英語語言學(xué)教程-考試精華(匯編)

精品文檔Chapter11、Whatislanguage?語言Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisinstrumentalinthatcommunicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.Itissocialandconventionalinthatlanguageisasocialsemioticandcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonverbalcues,motivation,andsocio-culturalroles.2、Designfeaturesoflanguage語言結(jié)構(gòu)特征Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatureswhichcandistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity(themostimportantfeatureoflanguage),displacement（Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.）3、Functionoflanguage語言的功能Theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,tothink,etc.Languagefunctionsincludeinformativefunction信息(themajorroleoflanguage),interpersonal人際function(peopleestablishtheirrelationshipwiththehelpoflanguage),performative行事function(byAustinandSearleinpragmatics),emotive表情function,phatic寒暄communion(someroutineexpressions),recreational娛樂function(takingpleasurefromlanguage)andmetalingual元語言function(Languagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself).4、Definitionoflinguistics語言學(xué)Thescientificstudyofhumanlanguage.Itstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanyonecommunity,butthelanguageofallhumanbeings.5、mainbranchesoflinguisticsPhonetics語音學(xué)：studiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech。Phonology音系學(xué)：studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguagebytreatingphonemeasthepointofdeparture.Morphology形態(tài)學(xué)：isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning—morphemesandword-formationprocesses.Syntax句法：isaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectsentences.Semantics語義學(xué)：examineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.Pragmatics語用學(xué)：isthestudyofmeaningincontext.6、phoneme:音素音位isthesmallestlinguisticunitofsoundthatcansignaladifferenceinmeaning.7、importantdistinctionsinlinguistics語言學(xué)中的重要區(qū)分1）descriptivevs.prescriptive描寫vs規(guī)定：Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.2）synchronicvs.Diachronic共時和歷時：Asynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent)asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.精品文檔精品文檔3）langueandparole.語言和言語：Saussuredistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances)aslangueandparole.4）competencevs.Performance語言能力和語言運用：Alanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticcompetence.Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.（byChomsky）.Chapter21、Phonetics語音學(xué):thestudyof speechsounds,whichispartofphonologyand providesthemeansfordescribingspeechsounds,anditstudieshowspeechsoundsaremade,transmitted,andreceived. Phonology音系學(xué) isconcernedwiththelinguistic knowledgeofspeechandthewaysinwhichthesespeechsoundsformsystemsandpatternsinhumanlanguage.Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds.Itincludesthreemainareas:語音三領(lǐng)域 1）Articulatory發(fā)音phonetics–thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds2）Acoustic聲學(xué)phonetics–thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech3）perceptualorAuditoryphonetics感知聽覺–thestudyofperceptionofspeechsounds2、Consonants輔音:producedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.Vowels元音:producedwithoutsuchobstructionsonoturbulenceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.區(qū)別：thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.阻塞氣流。3、Mannersofarticulation:發(fā)音方式：stop/plosive塞音(oralstop,nasal鼻stop)、fricative摩擦音、approximant近似音、lateral邊音、affricate塞擦音、nasal鼻音Placesofarticulation:發(fā)音部位：bilabial雙唇音、labiodental唇齒、dental齒間、alveolar齒齦、postalveolar齒齦后、retroflex卷舌音、palatal硬腭、velar軟腭、glottal聲門.6、Thedescriptionofvowels：1）.theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low)2）.thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back)3）.thelengthortensenessofthevowel(tensevs.laxorlongvs.short)4）.Lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded)7、Phoneme:(ofFrenchorigin,meansspeech-sound)音位aphonologicalunitofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.It’srepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.8、Minimalpair（最小對立體）:apairofwordsbetweenwhichthephonologicaldifferenceisminimalbecausetheyareidenticalinformexceptforonesoundsegmentthatoccursinthesameplaceinthestring.9、Theallophones:thevariantsofaphoneme音位變體 Theymustbephoneticallysimilarandincomplementarydistribution.