根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測文章中的代詞it,that,he,him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找;也有時需要對前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。例如：LikeSchmid,theeditoofseveralself-publishedartmagazinesalsochampion（捍衛(wèi)）foundphotographs.Oneofthem,calledsimplyFound,wasbornonesnowynightinChicago,whenDavyRothbardreturnedtohiscartofindunderhiswiper（雨刷）anangrynoteintendedforsomeoneelse:"Why'syourcarHEREatHERplace?them指的是前面出現(xiàn)的self-publishedartmagazines,,6、根據(jù)同義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測當(dāng)詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或。r時，其連接的兩項內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個生詞所屬的義域，由此可推知其大致意思。7.根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but,however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。例如：Achild'sbirthdaypartydoesn,thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun0從前后兩句的意思可以看出，hassle和abasketoffun肯定是近乎相反的意義。所以不難判斷hassle的意思是"困難，麻煩"考點(diǎn)：環(huán)保類短文閱讀[2017?全國卷口Abuild-it-youelfsolarstill（蒸憎器）isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctointheUSDepartmentofAgriculture,it'sanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit'sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5'x5'sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhapsjustadrinkingcup-tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.Tocotructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher'sproductivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelineruup-andout-thesideoftheholeoNext,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet'scentredownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone（圓錐體）with45-degreeangledsides.Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecupoThesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates（蒸發(fā)）andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerial,andfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon'thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrinko.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefitparagraph?A.It'sdelicate.B.It'sexpeiveoC.It'scomplex.D.It'sportable,,.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"thewatercatcher"inParagraph2referto?A.Thetube.B.Thestill0C.Thehole.D.Thecup..Whatisthelaststepofcotructingaworkingsolarstill?A.DigaholeofacertainsizeoB.PutthecupinplaceoC.Weightthesheet'scentredownoD.Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet..Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom_A.theplastictubeB.outsidetheholeC.theopenairD.beneaththesheetB詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章"Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher'sproductivity."可知，最好在潮濕的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。接水器指的是在潮濕的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一個杯子，杯子上方用塑料板遮擋。整個裝置構(gòu)成接水器，而不是某個部分。這一題很容易錯選Do就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事實并不會因為周圍的環(huán)境變化而變化，杯子的工作效率是不變的。故選氏C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中的"Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet'scentredownwitharock."可知，最后一步是weightingthesheet'scentredownwitharock,即“放一塊石頭在塑料板的中間，把它壓下去"，故選C。【名師點(diǎn)睛】近年來全國統(tǒng)一高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜詞技巧，對突破高考閱讀理解、提高同學(xué)們的英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。這類試題包括對生詞生義的推測、熟詞生義的推測、以及對itheyhem等代詞的確指對象的判斷等做這種類型的題，要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的語境來判斷其意義。因此熟練掌握一些猜詞技巧是做好這類題的關(guān)鍵。命題者在出這類題時慣用常規(guī)詞義來麻痹考生，考生要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境想當(dāng)然。猜測詞義時，要掌握以下六種解題技巧：技巧1定義法：一般通過定義/定語從句/詞組或同位語從句來確定詞義。技巧2對比法：利用文中的反義詞、表對比關(guān)系的詞猜測詞義。技巧3因果法：從原因推測結(jié)果，從結(jié)果推測原因。技巧4例舉法：利用文中的舉例猜測詞義。技巧5構(gòu)詞法：在猜測詞義過程中，我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞法方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義。技巧6根據(jù)文段中出現(xiàn)的同義、近義或反義詞的意思進(jìn)行判斷。技巧7根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行判斷。技巧8根據(jù)文章的背景進(jìn)行判斷。技巧9上下文：利用語境及前后的提示來猜測詞義。本篇閱讀中的第33小題就屬于詞義猜測題?？忌梢愿鶕?jù)技巧9上下文：利用語境及前后的提示來猜測詞義來選擇正確答案。劃線短語thewatercatcher很簡單，考生一看就知道是"獲得水的物品”的意思，在蒸微器整個裝置中，接水的東西就是杯子，這根據(jù)常識也知道的，因此很容易錯選為D選項。