2018屆高考英語(yǔ)核心突破22閱讀理解-科普知識(shí)

2018考前90天突破一一高考核心考點(diǎn)第二十二講閱讀理解一一科普知識(shí)【考點(diǎn)定位】 考綱解讀和近幾年考點(diǎn)分布高考對(duì)說(shuō)明文的考查多為科普說(shuō)明文，它是閱讀理解重要內(nèi)容，也是高考考查難點(diǎn)?？破疹悺伴喿x理解”題愈來(lái)愈受到命題者的青睞。而科普類文章往往具有跨學(xué)科、行文邏輯性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn)，要求考生能從文章的整體邏輯以及重要細(xì)節(jié)上全面把握?！驹囶}特點(diǎn)】①注重學(xué)科滲透，行文邏輯性強(qiáng)，內(nèi)容抽象。②貼近學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)、生活實(shí)際，有利于激發(fā)學(xué)生的思維,對(duì)選拔優(yōu)秀考生有一定的作用。③能全面地考查學(xué)生的綜合閱讀能力和運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)去分析、解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力。科普類文章往往具有跨學(xué)科、行文邏輯性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn):要求考生能從文章的整體邏輯以及重要細(xì)節(jié)上全面把握?？破照f(shuō)明文常設(shè)置下列題型：口什加題判斷題科普說(shuō)明文多出現(xiàn)標(biāo)題判斷題，考查考生對(duì)全文的理解，它常以TVhatwould民配besttideforthispas叫空。為設(shè)問(wèn)方式，解題時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意因科普說(shuō)明文常介^動(dòng)植物是如何保護(hù)自身的，因此多以Howddd口/…ck良ndthem死1丫明〔止死1￡）為標(biāo)題◎◎性詞詞義判斷題科普說(shuō)明文往往揭示自然奧秘、動(dòng)植物生存特點(diǎn)及產(chǎn)品工藝原理，易出現(xiàn)一些學(xué)術(shù)性較強(qiáng)的生詞,因此常出現(xiàn)生詞詞義判斷題,這種試題常以Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmean?；騑hatisdiemeaningoftheunderlinedurd。為設(shè)問(wèn)方式考查對(duì)生詞詞義的判斷。解題時(shí)一定要認(rèn)真閱讀原文，分析原文對(duì)自然奧秘、動(dòng)植物生存特點(diǎn)、產(chǎn)品工藝原理是如何解釋、如何定義的，在此基礎(chǔ)上抽象概括出生詞詞義。⑶代詞指代判斷題科技說(shuō)明文在對(duì)自然奧秘、動(dòng)植物生存特點(diǎn)及產(chǎn)品工藝原理進(jìn)行解釋時(shí)，易出現(xiàn)動(dòng)作變換多、人稱轉(zhuǎn)變頻的現(xiàn)象，因此常出現(xiàn)代詞指代判斷題，這些試題常以在they一曲eni等表物的代詞為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生木艮據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境邏輯推斷其才副弋對(duì)象。解題時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)真分析動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換背景，區(qū)分動(dòng)作不同執(zhí)行者，從而彳隹確判斷代詞的正確指代。（4）科學(xué)方法圖示判斷題科普說(shuō)明文常出現(xiàn)科學(xué)方法圖示判斷題，這種試題或以生物依賴關(guān)系為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生判斷正確的生物依賴關(guān)系；或以工藝流程為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生判斷正確的流程順序，或以生產(chǎn)方法為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生判斷正確的生產(chǎn)方法；或以機(jī)械配制為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生判斷正確的機(jī)械配制。解題時(shí)一定要認(rèn)真閱讀分析原文對(duì)生物依賴關(guān)系、發(fā)明創(chuàng)造誕生過(guò)程和工藝流程過(guò)程的介紹，并且邊讀邊畫簡(jiǎn)易草圖，以提高理解準(zhǔn)確率。分析備選項(xiàng)時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)照原文介紹情況，找出各圖不同之處，以便最終做出正確判斷。【考點(diǎn)pk】 名師考點(diǎn)透析考點(diǎn)一、細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)理解。一篇文章必然是由許多具體的細(xì)節(jié)、具體的內(nèi)容構(gòu)成的，所有這些信息以某種順序（時(shí)間、空間、情感變化等）排列起來(lái)，來(lái)進(jìn)一步解釋或闡釋主題，體現(xiàn)文章的主旨大意。本卷第1頁(yè)（共72頁(yè)）細(xì)節(jié)理解題目主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的理解能力，屬于表層理解題范疇，難度較小，但在整個(gè)閱讀理解題中所占比例最大，細(xì)節(jié)理解題多從文章的某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)出發(fā)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)題目。此類題通常根據(jù)文章具體內(nèi)容來(lái)設(shè)問(wèn)，也常使用下列方式來(lái)提問(wèn).Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)true/correct?.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?I.According^o'曜斗黑品當(dāng)跳舒翩3fe/why/how/how/what/which,etc…？.直接事實(shí)題在解答這類問(wèn)題時(shí)要求學(xué)生抓住題干文字信息，采用針對(duì)性方法進(jìn)行閱讀，因?yàn)檫@類題的答案在文章中可以直接找到。