條件10、Phoneticsimilarity 發(fā)音近似性 meansthattheallophonesofaphonememustbearsomephoneticresemblance.Complementarydistribution 互補分布狀態(tài) :theyneveroccurinthesamecontext.11、Phonologicalprocess:音系過程定義atargetoraffectedsegmentundergoesastructuralchangeincertainenvironmentsorcontexts.Anyphonologicalprocessmusthavethreeaspectstoit:條件(1)asetofsoundstoundergotheprocess;(2)asetofsoundsproducedbytheprocess;(3)asetofsituationsinwhichtheprocessapplies.12、devoicingrule （清音化規(guī)則） e.g.voicedfricative →voiceless/_______voiceless精品文檔精品文檔Therulereads:Avoicedfricativeistransformedintothecorrespondingvoicelesssoundwhenitappearsbeforeavoicelesssound.Nasalizationrule:（鼻音化規(guī)則）[-nasal]→[+nasal]/_____[+nasal]Therulereads:Anoralvowelistransformedintothecorrespondingnasalsoundwhenitappearsbeforeanasalconsonant.13、Assimilation:同化現(xiàn)象：aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallcharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.Nasalization鼻音化、Dentalization齒音、Velarization軟腭areallinstancesAssimilation.isoftenusedsynonymouslywithcoarticulation協(xié)同發(fā)音Ifthesoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,asinthecaseoflamb,itisknownasanticipatorycoarticulation(先期協(xié)同發(fā)音).Ifthesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound,itisperseverativecoarticulation（后滯協(xié)同發(fā)音）,asisthecaseofmap.14、suprasegmentalfeatures:定義theaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalfeatures特征aresyllable音節(jié),stress重音,tone聲調(diào),andintonation語調(diào)15、Stress重音referstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.[‘]Abasicdistinction區(qū)別ismadebetweenstressedandunstressedsyllables,theformerbeingmoreprominentthanthelatterusuallyduetoanincreaseinloudness,lengthorpitch.16、Intonation聲調(diào)involvestheoccurrenceofrecurringfall-risepatterns,eachofwhichisusedwithasetofrelativelyconsistentmeanings,eitheronsinglewordsorongroupsofwordsofvaryinglength.Chapter31、Morpheme詞素定義isthesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.(theminimalunitofmeaning,Greekword“morphe”means“form”.)Typesofmorphemes詞素分類：(1)Freemorpheme&Boundmorpheme自由詞素和黏附(2)Root,affixandstem詞根詞綴詞干(3)Inflectionalaffix&derivationalaffix屈折詞綴派生詞綴2、Freemorphemes自由詞素:Thosewhichmayoccuralone,thatis,thosewhichmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,arefreemorphemes.Boundmorphemes黏附詞素:Thosewhichmustappearwithatleastanothermorphemearecalledboundmorphemes.3、Aroot詞根isthebaseformofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Thatistosay,itisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.E.er-nation-al-ism,friendlyAnaffix詞綴isthecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeused,onlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).E.g.para-lingual,pseudo-nym,real-ize,booksetc.Astem詞干isanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.E.g.friends,friendships,girlfriendsetc.4、"Inflection"屈折變化isthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspect,andcase,whichdoesnotchangethegrammaticalclassoftheitemstowhichtheyareattachedInflectionalaffixes:屈折詞綴 onlyaddaminuteordelicategrammaticalmeaningtothestemand精品文檔精品文檔donotchangethewordclassofthewordtheyattachto.InEnglish,inflectionalaffixesaremostlysuffixes,whicharealwayswordfinal.e.g.flowers,catches,f inished,doing,mother ’setc.區(qū)別：Thedistinctionbetweeninflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixesissometimesknownasadistinctionbetweeninflectionalmorphemesandderivationalmorphemes.Wecantellthedifferencebetweenthemwiththefollowingways:(1) Inflectionalaffixesaregenerally lessproductivethanderivationalaffixes:theyoftenaddaminuteordelicategrammaticalmeaningtothestem.E.g.toys,walks,John Therefore,theyservetoproducedifferentformsofasingleword.(2)Inflectionalaffixesdonclassofthewordtheyattachto,suchasflower,flowers(3)thatwhetheroneshouldaddinflectionalaffixesornotdependsveryoftenonotherfactorswithinthephraseorsentenceatstake.