(浙江專(zhuān)用)2020高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)專(zhuān)題一第三講理解主旨要義-主旨大意題教案

第三講理解主旨要義一一主旨大意題主旨大意題是閱讀理解中難度較大的一類(lèi)題目，是拉開(kāi)分?jǐn)?shù)差距的一個(gè)重要考查點(diǎn)。因?yàn)樵擃?lèi)試題不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會(huì)大意的能力，也對(duì)考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求。文章中沒(méi)有明顯的解題依據(jù)，需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進(jìn)行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。此類(lèi)題目可分為三大類(lèi)：標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。高考主旨大意題題量統(tǒng)計(jì)考綱解讀年份浙江卷（1）主旨大意題考查的是考生對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，對(duì)整篇文章的主旨大意什-個(gè)較為清晰的印象。（2）它既考查細(xì)節(jié)理解能力，又考查深層次的推理、概括能力，難度較大。（3）有時(shí)從文章的第一個(gè)段落，甚至第一個(gè)句子即可得出文章的主旨要義； 有時(shí)，文章的主旨要義則需從文章的字里行間進(jìn)行推斷。2019.62（標(biāo)題歸納題；段落大意題）2018.111（標(biāo)題歸納題）2018.62017.111（標(biāo)題歸納題）1（文草大思題）2017.61（文草大思題）副析理型特點(diǎn)，掌握解弱方法＞【考查特點(diǎn)】I.把握主旨大意題常見(jiàn)的命題方式:(1)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext ?/Whatisthetopicofthetext?(2)Themainidea/Thegeneralidea/Themainthemeofthispassageis(3)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison(4)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?(5)What'sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?(6)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?⑺Thepassagemainlyfocusesonn.掌握主旨大意題的考查角度：(1)標(biāo)題類(lèi)，要求考生選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題。(2)主題類(lèi)(內(nèi)容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。［考向1］標(biāo)題歸納題一一概括凝練選標(biāo)題該類(lèi)題目要求考生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上， 結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給選項(xiàng)中選出適合文章的標(biāo)題。注意最佳標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)： 精準(zhǔn)性強(qiáng)（不改變?cè)牡囊饬x和感情色彩 ）；覆蓋性強(qiáng)（能概括全文并體現(xiàn)文章的主旨）。常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)方式：?Thebesttitleofthepassageis?Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage??Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage??Themostappropriatetitleofthepassageis［典例］（2019?全國(guó)卷出?B）ForWesterndesigners,ChinaanditsrichculturehavelongbeenaninspirationforWesterncreative."It'snosecretthatChinahasalwaysbeenasource（ 來(lái)源）ofinspirationfordesignerssaysAmandaHill,chiefcreativeofficeratA+ENetworks,aglobalmediacompanyandhometosomeofthebiggestfashion（ 時(shí)尚）shows.Earlierthisyear,the ChinaThroughALookingGlassexhibitioninNewYorkexhibited140piecesofChina-inspiredfashionableclothingalongsideChineseworksofart,withtheaimofexploringtheinfluenceofChineseaesthetics（美學(xué)）onWesternfashionandhowChinahasfueledthefashionableimaginationforcenturies.Theexhibitionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences.“Chinaisimpossibletooverlook saysHill.aChinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion -theyarecentraltoitsmovement/'Ofcourse,notonlyaretoday'stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina—someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesChinese.“VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingonGalliano,Albaz,MarcJacobs—andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales addsHill.ForHill,itisimpossiblenottotalkaboutChinaastheleadingplayerwhendiscussingfashion."ThemostfamousdesignersareChinese,soarethemodels,andsoaretheconsumersshesays. "Chinaisnolongerjustanothermarket;inmanysensesithasbecomethemarket.Ifyoutalkaboutfashiontoday,youaretalkingaboutChina—itsinfluences,itsdirection,itsbreathtakingclothes,andhowyoungdesignersandmodelsarefinallyacknowledgingthatinmanyways. ”Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.YoungModelsSellingDreamstotheWorldAChineseArtExhibitionHeldinNewYorkDifferencesBetweenEasternandWesternAestheticsChineseCultureFuelingInternationalFashionTrends［解題思路］第一步讀文章，概括文意文章以國(guó)外視角報(bào)道中國(guó)文化及中國(guó)美學(xué)對(duì)國(guó)際時(shí)尚的影響，展現(xiàn)了中國(guó)對(duì)國(guó)際時(shí)尚和設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展的引領(lǐng)作用。第二步析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷A向世界推銷(xiāo)夢(mèng)想的年輕模特與文章內(nèi)容小符無(wú)中生有，曲解文意B在紐約舉辦的一次中國(guó)藝術(shù)展本義提到了在紐約舉辦的一次中國(guó)藝術(shù)展，但這不是義章主要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容以偏概全，主次不分C東西方美學(xué)的差異本文主要講述的是中國(guó)引領(lǐng)國(guó)際時(shí)尚和設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展， C項(xiàng)范圍過(guò)大主題過(guò)大，范圍太廣D中國(guó)美學(xué)影響國(guó)際時(shí)尚的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)此標(biāo)題全面、精練地概括了文章內(nèi)容涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文第三步對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，確定答案自主解答：D理解標(biāo)題的三大特點(diǎn)，巧用三大方法確定文章標(biāo)題一個(gè)好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點(diǎn)：.概括一一準(zhǔn)確而又簡(jiǎn)短。.針對(duì)性一一標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符。.醒目一一能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：.正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨。.反面否定法：撇開(kāi)原文，拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去設(shè)想用它們寫(xiě)出來(lái)的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容,然后和原文對(duì)照，一一排除不符選項(xiàng)。.研讀備選項(xiàng)本身：研讀備選項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等。［考向2］文章大意題一一明確中心定選項(xiàng)主旨大意是作者在文章中所要表達(dá)的主要內(nèi)容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通過(guò)行文邏輯和各種細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)闡明的中心話題。常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)方式：?What'sthemainidea/pointofthepassage??Thepassageismainlyabout?Whatisthetextmainlyabout??Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout[典例]（2018?全國(guó)卷出?B）Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettle intheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness（荒野）．Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30，000.DawsondidnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow -coveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.ThepathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarning.Anavalanche（ 雪崩）onceclosedthepath,killing63people.FormanywhomadeittoDawson,however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20 ，000peoplewhodugforgold,4 ，000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo —toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCity—itspresentpopulationis762.27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Theriseandfallofacity.ThegoldrushinCanada.C．Journeysintothewilderness.D．TourisminDawson.[解題思路 ]第一步 讀文章，概括文意本文主要介紹了加拿大道森的歷史、發(fā)展與現(xiàn)狀。第二步析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷A一個(gè)城市的興衰本文主要以道森為例，講述了城市的興衰涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文B加拿大淘金熱本文只在第二段提到了淘金熱以偏概全，主次不分C荒野之旅本文沒(méi)提到荒野之旅無(wú)中生有，曲解文意D道森的旅游業(yè)范圍太小，不能涵蓋道森的過(guò)去以偏概全，主次不分第三步對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，確定答案自主解答：A在尋找和歸納一篇文章的主題句時(shí)，應(yīng)做到以下幾點(diǎn)：.關(guān)注文章的首段和符合主題句特點(diǎn)的句子，留意下文是否對(duì)其有解釋和支撐作用；.快速通讀文章主體部分的每一段，結(jié)合每一段的主題句，判斷各個(gè)段落是否與文章開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾的主題句形成呼應(yīng)關(guān)系；.