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PartTwoAmericanLiteratureChapter1TheRomanticPeriodChoosetherightanswer:Ofallthefollowingissues, isdefinitelyNOTthefocusoftheRomanticwritersin theAmericanliteraryhistory.A.PuritanmoralityB.HumanbestialityC.NoblesavagesD.DivinityofmanAnswer:B(P401)HenryDavidThoreau’swork, ,hasalwaysbeenregardedasamasterpieceoftheNewEnglandTranscendentalMovement.A.WaldenB.ThePioneersC.NatureD."SongofMyself"Answer:A(P402)swr"Nothingisatlastsacredbuttheintegrityofyourownmind"isafamousquotefrom swrA.WaltWhitmanB.HenryDavidThoreauC.HermanMelvilleD.RalphWaldoEmersonAnswer:D(P402)TOC\o"1-5"\h\z’LeavesofGrass’commandsgreatattentionbecauseofitsuniquelypoeticembodimentof ,whicharewritteninthefoundingdocumentsofboththeRevolutionaryWarandtheAmericanCivilWar.A.thedemocraticidealsB.theromanticidealsC.theself-reliancespiritsD.thereligiousidealsAnswer:A(P447)AccordingtoWhitman,thegenuineparticipationofapoetinacommonculturaleffortwastobehaveasasupreme .A.democratB.individualistC.romanticistD.leaderAnswer:B(P448)TheperiodbeforetheAmericanCivilWarisgenerallyreferredtoas .A.TheNaturalistPeriodB.TheModernPeriodC.TheRomanticPeriodD.TheRealisticPeriodAnswer:C(P399)Inthefollowingworks,whichsignthebeginningoftheAmericanliterature?A.TheSketchBookB.LeavesofGrassC.LeatherStockingTalesD.AdventuresofHuckleberryFinnB(P399) istheauthorofthework ’TheLegendofSleepyHollow’.A.WashingtonIrvingB.JamesJoyceC.WaltWhitmanD.WilliamButlerYeatsAnswer:A(P404)WashingtonIrving’s’RipVanWinkle’isfamousfor .A.Rip’sescapeintoamysteriousB.Thestory ’sGermanlegendarysourcematerialC.Rip’sseekingforhappinessD.Rip-y’easrs2s0leepAnswer:D(P406)WhichofthefollowingstatementisnottrueaboutWashingtonIrving?WashingtonIrvingisregardedasFatheroftheAmericanshortstories.Irving’reslationshipwiththeOldWorldintermsofhisliteraryimaginationcanhardlybeignoredconsideringhissuccessbothabroadandathome.Irving ’tasstewasessentiallyprogressiveorradical.WashingtonIrvinghasalwaysbeenregardedasawriterwho"perfectedthebestclassicstylethatAmericanliteratureeverproduced."Answer:C(P403406)ThePublicationof establishedEmersonasthemosteloquentspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism.A.NatureB.Self-RelianceC.TheAmericanScholarD.TheOver-SoulAnswer:A(P420)Thephrase"atransparenteye-ball’comparesphilosophicalmentationofEmerson’s.Itappearsin .A.TheAmericanScholarB.NatureC.TheoverSoulD.Essays:SecondSeriesAnswer:B(P423)In1837,RalphWaldoEmersonmadeaspeechentitled atHarvard,whichwashailedbyOliverWendellHolmeasas:OurIntellectualDeclarationofIndependence".A."Self-Reliance"B."DivinitySchoolAddress"C."TheAmericanScholar"D."Nature"Answer:C(P423) isthemostambivalent(有爭議的)writersintheAmericanliteraryhistory.A.NathanielHawthorneB.WaltWhitmanC.RalphWaldoEmersonD.MarkTwainAnswer:A(P429)"Thereisevilineveryhumanheart,whichmayremainlatent,perhaps,throughthewholelife;butcircumstancesmayrouseittoactivity",whichauthorofthefollowingauthorsdoesthementionbelongto .A.WashingtonIrvingB.RalphWaldoEmersonC.NathanielHawthorneD.WaltWhitmanAnswer:C(P431)TOC\o"1-5"\h\zInHawthorne’snovelsandshortstories,intellectualsusuallyappearas .A.saviorsB.villainsC.commentatorsD.observersAnswer:B(P432)AllofthefollowingareworksbyNathanielHawthorneexcept .A.TheHouseoftheSevenGablesB.WhiteJacketC.TheMarbleFaunD.TheBlithedaleRomanceAnswer:B(P431)WaltWhitmanisradicallyinnovativeintheformofhispoetry.Whatheprefersforhisnewsubjectis .A.freeverseB.blankverseC.lyricpoemD.heroiccoupletAnswer:A(P450)WhichofthefollowingfeaturescannotcharacterizepoemsbyWaltWhitman?A.Lyricalandwell-structuredB.Free-flowingC.SimpleandrathercrudeD.ConversationalandcasualAnswer:A(P450451)"Thehorizon’sedge,theflyingsea-crow,thefragranceofsaltmarshandshoremud.Thesebecamepartofthatchildwhowentfortheveryday,andwhonowgoes,andwillalwaysgofortheveryday."Thetwolinesaretakenfrom .A."ThereWasaChildWentForth"byWaltWhitmanB."InaStationoftheMetro"byEzraPoundC."CavalryCrossingaFord"byWaltWhitmanD."Ulysses"byJoyceAnswer:A(P454)"MobyDick"isregardedasthefirstAmerican .A.ProseepicB.ComicepicC.DramaticfictionD.PoeticfictionAnswer:A(P460)ThegiantMobyDickmaysymbolizeallEXCEPT .A.mysteryoftheuniverseB.sinofthewhaleC.powerofthegreatNatureD.eviloftheworldAnswer:B(P461)WhichofthefollowingcommentsonthewritingsbyHermanMelvilleisnottrue?A."Bartleby,theScrivener"isashortstory.B."BenitoCereno"isanovella.C.TheConfidenceManhassomethingtodowiththeseaandsailors.D.Moby-DickisregardedasthefirstAmericanproseepic.Answer:C(P459460)TheTranscendentalistsbelievethat,first,natureisennobling,andsecond,theindividualis ,therefore,self-reliant.A.insignificantB.viciousbynatureC.divineD.forward-lookingAnswer:C(P402)Readthequotedpartandanswerthequestions:"TimegrewworseandworsewithRipVanWinkleasyearsofmatrimonyrolledon:atarttempermellowswithage,andasharptongueistheonlyedgetoolthatgrowskeenerbyconstantuse.Foralongwhileheusedtoperpetualclubofthesages,philosophers,andotheridlepersonagesofthevillage.Questions:Pleaseidentifytheauthorandthetitleofthework.2)What ’ingsotfhtehimsepaanssage?參考答案:Thisisanexcerptfrom"RipVanWinkle"byWashingtonIrving.(P408)Withhiswife’sdominanceathome,thesituationbecameharderand harderforRipVanWinkle.Hiswife’stemperbecameworseandshescoldedhimformoreoften.Hehadtostayintheclubwithidlepeople.(P407)附:Question:PleasedescribethechangesRipVanWinkleexperienced.Answer:1)RipVanWinklewastheheroinIrving ’sworks.Hewasa-ngaotoudredman,ahenpecked(懼內(nèi)的，妻管嚴(yán)的)husband.Becausehiswife'sshrewis演婦一樣的)treatment,Riphadtoescapefromhishometothelittleinninthevillage.Whenitfailedtogivehimsomerestfulair,hehadtogohuntinginthehighmountain,whereRipmetastranger,andthemanaskedRiptocarrykegforhim.ThenRipreachedtheplaceinthevalley,wheremanystrangerswereplayingnine-pins.LaterRipgotdrunkafterdrinkingtheliquor,whichmadehimsleepfor20years.Ripwokeupasanoldman,enteringthevillagelearnedthathiswifehaddied,hegotthefreedomofhisown,;andtheAmericanhadbeendependentfromthecontrolofBritain,hehadchangedfromasubjectoftheKing(GeorgeIII)intoacitizenoftheindependentnewU.S 2."Icelebratedmyself,andsingmyself,AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume,Foreveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou"Questions:Pleaseidentifytheauthorandthetitleofthepoemthathadusedwhenpublished.2)Whatisthethemeofthispoem?參考答案:1)Inthe1856,thetitlewas"PoemofWaltWhitman,anAmerican",thenitbecame"WaltWhitman"in1860,until1881,itfinallybecame"SongofMyself".TheauthorisWaltWhitman.(P456--457)2)InthispoemWhitmansetsforthtwoprinciplebeliefs:Thetheoryofuniversality(普遍性),whichisillustratedbylengthycataloguesofpeopleandthings;Thebeliefinthesingularity(個(gè)別性)andequality(平等性)ofallbeingsinvalue.