(4)InEnglish,inflectionalaffixesaremostlysuffixes,whicharealwayswordfinal.E.g.drums,walks,etc.Butderivationalaffixescanbeprefixesorsuffixes.E.g.depart,teacher,etc.5、Morphology形態(tài)學(xué):thestudyofword-formation,ortheinternalstructureofwords,ortherulesbywhichwordsareformedfromsmallercomponents–morphemes.6、Word詞的定義isatypicalgrammaticalunitbetweenMorphemeandWordGroup.Identificationofwords特征factors：Stability穩(wěn)定性、Relativeuninterruptibility相對連續(xù)性、Aminimumfreeform最小自由形式Classificationofwords分類：Variableandinvariablewords、Grammaticalwordsandlexicalwords、Closed-classwordsandopen-classwords、Wordclass7、Wordformation構(gòu)詞法：referstotheprocessofwordvariationssignalinglexicalrelationships.Itcanbefurthersubclassifiedintothecompositionaltype(compound)andderivationaltype(derivation).Derivationalwayofformation派生構(gòu)詞法,referstotheprocessofhownewwordsareformed.Compound復(fù)合詞:itreferstothosewordsthatconsistofmorethanonelexicalmorpheme,orthewaytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform.e.g.highborn,sleepwalk,pain-killerDerivation派生詞:itshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes.Derivationalaffixes派生詞綴:oftenchangethelexicalmeaningandmightormightnotchangethewordclass,inaddition,derivationalaffixesaremoreoftenbasedonsimplemeaningdistinctions.Derivationalaffixescanbeprefixes前綴orsuffixes后綴.e.g.accidental,unbelievable,alcoholic,prediction,creativityetc.8、Lexicalchangeproper：(1)invention （新創(chuàng)詞語）：Kodak,Coke,nylon(2)blending( 混成法)：Twowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.Eg:Transfer+resister--- transistor(晶體管)Smoke+fog---smog（煙霧）Teleprinter+exchange---telex（電傳）(3)abbreviation/clipping（縮寫詞/略語）Anewwordiscreatedbycuttingthefinalpart,cuttingtheinitialpartorcuttingboththeinitialpartsoftheoriginalwordsE.g.advertisement---ad,mathematics---math,influenza---flu,refrigerator---fridge,(4)acronym（首字母縮寫詞）:ismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganizationwhichhasaheavilymodifiedheadwordoralongword.E.g.WTO:WorldTradeOrganization,EEC:EuropeanEconomicCommunity,Aids:acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome(5)backformation（逆構(gòu)詞法）：referstoanabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage.E.g.television---televise,editor---edit,enthusiasm---enthuse(6)analogicalcreation（類推造字）:theprincipleofanalogicalcreationcanaccountfortheco-existenceoftwoforms,regularandirregular,intheconjugationofsome

’s,etc.’tchangethe精品文檔精品文檔Englishverbs.E.g.work:wrought,worked;slay:slew,slayed.(7)borrowing(借用，借詞):Englishinitsdevelopmenthasmanagedtowidenhervocabularybyborrowingwordsfromotherlanguages.Greek,Latin,French,Spanish,Arabicandotherlanguageshaveallplayedanactiveroleinthisprocess.German:hamburger,9、Allomorph同位語素:Anyofthedifferentformsofamorpheme.Morphophonology 詞素音位學(xué):Morphophonology isabranchoflinguistics referring totheanalysisandclassificationofthephonologicalfactorsthataffecttheappearanceofmorphemes,andcorrespondingly,thegrammaticalfactorsthataffecttheappearanceofphonemes.Itisalsocalledmorphonologyormorphonemics.Assimilation同化:Assimilationreferstothechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled“contact”or“contiguous”assimilation.Dissimilation異化:Dissimilationreferstotheinfluenceexercisedbyonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanother,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent.10、phonologicalchange音位變化：(1)loss脫落:e.g.niht/nixt/---night,and---/nd/or/n/addition添加:soundsmaybeaddedtotheoriginalsoundsequence.E.g.strike---sutoraiki(Japanese)(3)metathesis互換:aprocessinvolvinganalternationinthesequenceofsounds.E.g.brid---bird,ask/aks/---/ask/(4)assimilation 同化:E.g.impossible,immobile11、semanticchange語義演變：(1)broadening擴展:aprocesstoextendorelevatethemeaningfromitsoriginallyspecificsensetoarelativelygeneralone.E.g.holiday,bird ，task(2)narrowing縮小:theoriginalmeaningofawordcanbenarrowedorrestrictedtoaspecificsense.E.g.girl,liquid, deer(動物)(3)meaningshift:轉(zhuǎn)換 E.g.bead(prayer)(4)classshift(zero-derivationorconversion)等級轉(zhuǎn)換:E.g.engineer:n.---v. stump:n.