注意文章的末尾，看此處出現(xiàn)的主題句和文章開(kāi)頭的主題句是否呼應(yīng)。如果文章的首句語(yǔ)言精練，且在中間被從多角度來(lái)說(shuō)明或論證，又與尾段的句子相呼應(yīng)，則這個(gè)句子是全文的主題句。此處，如果文章中出現(xiàn)了兩種及以上的不同觀點(diǎn)，則文章最后作者的觀點(diǎn)為文章的主要觀點(diǎn)。此時(shí)要注意表示轉(zhuǎn)折含義的詞語(yǔ)如 but,yet,however,although,inspiteof,bycontrast,onthecontrary 等，因?yàn)檫@些詞語(yǔ)之后的內(nèi)容往往是作者的觀點(diǎn)，也是文章的主旨大意。此外，利用逆向法也可以很快地排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。［考向3］段落大意題一一分析結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)揣摩每一個(gè)文段都要圍繞一個(gè)特定的主題按照一定的邏輯順序展開(kāi)，所以，段落的結(jié)構(gòu)也有一定的規(guī)律性。一般有如下四種結(jié)構(gòu)：.總分式。作者在段落開(kāi)頭概括主題，然后再按照一定的邏輯順序展開(kāi)段落；有時(shí)候，作者也會(huì)在開(kāi)頭先用一個(gè)引子導(dǎo)入主題，從而使主題句出現(xiàn)在第二句，但從整體上看，段落仍然是總分式結(jié)構(gòu)。.分總式。除了總分式外，還有很多段落在開(kāi)頭通過(guò)舉例子或論述層層推進(jìn)，直到最后才得出段落的主題句，這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫分總式。分總式也是很常見(jiàn)的一種段落結(jié)構(gòu)。.分總分式。一個(gè)段落也可以采用分總分的模式，往往在開(kāi)頭講述一個(gè)具體的事例，通過(guò)事例得出一個(gè)結(jié)論，也就是這個(gè)段落的主題句，然后繼續(xù)例證或拓展這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)所包含的內(nèi)容。.無(wú)主題句式。英語(yǔ)中也有少量的段落并沒(méi)有主題句，猶如漢語(yǔ)中的散文一樣，講究用一個(gè)主題將表面互不相連的一些事例或者表述連接起來(lái)。段落雖然沒(méi)有主題句，但讀完整個(gè)段落，你仍能發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些表面不相連的內(nèi)容卻都指向了同一個(gè)主題，這些不明顯的主題通過(guò)一些關(guān)鍵詞或者相似結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)方式：Whatdoestheauthortellusinparagraph...?ThemainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyisThefirstparagraphismainlyaboutWhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizepara.1?［典例］（2019?全國(guó)卷I片段）Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories: thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables'plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere'sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?Theclassificationofthepopular.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.［解題思路］第一步讀文章，概括段意本段介紹了受歡迎的兩類(lèi)人：討人喜歡的人和追求地位的人。第二步析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷A受歡迎人的分類(lèi)A項(xiàng)是對(duì)本段內(nèi)容的精練總結(jié)和概括涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文B青少年的特征本文沒(méi)有涉及青少年的特征，純屬無(wú)中生有無(wú)中生有，曲解文意C交際技能的重要性涉及交際技能，但是以偏概全，不是本段的主題以偏概全，主次不分D不光彩行為的原因涉及不光彩行為，但沒(méi)有介紹其原因，不是本段的主題以偏概全，主次不分

第三步對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，確定答案自主解答：A陶施信杳方法1:概括段落大意要準(zhǔn)確概括某段的大意，務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。如該段是按總分順序組織，首句做總的說(shuō)明，其他句子對(duì)其進(jìn)行具體論述，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首；如果按分總順序組織，主題句就在段尾；如果按分總分的順序組織，則主題句就在這段話的中間；如果對(duì)比各事物，那么它們的共同點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)就是該段大意。方法2:揣摩段落大意有時(shí)，作者可能不直接寫(xiě)出主題句，而是通過(guò)各種方法暗示給讀者，這就需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力，揣摩段落大意?？伎寂饰蚋呃蠆W嵬，精涯把脈考向:考考攀悟高老奧嵬，精涯把脈考向:（2019?浙江卷6月?C）Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor（因素）.Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMcIntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources（ 資源）.ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,McIntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt（融雪）.Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】文章主要講述了美國(guó)加利福尼亞州的森林中大樹(shù)急劇減少的現(xiàn)象，并分析了其原因。27．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B．TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C．ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D．TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.A解析：段落大意題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“Thenumberoftrees...declinedby50percent...morethan55percent...75percent ”提到的數(shù)字可知，該段主要描述了加州森林中大樹(shù)急劇減少的嚴(yán)重性，故選A項(xiàng)。28．Whichofthefollowingiswell -intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?A．Ecologicalstudiesofforests.B．Banningwoodcutting.C．Limitinghousingdevelopment.D．Firecontrolmeasures.D解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Aggressivewildfire pete withbigtreesforresources（資源）”可知，聲勢(shì)浩大的森林防火措施雖然一定程度上保護(hù)了森林，但同時(shí)也導(dǎo)致小樹(shù)泛濫，與大樹(shù)爭(zhēng)搶資源，從而導(dǎo)致大樹(shù)數(shù)量減少，故選D項(xiàng)。．WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMcIntyre?A．Inadequatesnowmelt. B．Alongerdryseason.C．Awarmerclimate. D．Dampnessoftheair.C解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Sincethe1930s，McIntyresaid...have beenrisingtemperatures...reducesthewatersupply”可知，McIntyre認(rèn)為水資源短缺的主要原因是逐漸上升的氣溫，故選C項(xiàng)。．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．California’sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B．CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC．WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D．PatrickMcIntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCaliforniaA解析：標(biāo)題判斷題。根據(jù)全文可知，文章主要講述了美國(guó)加州森林中大樹(shù)數(shù)量急劇下

降的現(xiàn)象，并分析了其原因。因此 A項(xiàng)能很好地概括全文。找主題句的五個(gè)小竅門(mén)1.段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)（如1.段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)contrary,incontrast等）時(shí)，其后的句子很可能是主題句。contrary,incontrast等）時(shí)，其后的句子很可能是主題句。.首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)題的回答很可能就是主題句。.作者有意識(shí)地反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。.首段出現(xiàn)具體例子或假設(shè)時(shí)，例子或假設(shè)后面的內(nèi)容可能是主題句。.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的詞語(yǔ)常有 therefore,inshort等。主旨大意題的干優(yōu)啜特征「以W戳學(xué) ［主提過(guò)大） ［斷堂取義） 「無(wú)中生有〕.+.,’答案只闞逑都值息或4?收納假括過(guò)于寬泛.超出「「一次，他平小:物力替代空,與上章內(nèi)容老不相干或打上片的一部分 I立章要日也的速圍 史的生要覘點(diǎn) 章內(nèi)密用首J L Jj 』L_ -罐址訓(xùn)煉高雅老嵬.期能鞏四提升不A（2019?寧波十校聯(lián)考）Asparents,wewalkafinelinebetweencaringforourchildrenandteachingthemhowtocareforthemselves.Whenthey'relittle,theyneedourhelpwitheverything.Overtime,kidsusuallytaketheleadonthingslikefeedinganddressingthemselves,butitcanbedifficulttoknowwhenit'stimeforthemtostartdoingsomebasicthings,suchaspackingtheirownlunchesforschoolorsolvingproblemswithteacherswithoutaparent 'shelp.BloggerAmyCarneyrecentlysharedapostaboutthethingsparentsshouldstopdoingfortheirteens.Init,Carneysharedthebasicskillsthatsheexpectsherkidstomasterbythetimetheyhit13,suchaswakingthemselvesupinthemorning,makingtheirownbreakfastandlunch,andfinishingtheirownhomework.BarbHarvey,achildhoodbehaviorexpert,gavemeheranswer :Theageatwhichchildrenlearntomastercertainskillswillbedifferentdependinguponthematurity（成熟）andinterestlevelofthechild.Iaskedthesamequestionamongmyfriends.Theygaveallkindsofanswers,whichcanexplainHarvey'sopinion.Therefore,there'sonlyoneexpertwhocandeterminewhenyourkidshavetheabilitytodealwithcertainskills,andthat 'syou.Ifyourkidsaren'treadytopacktheirownlunches—don’tsweatit.Helpthemlearntheskillsthey ’rereadytodealwithandkeepworkingtowardstheendgoalofraisingresponsibleandableadults.Becauseifthere’sonethingthatwecanallagreeonasparents,it’sthattimemovesquicklywhenyou’reraisingkids.Onedayyouwillwishtheycouldjustdothingswithoutyouandthenextday,youwillfeelupsetthattheydo.【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了父母和孩子成長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系。