(P457)"Standingonthebareground, myheadbathedbytheblitheair,andupliftedintoinfinitespace, allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteye-ball.Iamnothing.Iseeall."Questions:Pleaseidentifytheauthorandthetitleofthework.2)Pleasebrieflyinterpretthispassage.3).Whatrhetoricaldeviceof"transparenteye-ball".4)Emersonsaidhewanttobecomeatransparenteye-ball,whatkingideadidhewanttoexpress?參考答案:1)Thisselectionisfrom"Nature"byEmerson.(P427)IntheessayEmersonclearlyexpressesthemainprinciplesofhisTranscendentalistpursuitandhislovefornature.Emersondevelopshisconceptof"Over-Soul"Or"UniversalMind".Lastbutnottheleas,itaffirmsthedivinityofthehumanbeings.(P423)Itusedthedeviceofmetaphor.(P423)4)Hewantedtotellus:Naturecanpurify( 凈化)ourqualityandletusgetcomfort.(P243)III.Questionsandanswers:TheRomanticPeriodwascalled"TheAmericanRenaissance".DiscussthebackgroundoftheRomanticPeriod,andcompareitwiththeRomanticismofBritain.Answer:ThetwoRomanticismbothstresstheimaginativeandemotionalqualitiesofliterature;Theyallpayattentiontopsychicstatesofthecharactersandexalttheindividualandcommonman;AmericanRomanticismrevealeduniquecharacteristics:(difference)1>Americanauthorsdescribetheirnativeland,,especiallythespiritofthepioneeringintothewest,thedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonature;2>Americanwritersuselocaldialectinlanguage;3>PuritanismhasgreatinfluenceoverAmericanRomantics;4>Calvinismoforiginalsinisobviousintheirworks;5>TranscendentalismisveryimportanttheoryinAmericanRomanticism;6>TheimportantsettinginAmericanRomanticismare:①theearlypuritansettlement;②theconfrontationwiththeIndians;③thefrontiersmen's嗓;thewildwest;⑤imagination.(P399—402)AnalyzethethemesandcharacteristicofHawthorne.Answer:Hawthornewasamanwithinquiringimagination,meditativemindanddarkvisiontolife.Histhemesinwritingare:Manwasbornwithevilandsin,onesourceofthemisover-reachingintellect,whoseimagewasalwaysvillain;(Chllingworthe.g.)HawthornewasinfluencedgreatlybyPuritanism,whilehecriticizeditbitterly;HebelievedCalvinisticideas,thinkingmanwasdepravedandcorrupted;theyshouldobeyGodforsavingthespirits;Heconcernedthemorallifeofmanandhumanhistory;Hewaskeenonthedescriptionofman ’sdevelopmentofpsychology.(P432433)—ExplainthetheoryofTranscendentalism,thenlistitsimportantauthorandworks.Answer:TranscendentalismisaveryimportanttheoryinAmericanRomanticism,itsmainideasare:Manhasthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,ortheabilityofgettingknowledgetranscendingthesenses;Natureisennoblingandindividualisdivine,therefore,manshouldbeself-reliant.Manisdivine/holyandperfectibleandmancantrusthimselftodecidewhatisrightandactaccordingly;(buttoHawthorneandMelvillemanisasinner);Universeisover-soul-asymbolofthespirit,Godortheuniverse,thereisanemotionalcommunicationbetweenanindividualsoulandtheuniversal"over-soul"-unityofNature.Theimportantauthorsare:Emerson(TheAmericanScholar)andThoreau."Nature",Emerson’sworks,iscalledtheunofficialmanifestofortheclub.