---v(挑戰(zhàn))(5)folketymology 通俗變化語:referstoachangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnotionoftheoriginormeaningofthetermoffromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous.E.g.history：knowledgethroughinquiry,record,ornarrativeChapter41、Syntax句法：isthestudyofhowsentencesarestructuredorhowwordsarecombinedwithotherstoformsentencesandinwhatorder.Thesyntacticrulesinagrammarmustatleastaccountfor:1）thegrammaticalityofsentences2）wordorder3）structuralambiguity4）grammaticalrelations5）whetherdifferentstructureshavedifferingmeaningsorthesamemeaning6）thecreativeaspectoflanguage.2、Endocentricconstruction向心結(jié)構(gòu)：isonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecentreorhead.Usuallynounphrases,verbphrasesandadjectivephrasesbelongtoendocentrictypesbecausetheconstituentitemsaresubordinatetotheHead.Exocentricconstruction離心結(jié)構(gòu)：referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinable“Centre”or“Head”insidethegroup,usuallyincludingthebasicsentence,theprepositionalphrase,thepredicate(verb+object)construction,andtheconnective(be+complement)construction.3、Phrase短語：isasingleelementofstructurecontainingmorethanoneword,andlackingthesub-predicatestructuretypicalofclauses.Clause小句：aconstituentwithitsownsubjectandpredicate,ifitisincludedinalargersentence.Sentence句子：istheminimumpartoflanguagethatexpressacompletethought.精品文檔精品文檔Chapter51、Semantics語義學(xué)isgenerallyconsideredtobethestudyofmeaninginlanguage.Semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.Pragmatics語用學(xué):Themeaningofutterances2、Denotation外延:concernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotesorrefersto.3、Differenttypesofmeaning(RecognizedbyLeech,1974)Conceptualmeaning概念:Logical,cognitive,ordenotativecontent.Associativemeaning聯(lián)想：a.Connotativemeaning:內(nèi)涵 Whatiscommunicatedbyvirtueofwhatlanguagerefersto.b.Socialmeaning:Whatiscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstancesoflanguageuse.c.Affectivemeaning情感:Whatiscommunicatedofthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker/writer.d.Reflectedmeaning:反射Whatiscommunicatedthroughassociationwithanothersenseofthesameexpression.e.Collocativemeaning:搭配Whatiscommunicatedthroughassociationwithwordswhichtendtooccurintheenvironmentofanotherword.(3)Thematicmeaning:主位Whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis.4、Thedifferencebetweenmeaning,concept,connotation,anddenotationMeaningreferstotheassociationoflanguagesymbolswiththerealworld.Therearemanytypesofmeaningaccordingtodifferentapproaches.Conceptistheimpressionofobjectsinpeople’smind.Connotationistheimpliedmeaning,similarto implication.Denotation,likesense,isnotdirectlyrelatedwithobjects,butmakestheabstractassumptionoftherealworld.5、thereferentialtheory指稱理論：Thetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor(toexplainthemeaningofawordbypointingtothethingitrefersto)6、Semantictriangle語義三角：proposedbyOgdenandRichardsintheirTheMeaningofMeaning.發(fā)展Theyarguethattherelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect.Itismediatedbyconcept.7、Meaning：isstudiedbymakingdetailedanalysesofthewaywordsandsentencesareusedinspecificcontexts.Reference:howlanguagereferstothisexternalworld.Sense:thewaypeoplerelatewordstoeachotherwithintheframeworkoftheirlanguage.8、Senserelations涵義關(guān)系：Wordsareindifferentsenserelationswitheachother.Therearegenerallythreekindsofsenserelationsrecognized,namely,samenessrelation, oppositenessrelationandinclusivenessrelation.9、synonymy 同義關(guān)系 isthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelationinmeaning.Buttotalsynonymyisrare.Theso-calledsynonymsareallcontextdependent.Theymaydifferinstyle 、connotations、dialectaldifferences.10、Antonymy反義詞 isthenameforoppositenessrelation.Therearethreemainsub-types:gradableantonymy等級反義關(guān)系 ,complementaryantonymy互補反義,converseantonymy.11、gradableantonymy等級反義關(guān)系First,theyaregradable分等級.Second,antonymsofthiskindaregradedagainstdifferentnorms.Third,onememberofapair,usuallythetermforthe精品文檔精品文檔higherdegree,servesasthecoverterm覆蓋詞complementaryantonymy互補反義 Incontrasttothefirsttype,themembersofapairinthistypearecomplementarytoeachother.Thatis,theydivideupthewholeofasemanticfieldcompletely.Notonlytheassertionofonemeansthedenialoftheother,thedenialofonealsomeanstheassertionoftheotherTosomeextent,thisdifferencebetweenthegradableandthecomplementarycanbecomparedtothetraditionallogicaldistinctionbetweenthecontraryandthecontradictory.