1．WhatisAmyCarney’sexpectationwhenherchildrenare13?A．Tobeaskillfulcook.B．TofollowHarvey’sopinion.C．Tobeanexpert.D．Tohavebasicskills.D解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“Init,Carneysharedthebasicskillsthatsheexpectsherkidstomasterbythetimetheyhit13,suchaswakingthemselvesupinthemorning,makingtheirownbreakfastandlunch,andfinishingtheirownhomework."可知，AmyCarney期望自己的孩子們?cè)?13歲時(shí)可以掌握一些基本技能。故選 D。．Whocandecidewhenthechildrenwilllearntocareforthemselves?A．AmyCarney. B．BarbHarvey.C．Thechildren. D．Theparents.D解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“Therefore,there’sonlyoneexpertwhocandeterminewhenyourkidshavetheabilitytodealwithcertainskills,andthat ’syou.”可知，孩子們什么時(shí)候可以照顧自己取決于父母。故選 D。．Whywillparentsfeelupsetwhentheirchildrengrowup?A．Theirkidscandonothing.B．Theyfeellessimportant.C．Theirchildrenbecomeableadults.D．Theirkidsdisagreeonanything.B解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“Onedayyouwillwishtheycouldjustdothingswithoutyouandthenextday,youwillfeelupsetthattheydo.”和對(duì)第一段的整體理解可推知，當(dāng)孩子們長(zhǎng)大了，真的可以自己做自己的事情時(shí)，父母會(huì)覺(jué)得失落是因?yàn)楦改赣X(jué)得孩子們不再需要自己了，自己對(duì)他們來(lái)講沒(méi)有那么重要了。故選B。4．Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A．Walkingafineline.B．BloggerAmyCarney.sgrowth.C．Parentsandtheirchildrensgrowth.D．Achildhoodbehaviorexpert.C解析：主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“Asparents,wewalkafinelinebetweencaringforourchildrenandteachingthemhowtocar eforthemselves.”點(diǎn)題，并結(jié)合對(duì)全文的整體理解可知，本文主要講述的是父母和孩子成長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系。故選 C。[長(zhǎng)難句分析 ]Init,Carneysharedthebasicskillsthatsheexpectsherkidstomasterbythetimetheyhit13,suchaswakingthemselvesupinthemorning,makingtheirownbreakfastandlunch,andfinishingtheirownhomework.（ 第二段第二句）分析：本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。句中thatsheexpectsherkidstomaster 是that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞 thebasicskills。譯文：在這篇文章里，Carney分享了一些她期望她的孩子們到他們13歲時(shí)應(yīng)該掌握的一些基本技能，譬如早上自己醒來(lái)，自己做早餐和午餐，自己完成家庭作業(yè)。(2019-紹興診斷性考試)Irecentlyspentadayclearingoutmylatemother 'swardrobe.Ithasbeentwoyearssinceshediedsoitwastimetomoveon.Therewerefourwardrobesandtwochestsofdrawers—10blackbagsfullofclothesforcharity,andsevenlargeboxesofotherpiecesthatIwillwearmyself,givetofamilyandfriendsandselltoraisemoneyforKidneyResearch.WhatstruckmeasIsortedthroughtherailswasfirst,whatconsistenttastemymotherhad—lotsofblack,lotsoflayers—andsecond,howsheneverthrewanythingaway.Shedidn’tbuyclothesexcessively,ratheraccumulatedthemoveralifetime.Andeverypieceshebought,whetheritwasfromStMichael(aluxurybrand),H&MorHelmutLang(fast-fashionbrands),shetreatedasequals.Avintagekimono,acoatshemadeinthe80sfromaKenzoVoguedressmakingpattern,thesmartblackjacketorderedfromAsos(anonlineshop),orthe40 -year-oldoversizedT-shirtfromMissSelfridgewasallperfectlykept,carefullyhunguporfolded,buttonsallinonepiece,notastitchoutofplace.Shedidnotdifferentiatebetweenhigh -streetbargainsandSundaybest.Shecherishedallherclothes,whateverthepricetag.So,whenDr.MarkSumner,alecturerinfashionandsustainabilityattheUniversityofLeeds,toldMPsattheenvironmentalauditcommittee ’sinvestigationintothesustainabilityofthefact -fashionindustrythathigh-streetclothescanbemoredurablethanfast-fashionones,itrangtruetome.