(P421 P422) —Hawthornewasamasterinusingsymbolandallegory;citesomeexampletoanalyzeit.Answer:Allegorically,YoungGoodmanBrownbecomesanEverymancalledBrown,whowillbeagedinonenightbyaneviladventure,andtheevilnessmakeseveryoneafallenidolintheworld.IntheangleofSymbol:"BrownlookuptotheHeavenandresistthewickedone"symbolsBrownhastheforcetoresisttheevilnessoftheNatureandhestillhasthefaithtoGod;but"heisaloneintheforest"symbolsthesocietyistheplacefullofsinsandevilness,Brown ’sstrengthisnotenoughatall;thenafterreturning,helivesadismalandgloomylifesymbolshehasbeencrusheddownbythesocialevilnessandlosthisbeliefingoodnessandpiety.(P434 —435)WashingtonIrvingwascalled"FatheroftheAmericanshortstories"and"theAmericanGoldsmith".Whatcharacteristicsdidhehave?Answer:Hewasnostalgicauthor,andhealwaysjuxtaposingtheOldandtheNewworld;Heremainedaconservativeandalwaysexaltedadisappearingpast,andhepreferthepasttopresent,preferadream-likeworldtoarealone;Hisstorieswerealwaysfromlegend,especiallyGermanlegends,showingbestclassicstyle.(P405—406)SeaadventuresareMelville’sfavoritesubject;"Mo-bDyick"isagreatnovelinthetheme,whichisalsonotedforitssymbolism,pleaseanalyzeitindetail.Answer:Abouttheseaadventure:itsymbolsthevoyageofthemindinquestofthetruthandknowledgeoftheuniverse;aspiritexplorationintoman ’sdeeprealityandpsychology;Abouttheboat;itsymbolsthesociety,andthecrewsymbolallkindsofpeoplewithdifferentsocialandethnicideas;Aboutthewhitewhale:Totheauthor,itsymbolsnature,itisacomplex,unfathomableandbeautiful;TothecaptainAhab,itisevilness,isawall.Sohewillleadallhiscrewtocutthroughthewalltodigoutalltheunknown,mysteriousthingsbehindit.Tothenarrator,Ishmael,itisamystery.(P460 —461)WaltWhitmanisauniquepoet.Canyouexplainwhatmakehimunique?Answer:Histhemesare:Democracy;theRevolutionaryWarandtheCivilWar;freedom;openness;brotherhood;individualism;thegrowthofindustryandthewealthofthecities;universality.Hisstylesarespecial:"freeverse";"catalogue";simpleandevencrudelanguage.(P448-551)PARTTWO:AMERICANLITERATUREChapter2TheRealisticPeriodI.Choosetherightanswer:EmilyDickinsonwassometimescuriousaboutthefeelingofspeechofdeathandinoneofherpoemsshewroteaboutthe ofdeath,thetitleofthepoemis"IheardaFlybuzzwhenIdied".A.momentB.sufferingC.happinessD.meaningAnswer:A(P518)TheodoreDreiserbelongedtotheschoolofliterary whichemphasizedheredityandenvironmentasimportantdeterministicforcesshapingindividualizedcharacterswhowerepresentedinspecialanddetailedcircumstances.A.naturalismB.realismC.determinismD.humanismAnswer:A(P524)MorethanfivehundredpoemsthatDickinsonwroteareaboutnature,inwhichhergeneral abouttherelationshipbetweenmanandnatureiswellexpressed.A.skepticismB.eulogyC.happinessD.denialAnswer:A(P518)"ThisismylettertotheWorld"isapoemexpressingEmilyDickinson ’s abouthercommunicatiowiththeoutsideworld.A.happinessB.angerC.AnxietyD.sorrowAnswer:C(P520)Thoughsecludedherselfinherownhouse,EmilyDickinsonwasneverreallyindifferentoftheoutsideworld,ascouldbeseeninherpoemssuchas"IliketoseeitlaptheMiles",whichdescribesa(n) ,anembodimentofmoderncivilization.A.snakeB.animalC.theroadD.trainAnswer:D(P521)After"TheAdventureofTomSawyer",TwaingivesaliteraryindependencetoTom ’sbuddyHuckinabookcalled ,andthebookfromwhich"allmodernAmericanliteraturecomes".A.LifeontheMississippiRiverB.TheGildedAgeC.AdventuresofHuckleberryFinnD.TheSunAlsoRisesAnswer:C(P479480)Winterbourneisusedasa inHenryJames ’s"DaisyMiller".A.ProtagonistB.NarratoroftheeventsC.AcharacterofcentralconsciousnessD.PersonaAnswer:C(P499)EmilyDickinson’sverseismostaptlycharacterizedas .A.exposingtheevilsofthesocietyB.pavingthewayforthefollowinggenerationoffreeversepoetsC.sharingthesamepoeticconventionsasWaltWhitmanD.exhibitingsensitivenesstothesymbolicimplicationsofexperience,suchaslove,death,immortalityandetc.Answer:D(P518)Theauthorof"ThePortraitofaLady"isbestat .probingintotheunsearchedsecretpartofhumanlifeatruthfuldelineationofthemotives,theimpulses,theprinciplesthatshapethelivesofactualmenandwomen.adramatizingthecollisionsbetweentwoverydifferentculturalsystemsonaninternationalscenedisclosingthesocialinjusticesandevilsofacivilizedsocietyaftertheCivilWar.Answer:C(P496)Theperiodrangingfrom1865to1914hasbeenreferredtoas .A.theAgeofRealismB.theAgeofModernismC.theAgeofRomanticismD.theAgeofColonicalismAnswer:A(P471)Whoexertsthesimplemostimportantinfluenceonliterarynaturalism?A.EmersonB.JackLondonC.TheodoreDreiserD.DarwinAnswer:D(P475)OneofthemostfamiliarthemesinAmericannaturalismisthethemeofhuman" ".A.bestialityB.goodnessC.compassionD.greedAnswer:A(P476) isconsideredbyH.L.Menckenas"thetruefatherofournationalliterature."A.HemingwayB.PoeC.IrvingD.TwainAnswer:D(P477)MarkTwainwrotemostofhisliteraryworkswitha language.A.grandB.pompousC.simpleD.vernacularAnswer:D(P481)HenryJames’sfamegenerallyrestsuponhisnovelsandstorieswith .A.internationalthemeB.nationalthemeC.EuropeanthemeD.RegionalthemeAnswer:A(P497)Inthefollowingwriters,whoisgenerallyregardedastheforerunnerofthe20thcentury"Stream-of-consciousness"novelsandthefounderofpsychologicalrealism .A.HenryJamesB.MarkTwainC.EmilyDickensonD.TheodoreDreiserAnswer:A(P498)InHenryJames’"DaisyMiller",theauthortriestoportraytheyoungwomanasanembodimentofA.thecorruptionofthenewlyrichB.thefreespiritoftheNewWorldC.thedeclineofaristocracyD.theforceofconventionAnswer:B(P499)TOC\o"1-5"\h\zWhichofthefollowingisNOTausualsubjectofpoeticexpressionofEmilyDickinson ’s?A.WarandpeaceB.LoveandmarriageC.LifeanddeathD.ReligionAnswer:A(P517)Thefollowingtitlesareallrelatedtothesubjectthatescapesfromthesocietyandreturnstonatureexcept .A.Dreiser’sSisterCarrieB.Copper’sL-eSattohcekringTalesC.Thoreau’sWaldenD.MarkTwain’sTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnAnswer:A(P401/P526)ThegreatestworkwrittenbyTheodoreDreiseris .A.SisterCarrieB.AnAmericanTragedyC.TheFinancierD.TheTitanAnswer:B(P525)CloselyrelatedtoEmilyDickinson ’sreligiouspoetryareherpoemsconcerning .A.ChildhoodB.YouthandhappinessC.LonelinessD.DeathandimmortalityAnswer:D(518)WithHowells,James,andMarkTwainactiveontheliteraryscene, becamethemajortrendinAmericanliteratureintheseventiesandeightiesofthe19thcentury.A.sentimentalismB.romanticismC.realismD.naturalismAnswer:C(P474)Readthequotedpartandanswerthequestions:1."Itwasacloseplace.Itookitup,andhelditinmyhand.Iwasatrembling,becauseI ’dgotforever,betwixttowthings,andIknowedit.Istudiedaminute,sortofholdingmybreath,andthensaystomyself:"Allright,then,I’llgo-t-o--haenldl"toreitup.Itwasawfulthoughts,andawfulwords,buttheywassaid.AndIletthemstaysaid;andneverthoughnomoreaboutreforming."1)Whowasthe"I",whichbookwasthepassagetakenfrom?Andbywhom?2)Whydidhethink"itwasawfulthought"?Analyzeit.Analyzethecharacteristicofthehero.Answer:ThecharacterisHuckleberryFinn,thepassageistakenfrom"AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn"byMarkTwain.