如：AgiantdamwasbuiltmanyyearsagotocontroltheColoradoRiverintheU.S.Thisdamwasbuilttoprotectthelandandhousesaroundtheriver.ThishugedamisintheBlackCanyon.Itispossibletodriveacarfromonesideoftherivertotheotheronaroad，whichisonthetopofthedam.Thisdamissobigthatthereisanelevatorinside.Theelevatorgoesdownforty-fourstoriesfromtheroadtothebottom.ThereisenoughconcreteinthisdamtobuildahighwayfromNewYorktoSanFrancisco.Thousandsofpeopleworkedonthisdamforfiveyears.ThishugedamwascalledBoulderDamwhenitwasfinishedin1936.LateritwasrenamedHooverDaminhonorofapresidentoftheUnitedStates.HooverDam，oneofthehighestdamsintheworld，issituatedbetweenthestatesofArizonaandNevada.Q：HooverDamlies.A.betweenArizonaandNevadaB.intheBlackCanyonC.betweenNewYorkandSanFranciscoD.bothAandB【解析】由第二段的第一句話和最后一段的最后一句話可得出正確答案是D項(xiàng)。.間接事實(shí)題解答此類題，需要結(jié)合上下文提供的語(yǔ)境和信息進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的概括和判斷或者要進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算。InvitedbyMr.YeHuixian,hostofthewell-receivedTVprogramme“StarsTonight”，MissLuoLin，MissAsiaof1991，appearedastheguesthostessontheShanghaiTVscreenlastSunday.BorninShanghaiandtakentoHongkongwhenshewasonlysixyearsold，LuoLinhasneverdreamedofbeingMissAsia.Herchildhooddreamwastobeanairhostess.Beforeshetookpartinthecompetition，shehadbeenanairhostessinCathayAirlineforsevenyears.However，itstilltookherthreemonthstolearntheartofwalkingonthestage，dancing,singing,making-upandotherpropermanners，designedbytheAsiaTVStation.“It,sreallyahardjobforme.Iwon,tenterforsuchcompetitionanymore.Anyhow，Iamquitelucky.IamalsogladtohavehadmorechancetoworkforthesocialwelfaresinceIwonthetitle.Thistime，inShanghai，I,dlovetomakeadeepimpressiononmyTVaudience，”saidLuoLinwithasweetsmile.Q：WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?本卷第2頁(yè)(共72頁(yè))A.LuoLinisanativeofShanghai.B.LuoLinmovedtoHongkongwithherparents.C.LuoLinwonthetitleofMissAsiain1991.D.AsiaTVStationhelpedLuoLintobecomeMissAsia.【解析】A、C和D項(xiàng)都可在原文找到答案，而B項(xiàng)原文所給的是:takentoHongkong可判斷不是movedtoHongkongwithherparents,因此選B。3、數(shù)據(jù)推算。IfyouregisterboththeVIEWqualificationcourseandtheForumatthesametime,youwillsave.A.$100 B.$300 C.$350 D.$400這類題目要求學(xué)生就文章提供的數(shù)據(jù)，以及數(shù)據(jù)與文中其他信息的關(guān)系做簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算和推斷。在做此類題時(shí)：.要抓住并正確理解與數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)的信息含義。.弄清眾多信息中那些屬于有用信息，那些屬于干擾信息。.不要孤立看待數(shù)字信息，而要抓住一些關(guān)鍵用語(yǔ)的意義?？键c(diǎn)二、主題理解或?qū)懽饕鈭D推斷。一、主旨閱讀理解題考查的內(nèi)容.短文的標(biāo)題（title,headline）；.短文或段落的主題（subject）；.中心思想（mainidea）；.作者的寫作目的力口^^匕）。二、此類題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式.Whatwouldbethebesttitlefbrthetext?.處hatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlydiscuss?.Whatisthepassagemainlya^4」考點(diǎn)三、推理推斷。陽(yáng)皿日照theaboveeventsis .推理題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線索進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推斷出作者沒(méi)有提到或者沒(méi)有明說(shuō)的事實(shí)或者可能發(fā)生的事實(shí)。這類題旨在考查學(xué)生透過(guò)詞語(yǔ)的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，屬于深層理解題。此類題的設(shè)問(wèn)常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude等詞，這類題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式主要有：.WecaninferfromthePassagethat..WhatcanbeinferredfromthePassage?.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthePassage?.1tcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that..輾就。,suggestsinthisparagraphthat ?erimpliesthat.7.Itcanbeinferredthat.8.ItcanbeconcludedfromthePassagethat.9.Onthewhole,wecanconcludethat.IQ.Fromthetextwecanconcludethat ..AfterreadingthePassagewemayconcludethat.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthePassage?本卷第3頁(yè)（共72頁(yè)）.Theauthorisinclinedtothinkthat..Whenthewritertalksabout,whathereallymeansisthat..What'sthewriter'sattitude/feelingtowards...?16近年來(lái)，高考加大甲對(duì)學(xué)生判斷推理能力的考查。