“There’snocorrelationtosaythatpricewillgiveyouanindicationtosaywhichproductwillwearout ，”hesaid.Somefastfashionischeapandnastyandwillfallapartafterafewwashes.Thesamecanbetrueofdesignerclothing.Itisamisconceptionthatexpensiveinanywayequatestosustainable,or,asDr.Sumnersays,durable(though it’sworthrememberingthatcheapclothesoftenmeanlaborexploitation).Asmymother’swardrobetestifies,ifyouhaveagoodeyeforclothesthatarestylishratherthanfashionable,choosecarefully: lookforthebest-qualityfabricsyoucanafford, andtreatthe—whatevertheclothesyoubuywiththeutmostrespect,careandlove.Yourclothespricetag——whateverthe【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。作者在收拾已故母親的衣服時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)母親的衣服保存得非常好，很耐穿，但這些衣服并不是時(shí)尚的衣服，后來(lái)作者想要通過(guò) Dr.MarkSumner的話和自己的感悟告訴大家：昂貴的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。5．Whatdoweknowaboutthewriter’slatemother?A．Shewasonlyfondofdesignerclothes.B．Shelikedcollectingfashionableclothes.C．Shehadpreferenceforblack.D．Sheoftenboughtclothesonline.C解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句中的“whatconsistenttastemymotherhad—lotsofblack”可知，作者的母親喜歡黑色。故選 C。6．Howwillthewritertreatherlatemother ’sclothes?A．Shewilldonatethemalltoacharity.B．Shewillkeepsomeforherownuse.C．Shewillsellthemtofundresearch.D．Shewillgivethemalltoherfriends.B解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“andsevenlargeboxesofotherpiecesthatIwillwearmyself,givetofamilyandfriendsandselltoraisemoneyforKidneyResearch”可知，作者會(huì)留一些自己穿。故選 B。7．Whatdoestheauthorintendtoproveinthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Expensiveclothesdon’tmeanlong-lastingclothes.B．Expensiveclothesaren’teasilyworn-outclothes.C．Expensiveclothesdon’tinvolvelaborexploitation.D．Expensiveclothesmeanagoodeyeforfashion.A解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后兩段內(nèi)容尤其是最后一段第三句“Itisamisconceptionthatexpensiveinanywayequatestosustainable,or,asDr.Sumnersays,durable(thoughit’sworthrememberingthatcheapclothesoftenmeanlaborexploitation)．”可推知，作者想要證明的是昂貴的衣服不一定耐穿。故選 A。8.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?CanCheapClothesBeStylish?CanPriceTagIndicateFashion?CanFastFashionBeSustainable?CanDesignerClothingSellMore?C解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文可知，作者在收拾已故母親的衣服時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)母親的衣服保存得非常好，很耐穿，但這些衣服并不是時(shí)尚的衣服，然后作者通過(guò) Dr.MarkSumner的話和自己的感悟想要告訴大家：昂貴的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。故選 Co[長(zhǎng)難句分析] “There'snocorrelationtosaythatpricewillgiveyouanindicationtosaywhichproductwillwearout ；'hesaid.（ 第三段最后一句）分析：本句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。主句是therebe句型，動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語(yǔ)； that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句；which引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。譯文：他說(shuō)：“這并不是說(shuō)價(jià)格會(huì)告訴你哪種產(chǎn)品會(huì)容易磨損?！薄觥觥鰧?zhuān)題強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練■■■■主旨大意題一一標(biāo)題歸納題（建議用時(shí)：25分鐘）A（2019?浙江五校聯(lián)考）RecentlywheneverIturnedonmycomputerormymobilephone,newsaboutthegreateffectofHurricaneHarveyon ^thousandsofpeoplecaughtmyeye.Isawmanyunfortunateevents.However,therewasalsothebrightnewsthatconfirmedthegoodnessofmankind.Asajournalist,Iwrotemanyhuman-intereststoriesduringmycareer.That'swhythestoryabouttheguysinthebakerycaughtmyeye.WhenthestaffataMexicanbakerychaininHoustonweretrappedinsidethebuildingfortwodays,theydidn'tsittherefeelingsorryforthemselves.TheyusedtheirtimewiselyafterfloodingcausedbyHurricaneHarvey.WhiletheywerewaitingfortheeventualrescuethatcameonMondaymorning,fourdecidedtomakeasmanyloavesofbreadaspossiblefortheircommunity.Thefloodwaterroseinthestreetoutside.Theytookadvantageoftheiremergencypowersupplytobakebread.Theyusedmorethan4,200poundsofflourtocreatehundredsofloavesandsheetsofsweetbread.Althoughthewaterkeptrising,theycontinuedbakingtohelpmorepeople.Bythetimetheownermanagedtogettothem,theyhadmadesomuchbreadthattheytooktheloavestoloadsofemergencycentersacrossthecityforpeopleaffectedbythefloods.Thestoremanager,BrianAlvarado,told TheIndependent,“Wheneveradisasteroccurs,nobodyshouldjustfeelforlorn.Instead,weshouldtakepositiveactiontosaveourselvesandhelpothers.Ouractsofkindnesswillmakeabigdifference. ”【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】 本文是一篇記敘文。一家連鎖面包店的員工們?cè)诿鎸?duì)哈維颶風(fēng)帶來(lái)的洪水、斷電時(shí)，在等待救援的同時(shí)采取積極的行動(dòng)，利用應(yīng)急電源烤面包去幫助社區(qū)受洪水影響的居民。WhatdidthebakerystoreworkersdoafterfloodingcausedbyHurricaneHarvey?Theyvolunteeredtomakebreadfortheircommunity.Theymanagedtolivebysellingmorebreadinthestore.Theyfeltsorrythattheycouldn 'tescapefromthestore.Theyatenothingbuttowaitfortheircommunitytorescuethem.A解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句"WhiletheywerewaitingfortheeventualrescuethatcameonMondaymorning,fourdecidedtomakeasmanyloavesofbreadaspossiblefortheircommunity. "可知，當(dāng)這家面包房的員工們?cè)诘却芤簧衔绲淖罱K救援時(shí)，四人決定為他們的社區(qū)烤盡可能多的面包。故選A項(xiàng)。2.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains “forlorn"underlinedinthelastparagraph?A.Fortunate. B.Hopeful.C.Shallow. D.Desperate.D解析：詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一段中的"Instead,weshouldtakepositiveactiontosaveourselvesandhelpothers."可知，相反，我們應(yīng)該采取積極的行動(dòng)來(lái)拯救自己和幫助他人。由Instead可知，forlorn的意思與positive相反，故forlorn與desperate（絕望的）意思相近。故選D項(xiàng)。Whatcanweinferfromthetext?Alvaradoorganizedhisworkerstobakemuchbread.HurricaneHarveycausedapowerfailureinHouston.Thestaffinthebakerysentenoughflourtoemergencycenters.Theauthorpreferredtowritestoriesaboutpeoplefacingdisasters.B解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的"Theytookadvantageoftheiremergencypowersupplytobakebread."可知，他們利用應(yīng)急電源烤面包。由此可推知，哈維颶風(fēng)造成休斯敦停電。故選B項(xiàng)。Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?APopularMexicanBakeryChaininHoustonWaitfortheEventualRescueinaBigDisaster

AllKindsofDisastersCausedbyHurricaneHarveyinHoustonBakeBreadtoMakeaDifferenceintheFaceofHurricaneHarveyD解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)第二三段的內(nèi)容和最后一段中的"Ouractsofkindnesswillmakeabigdifference.”可知，口項(xiàng)（在面對(duì)哈維颶風(fēng)時(shí)，烤面包起了很大作用 ）作為標(biāo)題最能概括全文內(nèi)容。故選D項(xiàng)。EveryyearbetweenMayandSeptember,all54employeesofBasecamp,aChicago-basedwebapplicationcompany,haveashortworkweek:justfourdays—atotalof32hours.Also,theyusuallyworkfivedaysaweekfortherestoftheyear."That'splentyoftimetogetgreatworkdone.ThisisallweexpectandallwewantfrompeoplesaysJasonFried,aco-founder."Working50-,60-,or70-plushoursisunnecessary.Infact,ifyouhavetowork50-,60-,or70-plushoursaweek,there'samanagementproblem.”Thecompany;ssummerworkloadmustfitreducedhours,Mr.Friedinsists,otherwisethebenefitsofashorterweekpursue（thebenefitsofashorterweekpursue（追求）outsideinterests—wouldbeundone.Hisnewresearchfindsthatitisnotjustlonghoursthatareharmfultoemployees'physicalandmentalhealth.Itisalsotheintensity（強(qiáng)度employees'physicalandmentalhealth.Itisalsotheintensity（強(qiáng)度）ofwork.Moreover,itsuggeststhatintenseworkharmscareerprospects.Thatisbecauseunbearablehoursandintensityareintheoppositedirection,reducingthequalityofthework.Theresearchconcludesthatthelevelofintensityweapplytotheworkwedoisgenerally“astrongerpredictorofunfavorableoutcomesthanovertimework ".Theresearchcomparedpeopleofsimilarjobsandeducationlevels,andfoundtheyweremorelikelytosufferpoorerhappinessandworsecareerprospects,includingsatisfaction,securityandpromotion,whentheyworkedatanintenselevelforlongperiods.