(P489)ItistheclimaxoftheHuck ’sinnerstruggleontheMississippi,whenHuckisconflictingwhetherornotheshouldwritealettertotellMissWatsonwhereJimis,andheispolarizing/contradictingbythetwoopposingforcesbetweenhisheartandhishead,betweenhisaffectionforJimandthelawsofthesocietyagainstthosewhohelpslavesescape.Huck’sfinaldecision-tofollowhisowngoodheartedmoralimpulseratherthanconventionalvillagemorality.DuringhisthinkingHuckthinksoftheconsequenceofhelpingJim(therunawayslave),hemightgotohell,"itwasawfulthought",withtheeventualvictoryofhismoralconscienceoverhissocialawareness,Huckgrows.(P480)Huckisaninnocentandreluctantrebel,atypicalAmericanBoywitha"soundheartanddeformedconscience".ThroughtheeyesofHuck,thePre-CivilWarAmericansocietyisfullyexposedandwearedeeplyimpressedbyMarkTwain’sthematiccontrastsbetweeninnocenceandexperience,natureandculture,wildnessandcivilization.(P483)"Ishouldthinkitmightbearranged,"Winterbournewasthusemboldenedtoreply."Couldn’ytougetsomeonetostay fortheafternoonwithRandolph?"MissMillerlookedathimamoment;andthenwithallserenity,"Iwishyou’dstaywithhim!"shesaid.Questions:Pleaseidentifytheworkandtheauthor.2)PleaseanalyzethecharacterofDaisyMillerinliterature.參考答案:1)ItistakenfromHenryJames’s"DaisyMiller".(P513)SheistheAmericanGirlinEurope,acelebratedtypewhoembodiesthespiritoftheNewWorld.However,innocence,thekeynoteofhercharacter,turnsouttobeanadmiringbutadangerousqualityandherdefianceofsocialtaboosintheOldWorldfinallybringshertoadisasterintheclashbetweentwodifferentcultures.(P499-500)"WepassedtheSchool,whereChildrenstroveAtRecessintheRingWepassedtheFieldsofGazingGrain WepassedtheSettingSun ”Questions:Pleaseidentifythepoemandthepoet;2)Whatdoes"theSchool,theFieldsofGazingGrainandtheSettingSun"standsfor?Answers:Thelinesarefrom"BecauseIcouldnotstopfroDeath",EmilyDickinson.(P523)Itstandsforthreestagesoflife:theSchool youth;theFieldsofGazingGrain matureperiod;theSettingSun endoflife.(P523)"TheEyesaroundhadwrungthemdryAndbreathsweregatheringfirmForthatlastOnset whentheKingBewitnessedintheRoom"Questions:Whatisthemeaningofthefirstline?2)Whatdoes"theKing"referto?3)Whatideadoesthepoemfromwhichthisstanzaistakenexpress?Answers:Itmeanstherelativesandfriendshadcriedandcriedsothattherewerenotearsanymore.(P521)"TheKing"referstotheGodofdeath.(P521)3)Thepoemexpressesthattheauthorevenimaginedherowndeath,thelossofherownbody,andthejourneyofhersoultotheunknown.(P518)III.Questionsandanswers:WhatarethemainideasofRealistsofAmerica?Answer:TheharshlifeanddisillusionfromthedarkmemoriesoftheCivilWarmadethenationdisliketheromance,thenewgenerationofwriterscameupwithnewinspirations:Theywereinterestedintherealitiesoflife.Itaimedattheinterpretationoftheactualityofanyaspectoflife;People’sattentionwasnowdirectedtheinterestingfeatures/thingsofeverydayexistence/things-somethingbrutal,sordid/mean,classstruggleetc.Theauthorsintroducedcommonpeoplesuchas:industrialworkersandfarmers,ambitiousbusinessmen,vagrants,prostitutes/streetgirls,andunheroicsoldiersinfiction;Americanwritersdisplayednativetrendsinportrayalofthelandscapeadsocialsurfacerealistically;Theyformedperfectvernacularstyleinlanguage;Someauthorsexploredandexploited/usedtheliterarypossibilitiesoftheinteriorlife/psychology,suchasHenryJames;Therepresentativeswere:MarkTwain,HenryJames,WilliamDeanHowells;Inshort,theysettheexampleandpicturedthefuturecourseforthemodernism.