判斷推理題要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，作出一定判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，也可能是某幾句話，但做題的指導(dǎo)思想都是以文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息做多步推理。做題時(shí)要注意題干的語(yǔ)言形，如Accordingtothepassage...,Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat...；Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat...等，雖然從表面上看是問(wèn)有關(guān)全文的題，但實(shí)際上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中的線索找到原文中與之相關(guān)的一句話或幾句話，然后得出答案。針對(duì)推理題的不同形，可以采取以下做法：1.假如題干中有具體線索，根據(jù)具體線索找到原文相關(guān)句（一句或幾句話），然后做出推理；2.假如題干中無(wú)線索，如Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat...；Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat…等，先瀏覽一下4個(gè)選項(xiàng)，排除不太可能的選項(xiàng)，然后根據(jù)最可能的選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞找到原文相關(guān)句，作出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他題都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理題，如infer,conclude題型，可能與文章主旨有關(guān)，考生應(yīng)該定位到文章主題所在位置（如主題句出現(xiàn)處）；假如其他題已經(jīng)涉及文章主旨，那么要求推斷出來(lái)的內(nèi)容可能與段落主題有關(guān)，如果如此，應(yīng)該找段落主題所在處；如果不與段落主題有關(guān)，有時(shí)與全文或段落的重要結(jié)論有關(guān)，這時(shí)可以尋找與這些結(jié)論相關(guān)的原文敘述?？键c(diǎn)四、詞義、句義猜測(cè)。詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解題考查對(duì)文中關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)的理解。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短語(yǔ)的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境來(lái)判斷。此類題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式主要有l(wèi).Theword"…"inLine...means/canbereplacedby...From^hepassOge,wecan^nferthat，theW0r3/phfase“Theword”…"isclosestinmeaningto...猜詞是應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)的重要能力，也是高考中常用的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識(shí)較多的課外詞匯。我們要學(xué)會(huì)“順藤摸瓜”，通過(guò)構(gòu)詞、語(yǔ)法、定義、同位、對(duì)比、因果、常識(shí)、上下文等線索確定詞義。.定義法。如：Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthenlettingitcoolveryslowly.句子給予annealing以明確的定義，即“退火”。Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle-thatis,itwillbreakeasily.從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep，earnsabout650yuanayear.定語(yǔ)從句中100ksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的詞義為“牧人”。.同位法。如：Theytraveledalongwayandatlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginoldtimes.同位語(yǔ)部分alargebuildinginoldtimes給出了castle的確切詞義，即“城堡"。Weareonthenightshift-frommidnightto8a.m.一thisweek.兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的短語(yǔ)很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。本卷第4頁(yè)（共72頁(yè)）.對(duì)比法。如：Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一節(jié)上了一半才來(lái)”，因此反向推理，可得出她平時(shí)一向“準(zhǔn)時(shí)”的結(jié)論。.構(gòu)詞法（前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等）。如：Perhaps,wecanseesomepossibilitiesfornextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?possibility是possible的同根名詞，據(jù)此可以判斷定possibility意思是“可能性”。.因果法。如:Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.從后面的結(jié)果“永遠(yuǎn)不能再運(yùn)動(dòng)”中，可以推測(cè)permanent的意思為“永遠(yuǎn)的，永久”?！救旮呖肌?09、10、11高考試題及其解析2011高考英語(yǔ)試題（2011?湖南卷）CArecentstudyofancientandmodernelephanthascomeupwiththeunexpectedconclusionthattheAfricanelephantisdividedintotwodistinct不同的）speciesThediscoverywasmadebyresearchersatYorkandHarvardUniversitywhentheywereexamingthegeneticrelationshipbetweentheancientwoollymammothandmastodonmodernelephants-theAsianelepphant,Africanforestelephant,andAfricansavannaelephant.OncetheyobastainDNAsequences（序列）fromtwofossils（化石），mammothsandmastodons,theteamcompartedthemwithDNAfrommodernelephants.TheyfoundtheiramazementthatmordernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasAsianelephantsandmammoths.ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephantandtheAfricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears.ThedivergenceofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeofthedivergenceofAsianelephantsandwoollymammoths.Thisresultamazedallthescientists.Therehaslongbeendebateinthescientificcommunitythatthetwomightbeseparatespecies,butthisisthemostconvincingscientificevidencesofarthattheyareindeeddifferentspecies.Previously,manynaturalistsbelievedthatAfricansavannaelephantsandAfricanforestelephantsweretwopopulationgsofthesamespecies,despitetheelephants,significantsizedifferences.Thesavannaelephanthasanaverageshoulderheightof3.5metreswhiletheforestelephanthasanaverateshoulderdoubletheweightoftheforestelephant.Butthefactthattheylooksodifferrentdoesnotneccssarilymeantheyaredifferentspecies.HowevertheprooflayintheanalysisioftheDNA.AlfriedRoca,assitantprofessorintheDepartmentofAnimalSciencesattheUniversityofIllinois,said,“Wenowhavetotreattheforestandsavannaelephantsastwodifficultunitsforconservationpurpose.Since1950,allAficanelephantshavebeenconservedasonespecies.Nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantshavebeendistinctanimals,theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriority（優(yōu)先）forconservationpurposes.”本卷第5頁(yè)（共72頁(yè)）66.Oneofthefossilesstudiedbytheresearchersisthatof.theAsianelephanttheforestelephantthesavannaelephantthemaslodonelephantTheunderlinedword“divergence”inParagraph4means“:'evolutionexhibitionseparationexaminationTheresearchers,conclusionwasbasedonastudyoftheAfricanelephant,s .DNAheightweightpopulationWhatareAlfredRoca,swordsmainlyabout?TheconservationofAficanelephantThepurposeofstudyingAficanelephantThewaytodivideAficanelephantsintotwounitsTherensonforthedistinctionofAfricanelephantsWhichofthefollowingcanbethebesttilleforthepassage?Naturalist,BeliefsaboutElephantsAmazingExperimentsaboutElephantsAnUnexpectedFindingahoutElephantsALongScientififDebateaboutElephants【文章大意】本文為說(shuō)明文。最近的一項(xiàng)研究表明非洲大象被分為兩種截然不同的物種。66.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的第一句OncetheyobtainedDNAsequences（序列）fromtwofossils（化石），mammothsandmastodons可知答案為D。.C詞義猜測(cè)題。前面一句講到了這兩種大象分離成不同的物種已有數(shù)百萬(wàn)年了，由此可判斷divergence在此是“分離”之意。.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的最后一句可知研究人員的結(jié)論是在檢測(cè)非洲大象DNA的基礎(chǔ)上得出來(lái)的。.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知AlfredRoca的話主要講的是對(duì)不同的非洲大象要分別采取不同的保護(hù)措施。.C主旨大意題。根據(jù)本文的主題句（第一段）可知選C。（2011?江西卷）DWhyshouldmankindexplorespace?Whyshouldmoney,timeandeffortbespentexploringandresearchingsomethingwithsofewapparentbenefits?WhyshouldresourcesbespentonspaceratherthanonconditionsandpeopleonEarth?Thesearequestionsthat,understandably,areveryoftenasked.Perhapsthebestanswerliesinourgeneticmakeup（基因構(gòu)成）ashumanbeings.Whatdroveourancestorstomovefromthetreesintotheplains,andonintoallpossibleareasandenvironments?Thewiderthespreadofaspecies,thebetteritschanceofsurvival.Perhapsthebestreasonforexploringspaceisthisgenetictendencytoexpandwhereverpossible.