【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】 本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。本文以一家總部位于芝加哥的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用公司 Basecamp的54名員工將近半年時(shí)間每周只工作 4天，共32小時(shí)的情況為例說(shuō)明了較短的工作周有益于人們的身心健康，并以一項(xiàng)研究來(lái)證明。WhatdoweknowaboutBasecamp'sfour-dayworkweek?Itlastsnearlyhalfayear.Theworkpressureistoohigh.C．Therearesomemanagementproblems.D．Employeesworkmorethan8hoursaday.A解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段可知，一家總部位于芝加哥的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用公司Basecamp的54名員工在每年 5月到9月期間每周的工作時(shí)間都很短：只有四天，共 32小時(shí)，持續(xù) 5個(gè)月，大概半年時(shí)間。故選 A項(xiàng)。6．WhatdoesMr.Friedintendtosayinparagraph2?A．Givenplentyoftime,peoplecandomore.B．Togetworkdonewellneedsplentyoftime.C．Peoplecandoajobverywellinashortworkweek.D．Alongworkweekisappropriateforreducedworkload.C解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Working50-， 60-，or70-plushoursisunnecessary.Infact,ifyouhavetowork50-，60-，or70-plushoursaweek,there’samanagementproblem.”可知，弗里德先生認(rèn)為一周工作五六十個(gè)小時(shí)，甚至七十幾個(gè)小時(shí)是沒(méi)有必要的。如果真這么做了，反而會(huì)出現(xiàn)管理上的問(wèn)題，由此推知，弗里德先生認(rèn)為人們可以在短時(shí)間內(nèi)把工作做好，故選 C項(xiàng)。7．Whatdoestheresearchmentionedinthetextwanttotellus?A．Gettingmuchmorerest.B．Improvingworkquality.C．Refusingafive-dayworkweek.D．Avoidingworkingtoointensely.D解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干中的theresearch可定位到第四至六段。通讀這幾段，尤其是第四段可知，這個(gè)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作不只對(duì)員工的身心健康有害，工作的強(qiáng)度也會(huì)影響員工的職業(yè)前景。這是因?yàn)殡y以忍受的工作時(shí)長(zhǎng)和工作強(qiáng)度會(huì)降低工作質(zhì)量。第五六段進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明了長(zhǎng)時(shí)間高強(qiáng)度工作的壞處。由此可以推知，該研究是建議人們要避免高強(qiáng)度工作，故選D項(xiàng)。8．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?A．MoreWork,MoreProfitsB．LessWork,LessBenefitsC．ShorterWeek,BetterRewardD．LongerHours,HigherIntensityC解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。本文以一家總部位于芝加哥的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用公司Basecamp為例，說(shuō)明了較短的工作周的好處。除此之外，還介紹了一項(xiàng)有關(guān)工作時(shí)長(zhǎng)和工作強(qiáng)度對(duì)人的影響的研究，由此更進(jìn)一步印證了較短工作周對(duì)人身心方面的益處。因此 C項(xiàng)最能概括全文內(nèi)容。CIt’scommonknowledgethatsomecountrieshavehigherlifeexpectanciesthanothers,butthecityyouliveincanalsoaffectyourhealth.Somecitiesarehardontheirresidents.Inplaceswithpoorcityplanning,forexampleLagos,whichwascalledoutrecentlybytheEconomistIntelligenceUnit,publicspacesarefew,makingoutdooractivitieshard.Lackofinfrastructure（ 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）blocksthestreetswithcarsandtheairwithpollutants,andresidentsworklonghoursforlittlemoney.ThesearejustsomeofthefactorsaddedupbySpotahome,arentalagency.They ’veanalyzeddatafromarangeofsources,includingtheWorldHealthOrganization,TripAdvisorandtheCIAWorldFactbooktoscoreeachcityonhealth,gymavailabilityandquality,lifeexpectancies,obesity,greenspaceandotherelementstomakealisttoworkoutwhicharetheworld ’shealthiestcities.ThelistiscertainlyEurocentricandsunshineisseenasapositivefactor.Itdoe