(inthesubject,themes,techniques,andstylesoffiction)(P472474)TakeexamplestoanalyzethestyleandthemeofMarkTwain.Answer:MarkTwainisagreatliteraryofAmerica,H.L.Menckenconsideredhim"thetruefatherofournationalliterature".Twain’sworkslike"AdventureofHuckleberryFinn"and"LifeontheMississippi"shapedtheviewsofAmericaandcombinedAmericanfolkhumorandseriousliteraturetogether;"TheadventuresofTomSawyer"andTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn"provedtobethemilestoneinAmericanliterature,andtheyweretherecordofavanishingwayoflifeinthepre-CivilWarMississippi.Thebookswerenotedfortheirunpretentious,colloquial,poetic,humorous,innocentandfreestyle;ThelanguageofTwainwassimple,direct,lucidandfaithfultotruth-"vernacular";Twainwasfamousforalocalcolorist,whopresentedsociallifethroughportraitsofthelocalcharactersofhisregion-peoplelivinginthearea,thelandscape,thecustoms,dialects,costumes.EspeciallythethemeoftheMississippivalleyandtheWest;TheworkofTwainwerealwaysconfinedtoaparticularregion,historicalmoment,strongaccent,intensifiedhumortocriticizethesocialinjusticeandsatirizethedecayedromanticism.(P477-481)GiveacommentontheexperienceofCarrie.參考答案：Pennilessand"fulloftheillusionsofignoranceandyouth",SisterCarrieleavesherruralhometoseekworkinChicago,shegrowsfromaninnocent,purecountrygirltobeagirlmatureinintellectandemotion,andshebecomesastarofmusicalcomedies.Butinspiteofhersuccessinmaterial,sheisnothappybutlonelyanddissatisfied.SisterCarriebestembodiesDreiser ’snsatticurbaeliliefthatwhilemenarecontrolledandconditionedbyheredity,instinctandchance,afewextraordinaryandunsophisticatedhumanbeingsrefusetoaccepttheirfatewordlesslyandinsteadstrive,unsuccessfully,tofindmeaningandpurposefortheirexistence.(P527-528)ThecharacteristicandthemeanalysesofHenryJames.Answer:TheFreudianapproachisfamousinhisnovelsandhisliteraryessays.Jamestookgreatinterestininternationalthemes-theclashedbetweentwodifferentculturesandtheemotionalandmoralproblemsofAmericansinEurope,orEuropeansinAmericainhisfirstperiod."ThePortraitofALay"isgenerallyconsideredtobehismasterpiece.Jamesexperimentedwithdifferentthemesandformsinhismiddleperiod.Inhislastanmajorperiod,Jamesreturnedtohis"international-theme."ThetypicalpatternoftheconflictbetweenthetwocultureswouldbethatofayoungAmericanmanoranAmericangirl(DaisyMiller)whogoestoEuropeandaffronts/metwithhisorherdestiny.Theunsophisticatedboyorgirlwouldbebeguiled,betrayed,cruellywrongedatthehandsofthosewhopretendtostandforthehighestpossiblecivilization.Hefocusesonpsychologicalapproach.Hisfictionalworldisconcernedmorewiththeinnerlifeofhumanbeings-thisemphasisonpsychologyandonthehumanconsciousnessprovestobeabigbreakthroughinnovelwriting.Heisregardedastheforerunnerofthe20thcentury"stream-of-consciousness"novelsandthefounderofpsychologicalrealism.Jamesavoidstheauthorialomniscienceasmuchaspossibleandmakeshischaractersrevealthemselveswithhisminimalintervention.(P495-498)Theperiodfrom1865to1914hasbeenreferredtotheAgeofRealism(TheGildedAge)intheliteraryhistoryoftheUnitedStates,whydidithappenandwhatcharactersdidithave?Answer:TheAmericansocietyaftertheCivilWarprovidedrichsoilfortheriseanddevelopmentofRealism,andCivilWaraffectedthesocialandthevaluesystemofthecountry,Americahadtransformedintoanindustrializedandcommercialisedsociety.Thewarstimulatedthetechnologicaldevelopment;Theboomingeconomyandindustrysteppedupurbani