本卷第6頁(yè)（共72頁(yè)）Nearlyeverysuccessfulcivilizationhasexplored,becausebydoingso,anydangersinsurroundingareascanbeidentifiedandpreparedfor.Withoutknowledge,wemaybecompletelydestroyedbythedanger.Withknowledge,wecanlessenitseffects.Explorationalsoallowsmineralsandotherpotential（潛在的）resourcestobefound.Evenifwehavenoimmediateneedofthem,theywillperhapsbeusefullater.Resourcesmaybemorethanphysicalpossessions.Knowledgeortechniqueshavebeenacquiredthroughexploration.Thetechniquesmayhavemedicalapplicationswhichcanimprovethelengthorqualityofourlives.Wehavealreadybenefitedfromotherspin-offsincludingimprovementsinearthquakeprediction,insatellitesforweatherforecastingandincommunicationssystems.Evennon-stickpansandmirroredsunglassesareby-products（副產(chǎn)品）oftechnologicaldevelopmentsinthespace,thechancetosaveourselvesmightnotexist.Whilemanyresourcesarespentonwhatseemsasmallreturn,theexplorationofspaceallowscreative,braveandintelligentmembersofourspeciestofocusonwhatmayservetosaveus.Whilespacemayholdmanywondersandexplanationsofhowtheuniversewasformedorhowitworks,italsoholdsdangers.Thedangerexists,butknowledgecanhelphumanbeingtosurvive.Withouttheabilitytoreachoutacrossspace,thechancetosaveourselvesmightnotexist.WhileEarthistheonlyplanetknowntosupportlife,surelytheadaptiveabilityofhumanswouldallowustoliveonotherplanets.Itistruethatthelifestylewouldbedifferent,buthumanlifeandcultureshaveadaptedinthepastandsurelycouldinthefuture..WhydoestheauthormentionthequestionsinParagraph!?Toexpresshisdoubts.Tocomparedifferentideas.Tointroducepointsfordiscussion.TodescribetheconditionsonEarth..WhatisthereasonforexploringspacebasedonParagraph2?Humansarenature-borntodoso.Humanshavethetendencytofight.Humansmayfindnewsourcesoffood.Humansdon,tliketostayinthesameplace..Theunderlinedword“spin-offs”inParagraph4probablyrefersto.A.survivalchances B.potentialresourcesC.unexpectedbenefits D.physicalpossessions.Whatmakesitpossibleforhumanstoliveonotherplanets?Ourgeneticmakeup. B.Resourcesontheearth..C.Theadaptiveabilityofhumans.D.By-productsinspaceexploration.75.Whichofthestatementscanbestsumunthepassage?A.Spaceexplorationhascreatedmanywonders.Spaceexplorationprovidedthebestvalueformoney.SpaceexplorationmayhelpusavoidpotentialproblemsonEarth.D.SpaceexploratinomayhelpusavoidpotentialproblemonEarth.【文章大意】人類為什么要探尋太空的奧妙？為什么在探索之路上花去如此多的時(shí)間、金錢和精力？本文作者將為你解答。.C推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，第一段提出問(wèn)題，而下文正是對(duì)第一段問(wèn)題的解釋，本卷第7頁(yè)（共72頁(yè)）

故作者提出這幾個(gè)問(wèn)題是想引出本文話題。.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段最后一句可知，人類天生如此。第二段是典型的總分總結(jié)構(gòu)，主旨句在段首段尾。Perhapsthebestanswerliesinourgeneticmakeupashumanbeings.主要原因在于人類基因。Perhapsthebestreasonforexploringspaceisthisgenetictendencytoexpandwhereverpossible.而B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在fight這個(gè)詞。CD沒(méi)提及。.C詞義猜測(cè)題。第四段前幾句提到了探索太空會(huì)有意外收獲，而該句的already也暗示including后列舉的是一些意外的收獲，故spin-offs指的是unexpectedbenefits0.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由最后一段第一句可知，人類可能在其他星球上生存是因?yàn)槿祟惖倪m應(yīng)能力強(qiáng)。故選Co.D主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章主要講述了太空探索對(duì)人類的益處，它能幫人類預(yù)見和避免潛在的問(wèn)題和危險(xiǎn)。故D項(xiàng)正確。（2011?江蘇卷）CAccordingtotheUSgovernment,windfarmsoffthePacificcoastcouldproduce900gigwattsofelectricityeveryyear.Unfortunately,thewaterthereisfartoodeepforeventhetallestwindmills（seepicture）totouchbottom.AnexperimentunderwayoffthecoastofNorway,however,couldhelpputthemanywhere.Theproject,calledHywind,istheworld,sfirstlarge-scaledeepwaterwindturbine（渦輪發(fā)電機(jī)）.Althoughitusesafairlystandard152-ton,2.3-megawattturbine,Hywindrepresentstotallynewtechnology.Theturbinewillbefixed213feetabovethewateronafloatingspar（seepicture）,atechnologyHywind,screator,theNorwegiancompanyStatoilHydro,hasdevelopedrecently.Thesteelspar,whichisfilledwithstonesandgoes328feetbelowtheseasurface,willbetiedtotheoceanfloorbythreecable（纜索）；thesewillkeepthesparstableandpreventtheturbinefrommovingupanddowninthewaves.Hywind'sstability（穩(wěn)定性）inthecoldandroughseawouldprovethateventhedeepestcornersoftheoceanaresuitableforwindpower.Ifallgoesaccordingtoplan,theturbinewillstartproducingelectricitysixmilesoffthecoastofsouthwesternNorwayasearlyasSeptember.Toproduceelectricityonalargescale,acommercialwindfarmwillhavetousebiggerturbinesthanHywinddoes,butit,sdifficultenoughtobalancesuchalargeturbinesohighonafloatingsparinthemiddleoftheocean.Tomakethatturbineheavier,thewholespar,stodesignanewkindofwindturbine,onewhosegearbox（變速箱）sitsatsealevelratherthanbehindtheblades（seepictu,eHywindisatestrun,butthebenefitsforperfectingfloatingwind-farmtechnologycouldbeextremelylarge.Outatsea,thewindisoftenstrongerandsteadierthanclosetoshore,whereallexistingoffshorewindmillsareplanted.Deep-seafarmsareinvisiblefromland,whichhelpsovercomethewindmill-as-eyesoreobjection.Ifthetechnologycatcheson,itwillopenupvastareasoftheplanet,ssurfacetooneofthebestlow-carbonpowersourcesavailable.TheHywindprojectusestotallynewtechnologytoensurethestabilityofthecableswhichtiethespartotheoceanfloorthesparwhichisfloatingindeep-seawaterthebladesdrivenbystrongandsteadyseawindthestonesfilledinthesparbelowtheseasurfaceTobalanceabiggerturbinehighonaflattingspar,anewtypeofturbineistobedesignedwithitsgearboxsitting.A.ontheseafloorB.onthespartopC.atsealevel D.behindthebladesWideapplicationsofdeepwaterwindpowertechnologycan本卷第8頁(yè)（共72頁(yè)）solvethetechnicalproblemsofdeepwaterwindmillsmakefinancialprofitsbyproducingmoreturbinessettletheargumentsaboutenvironmentalproblemsexplorelow-carbonpowerresourcesavailableatsea【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本篇為科普類文章。介紹了渦輪發(fā)電機(jī)的構(gòu)造及工作原理。.答案B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第三句話"...afloatingspar,atechnolgoyHywind'screator"，其中atechnologyHywind,screator是spar的同位語(yǔ)，因此B正確。64答案C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句話“…，onewhosegearboxsitsatsealevelratherthanbehindtheblades”可知C正確。.答案D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句話“Ifthetechnologycatcheson,itwillopenupvastareasoftheplanet,ssurfacetooneofthebestlow-carbonpowersourcesavailable.”可知D正確。（2011?湖北卷）BHowlingisabehaviorcommonlyobservedamongawolfpark.Ananimals,wolvesworktogethertohuntandrelyonhowlingwasanimportantmeansofcommunicationeachother.Therearedifferentexplantsofawolf’showlanditappearsthattheremaybemoretodiscover.Onetheoryisthatwolveshowltobendbettertogether.It,salmostasifhowlingtogetherhelpsthepackstaytogether.Perhapssomethingsimilartopeoplefeelingasenseofinvolvementwitheachotherwhensingingasongtogether.Butthistheorymaybewrong,explainsFredH.Harington,aprofessorwhostudieswolfbehavior.Indeed,therehavebeentineswhenwolveshavebeenseenonemomenthowlinginaexhorts,andthenext,quarrelinganionseachother.Itappearsthatusuallythelowest-tankingmenthesofthepackmayactuallybe“punished”forJoininginthechursattimes.Soishowlingawaytostrcagthenasocialboadorjustawaytoreconfirmstatusamongitsmembers? Whydowelveshowlforsure?Whatiscleat,however,isthathowlingisoftenusedamongpackmatestolocateeachother.Huntinggroundsaredistantandithappensthatwolovesmayseparatefromoneanotherattimes.Whenthishappens,howlingappcarstobeanercellentmeansofgathering.Howling,interestingly,isacontagiousbehaviour.Whenonewolfstartstohowl,verylikelyotherswillfollow.Thisisoftenseentooccatinthemorning,asifwolvesweredoingsomesotrof“rollrall”wherewolvesallhowltogetertohowl,verylikelyotherswillfollow.Thisisoftenseentooccarinthemorning,asifwolvesweredoingwsomesotrof“rollcall”wherewolvesallhowltogethertorepotrtheirpteence..Whatthepossiblesimilaritybetweenwolves,howlingtogetherandhumansinginchorus?A.Theactofcallingeachother.B.thesenseofaccomplishment.C.Theactofhuntingforsomething.D.Thesenseofbelongingtoagroup..WhydoesHarringtonthinkthe“secialboad”theorymaybewrong?A.Wolvesseparatefromeachotherafterhowling.