如果考生仔細(xì)讀劃線短語所在的句子Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher1sproductivity就會發(fā)現(xiàn)一個關(guān)鍵的單詞ductivity表示"生產(chǎn)效率，工作效率"，杯子接水是它本來的功能，不會因為環(huán)境變化而加快聚水或減慢聚水。在潮濕的地方挖洞是因為潮濕的土中含有的水相對豐富，水蒸氣蒸發(fā)凝成水珠就快些，這和水杯完全沒有關(guān)系。所以結(jié)合上下文可知，thewatercatcher指的是蒸憎器整個裝置。[2017?全國卷口]TerrafugiaMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfitflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTraition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTraition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandbur5galloperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.Around100peoplehavealreadyputdowna$10,000deposittogetaTraitionwhentheygoonsale,andthosenumbewilllikelyriseafterTerrafugiaintroducestheTraitiontothepubliclaterthisweekattheNewYorkAutoShow.Butdon'texpectittoshowupintoomanydriveways.It'sexpectedtocost$279,itwon'thelpifyou'restuckintraffic.ThecarneedsarunwayoInventohavebeentryingtomakeflyingcasincethe1930s,accordingtoRobertMann,anairlineindustryexpert.ButMannthinksTerrafugiahascomecloserthananyonetomakingtheflyingcarareality.Thegovernmenthasalreadypermittedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierforthevehicletofly.TheTraitionisnowgoingthroughcrashteststomakesureitmeetsfederalsafetystandards.MannsaidTerrafugiawashelpedbytheFederalAviationAdministration'sdecisionfiveyeaagotocreateaseparatesetofstandardsforlightsportaircraft,whicharelowerthanthoseforpilotsoflargerplanes.Terrafugiasaysanownerwouldneedtopassatestandcomplete20houofflyingtimetobeabletoflytheTraition,arequirementpilotswouldfindrelativelyeasytomeet028.Whatisthefitparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThebasicdataoftheTraitionoB.TheadvantagesofflyingcaoC.ThepotentialmarketforflyingcaoC.ThedesigneoftheTraitiono.WhyistheTraitionunlikelytoshowupintoomanydriveways?A.Itcausestrafficjams.B.Itisdifficulttooperate,,C.ItisveryexpeiveoD.Itburtoomuchfuel..Whatisthegovernment'sattitudetothedevelopmentoftheflyingcar?A.Cautious.B.Favourable.C.Ambiguous.D.Disapproving,,.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.FlyingcaratAutoShowB.TheTraition'sfitflightC.Pilots'dreamcomingtrueD.Flyingcarclosertoreality【文章大意】這是一篇說明文。本文比較詳細(xì)地介紹了新型交通工具一一陸空兩用汽車的獨(dú)特性能和前景。A段落大意題。第一段第三、四、五句中的各種數(shù)據(jù)總結(jié)了Traition的各種基本性能。C推理判斷題。該款汽車投入市場后的售價將高達(dá)279000美元，可知其價格昂貴。文中并未對其操作的難易程度給予介紹，油耗高低也并非主要原因。[2017?全國卷山]TheIntelligentTraportteamatNewcastleUniveityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB"inordertoundetandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriveandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsareoResearchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasoforafallinhealthandwell-beingamongolderpeople,leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated（隔絕）andinactive,,LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehicletechnologiesforolderdrivewhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlifeoTheseincludecustom-madenavigation（導(dǎo)航）tools,nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptatio.PhilBlytheexplai:"Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonotheo"Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactioslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditioandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto.DrAmyGuo,theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explai:"TheDriveLABishelpingustoundetandwhatthekeystresspointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriveandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems,,"Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderdrivealwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepatacotantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We'relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthato"Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutio（解決方案）toeurethatolderdrivestaysaferbehindthewheel..WhatisthepurposeoftheDriveLAB?A.ToexplorenewmeaoftraportoB.TodesignnewtypesofcaoC.Tofindoutolderdrive'problems.D.Toteachpeopletrafficruleso.WhyisdrivingimportantforolderpeopleaccordingtoPhilBlythe?A.Itkeepsthemindependent,,B.Ithelpsthemsavetime,C.Itbuildsuptheirstrength.D.Itcurestheirmentalillnesses。.Whatd