矛盾關(guān)系 Secondly,thenorminthistypeisabsolute.Itdoesnotvarywiththethingawordisappliedto.Thesamenormisusedforallthethingsitisapplicableto.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)絕對Thirdly,thereisnocovertermforthetwomembersofapair.Asamatteroffact,noadjectiveinthistypecanbemodifiedbyhow.Thisisrelatedtothefactthattheyarenotmodifiablebywordslikevery.不可覆蓋converseantonymy相對反義：1）donotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition.2）showthereversalofarelationship3）samerelationshipseenfromtwodifferentangles.(reciprocalsocialroles,kinshiprelations,temporalandspatialrelations,orrelationalopposites)4）alwaystwoentitiesinvolved實體5）Onepresupposestheother.預(yù)設(shè)12、Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系： isamatterofclassmembership.Theupperterminthissenserelation,i.e.theclassname,iscalledsuperordinate(上義詞),andthelowerterms,themembers,hyponyms（下義詞).Asuperordinateusuallyhasseveralhyponyms.13、sentencemeaning句子語義：Themeaningofasentenceisobviouslyrelatedtothemeaningsofthewordsusedinit.Butitisalsoobviousthattheformerisnotsimplythesumtotalofthelatter.Wordorder,Syntacticstructure.Senserelationsbetweensentence語義關(guān)系：Paraphrase同義（Definition:Twosentencesareparaphrasesiftheyhavethesametruthconditions）、Entailment蘊含（Sometimesknowingthetruthofonesentenceentailsornecessarilyimpliesthetruthofanothersentence）、Contradiction矛盾（isnegativeentailment,thatis,wherethetruthofonesentencenecessarilyimpliesthefalsenessofanothersentence）、presupposition預(yù)設(shè)（Inthebranchoflinguisticsknownaspragmatics,apresupposition(orps)isanimplicitassumptionabouttheworldorbackgroundbeliefrelatingtoanutterancewhosetruthistakenforgrantedindiscourse）14、AnIntegratedTheory綜合理論：Theideathatthemeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningsoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombinedisusuallyknownastheprincipleofcompositionality(組合性原則).Thebasicideaisthatasemantictheoryconsistsoftwoparts:1）adictionary:providesthegrammaticalclassificationandsemanticinformationofwords.2）asetofprojectionrules:areresponsibleforcombiningthemeaningofwordstogether.Chapter81、Themeaningotherthantheconceptualmeaningisalwaysusedintheutterance.Wecallitspeaker’smeaning,utterancemeaning話語意義orcontextualmeaning語境.2、區(qū)分：Utterancemaybeuseddefinedasapieceofactuallyusedlanguage.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromtraditionalsemanticsinthatitstudiesmeaningnotinisolationbutincontext.Semantic語義meaning:themoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaning.Pragmaticmeaning:themoreindeterminate,themorecloselyrelatedtocontext3、DefinitionofPragmatics 語用學(xué)：Thestudyoflanguageinuse.Thestudyofmeaningincontext.Thestudyofspeakers’meaning,utterancemeaning,&contextualmeaning.4、Speechacttheory語言行為理論：Thisisthefirstmajortheoryinthestudyoflanguageinuse,whichoriginatedwiththeOxfordphilosopherJohnLangshawAustinin1962.精品文檔精品文檔5、Constative表述句（定義：Incontrast,somesentencesarenotaperformativeandarecalledconstatives.Constativesareforstating,reportinganddescribingandtheycanberegardedastrueorfalse）vs.Performative行事句（定義Austinarguesthatsomesentencesdonotdescribethings.Theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Theutteringofthesesentencesis,orisapartof,thedoingofanaction）區(qū)別：Theconstativeutteranceisverifiableanditiseithertrueorfalse.Theperformativeutteranceisusedtoperformanaction,soithasnotruthvalue.6、FelicityConditions 恰當(dāng)性條件(byAustin) :A:(i)Theremustbearelevantconventionalprocedure(ii)Therelevantparticipantsandcircumstancesmustbeappropriate.B:Theproceduremustbeexecuted(i)correctly, (ii)completely.C:Veryoften,(i)therelevantpeoplemusthavetherequisitethoughts,feelingsandintentions,(ii)mustfollowitupwithactionsasspecified.7、Alocutionaryact以言指事istheactofsayingsomething;itisanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Anillocutionaryact以言行事istheactperformedinsayingsomething