本卷第9頁(yè)（共72頁(yè)）B.Wolvestendtoprotecttheirhuntinggrounds.C.Wolvessometimeshavequarrelsafterhowlingtogether.D.Wolvesoflowrankareencouragedtojoininthechorus.57.Reseatchersaresurethatwolvesoftenhowlto.A.showtheirranksB.findtheircompanionC.reportthemissingonesD.expresstheirlonelingess58.“Howling…isacontagiousbehaviour”（inthelastparagraph）means.A.howlingisasignalforhuntingB.howlingisawayofcommunicationC.howlingaftenoccursinthemorningD.howlingspreadsfromonetoanother【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹人們對(duì)狼嚎的原因的認(rèn)識(shí)和研究成果。.D推理判斷題。依據(jù)第二段第三句話可知，狼群嚎叫和人們合唱可能存在的相似之處是帶來(lái)歸屬感。.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第二段最后一句說(shuō)，Harrington認(rèn)為這個(gè)理論（狼嚎是為了聯(lián)系感情）是錯(cuò)誤的，緊接著第三段第一句話說(shuō)明了他的依據(jù)，實(shí)際情況是有時(shí)狼嚎之后往往是爭(zhēng)吵。.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容可知，很確定的一點(diǎn)是，很多情況下狼嚎是為了尋找伙伴，以聚集在一起。58.D句意理解題。依據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容尤其是第二句可知，狼嚎具有傳染性，一頭狼吼叫之后其他狼跟著效仿，于是出現(xiàn)群嚎現(xiàn)象。（2011?湖北卷）EWhichareyoumorelikelytohavewathyouatsnygivenmement—yourcellphoneoryourwallet?Soonyoumaybeabletothrowyourwalletawayandpayforthingswithaquickwaveofyoursmartphoneoveranelectrouescannet.InJanuary,Starbucksannouncedthatcustomerscouldstartusingtheirphonestobuycoffeein6,800ofitsstates.Thisisthefirstpay-by-phonepracticeintheU.S.,butwe,relikelytoseemorewitelesspaymentalternativesassomethingcalleducarfieldcommuncation（NFC）GETSINTOAmerica,sconsumetelectanies.LastDeccmbetsomenewsmartphaneswhichcantainanNFCchipwereintroducedtothepublic.AlreadyinuseinpartofAsiaandEurope,NFCallowsshopperstowavetheiephonesafewinchsaboveapaymentterminal-acontact-freesystembuildforspeedandconvenience.planafewinceesliveapaymenttetminalaoneafewptahtneedtobeworkedout,likewhowillgettocollecttheprofitabletrunsacian（交易）fees.AlthoughsomecreditcardprovidershavebeenexperimentingwithwaveandpaysystemsthatuseNFCenabledcreditcards,cellphoneserviceproviderstruaytrytomusedtheirwayintothepointofsale（POS）market.Threebigcellphoneserviceprovidershaveformedajoinftenture（合資企業(yè)）thatwillgointoopentionoverthenext15months.Itsgoalis“toleadtheU.S.paymentsindustryfromcardstomobilephone.”TheotherbigNFCsue,apartfromhowpaymeatswillbeprocessed,issecurity,Forinstance,what,stostopathieffromdigitallypickpocketingyou?“We'restillnotatthepointwhereanattackercanjustbrushagainstyeeinacrowdandstealallthemoneyoutofyour本卷第10頁(yè)（共72頁(yè)）phone,”saysJimmyShah.Amobilesecurityresearcher,Useramayalsobeabletosettransactiontimeits,requiringapasswordtobeentecedforlargerputchases.Bussiness?Keepinmundyoulostyoursmartphone,itcanbelocatedonalocatedonamapandremotelydisabled.Plus,yourphonecanbepasswordprotected,Yourwalletisiit.67.WhatispredictedtohappenintheU.S.?A.Theexpansionofcellphonecompanices.Theboomofpay-by-phonebusiness.Thedissppearanceofcreditcards.TheincreaseofStarbuckssales.s68.TheNFCtechnologycanbeusedto.ensurethesafetyofshopperscollecttransactionfeeseasilymakepurchasefasterandsimplerimprovethequalityofcellphones.Threecellphoneserviceprovidersformajointventureto.A.strengthentheirrelationshipB.getashareinthepaymentsindustryC.sellmorecellphonesD.testtheNFCteehnoingy.Accordingtothewhatcanusersdoiftheylosetheirsmartphones?A.Stopthefunctionoftheirphones.B.Stopapasswant.C.Catallthemoneyoutoftheirphones.D.Canlargepurchases.【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹美國(guó)最新推出的一項(xiàng)基于手機(jī)的新技術(shù)，它使得通過(guò)手機(jī)直接劃拔費(fèi)用成為可能，使得消費(fèi)更加快捷、便利。67.B推理判斷題。從第二段第一、二兩句尤其是第二句中的“we,relikelytoseemorewirelesspaymentalternatives”可推知，隨著NFC技術(shù)運(yùn)用于電子產(chǎn)品，手機(jī)付費(fèi)消費(fèi)會(huì)越來(lái)越多地出現(xiàn)。68.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第三段的第一句可知NFC技術(shù)使得消費(fèi)更加快捷、便利。68.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段AlreadyinuseinpartofAsiaandEurope,NFCallowsshopperstowavetheiephonesafewinchsaboveapaymentterminal-acontact-freesystembuildforspeedandconvenience.可知答案。69.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段的Threebigcellphoneserviceprovidershaveformedajoinftenture（合資企業(yè)）thatwillgointoopentionoverthenext15months.Itsgoalis“toleadtheU.S.paymentsindustryfromcardstomobilephone.”可知答案。70.A推理題。根據(jù)文章最后一句Keepinmundyoulostyoursmartphone,itcanbelocatedonalocatedonamapandremotelydisabled.Plus,yourphonecanbepasswordprotected,Yourwalletisn't。locatedonamapandremotelydisabled.中romore相當(dāng)于stop?？芍?dāng)自己的手機(jī)丟失了，可以遠(yuǎn)程鎖定智能手機(jī)。（2011?全國(guó)2卷）BForthosewhostudythedevelopmentofintelligence（智力）intheanimalworld,self-awarenessisanimportantmeasurement.Ananimalthatisaware（意識(shí)）ofitselfhasahighlevelofintelligence.本卷第11頁(yè)（共72頁(yè)）Awarenesscanbetestedbystudyingwhethertheanimalrecognizesitselfinthemirror,thatis,itsownreflectedimage(反射出的影像).Manyanimalsfailthisexercisebitterly,payingevrylittleattentiontothereflectedimage.Onlyhumans,andsomeintelligentanimalslikeapesanddolphins,haveshowntorecognizethattheimageinthemirrorisofthemselves.Nowanotheranimalhasjoinedtheclub.IntheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,researchersreportthatanAsianelephanthaspassedthemirrorself-reflectiontest.“Wethoughtthatelephantswerethenextimportantanimal,”saidDinanaReissoftheWildlifeConservationSociety,anauthorofthestudywithJoshuaM.PlotnikandFansB.M.deWaalofEmoryUniversity.Withtheirlargebrains,Reisssaid,elephants“seemedlikecousinstoapesanddolphins.”TheresearcherstestedHappy,MaxineandPatty,threeelephantsattheBronxZoo.Theyputan8-foot-squaremirroronawalloftheanimals,playarea(outofthesightofzoovisitors)andrecordedwhathappenedwithcameras,includingonebuiltinthemirror.Theelephantsusedtheirlongnosestofindwhatwasbehindit,andtoexaminepartsoftheirbodies.Ofthethree,Happythenpassedthetest,inwhichaclearmarkwaspaintedononesideofherface.Shecouldtellthemarkwastherebylookinginthemirror,andsheusedthemirrortotouchthemarkwithherlongnose.DianaReisssaid,"Weknewelephantswereintelligent,butnowwecantalkabouttheirintelligenceinabetterway."Whatcanmirrorteststellusaboutanimals?Whethertheyhavelargebrains.Whethertheyhaveself-awareness.Whethertheyenjoyoutdoorexercises.Whethertheyenjoyplayingwithmirrors.Whydoestheauthormentionapesanddolphinsinthetext?Theyaremostfamiliartoreaders.Theyarebigfavoriteswithzoovisitors.TheyareincludedinthestudybyReiss.Theyarealreadyknowntobeintelligent.WhatmadeHappydifferentfromMaxineandPatty?Sheusedhernosetosearchbehindthemirror.Sherecognizedherownimageinthemirror.Shepaintedamarkonherownface.Shefoundthehiddencamera.【文章大意】自我意識(shí)是衡量動(dòng)物智力水平的重要標(biāo)志。一頭亞洲象通過(guò)了測(cè)試，加入了高智商動(dòng)物的行列。45.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的第一句Awarenesscanbetestedbystudyingwhethertheanimalrecognizesitselfinthemirror,thatis,itsownreflectedimage可知，通過(guò)研究動(dòng)物是否能在鏡中識(shí)別自己可以測(cè)試它們是否有自我意識(shí)。46.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句Onlyhumans,andsomeintelligentanimalslikeapesanddolphins,haveshowntorecognizethattheimageinthemirrorisofthemselves.可知，作者提到猿和海豚是因?yàn)樗鼈兒腿艘粯涌梢宰R(shí)別鏡中自己的影像，是人們已知的高智商的動(dòng)物。本卷第12頁(yè)（共72頁(yè)）47.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段，