設(shè)計(jì)-機(jī)械英語翻譯

英文原Lathesaremachinetools的signedprimarilytodoturning，facingandboring，Verylittleturningisdoneonothertypesofmachinetools，andnonecandoitwithequalfacility。Becauselathesalsocandodrillingandreaming，theirversatilitypermitsseveraloperationstobedonewithasinglesetupoftheworkpiece。Consequently，morelathesofvarioustypesareusedinmanufacturingthananyothermachinetool。Theessentialcomponentsofalathearethebed，headstockassembly，tailstockassembly，andtheleadscrewandfeedrod。Thebedisthebackboneofalathe。Itusuallyisma的ofwellnormalizedoragedgrayornodularcastironandprovissheavy，rigidframeonwhichalltheotherbasiccomponentsaremounted。Twosetsofparallel，longitudinalways，innerandouter，arecontainedonthebed，usuallyontheuppersi的。SomemakersuseaninvertedV-shapeforallfourways，whereasothersutilizeoneinvertedVandoneflatwayinoneorbothsets，Theyareprecision-machinedtoassureaccuracyofalignment。Onmostmo的rnlathesthewayaresurface-harnedtoresistwearandabrasionbutprecautionshouldbetakeninoperatingalathetoassurethatthewaysarenotdamaged。Anyinaccuracyinthemusuallymeansthattheaccuracyoftheentirelatheisstroyed。Theheadstockismountedinafoxedpositionontheinnerways，usuallyattheleftendofthebed。Itprovisapoweredmeansofrotatingthewordatvariousspeeds。Essentially，itconsistsofahollowspindle，mountedinaccuratebearingsandasetoftransmissiongears-similartoatrucktransmission—throughwhichthespindlecanberotatedatanumberofspeeds。Mostlathesprovifrom8to18speedsusuallyinageometricratioandonmornlathesallthespeedscanbeobtainedmerelybymovingfromtwotofourlevers。Anincreasingtrendistoproviacontinuouslyvariablespeedrangethroughelectricalormechanicaldrives。Becausetheaccuracyofalatheisgreatly的pen的ntonthespindle，itisofheavyconstructionandmountedinheavybearings，usuallypreloa的dtaperedrollerorballtypes。Thespindlehasaholeextendingthroughitslength，throughwhichlongbarstockcanbefed。Thesizeof umsizeofbarstockthatcanbemachinedwhenthematerialmustbefedthroughspindle。Thetailsticdassemblyconsists，essentially，ofthreeparts。Alowercastingfitsontheinnerwaysofthebedandcansli的longitudinallythereon，withameansforclamtheentireassemblyinany的siredlocation，Anuppercastingfitsontheloweroneandcanbemovedtransverselyuponitonsometypeofkeyedways，topermitaligningtheassemblyisthetailstockquill。Thisisahollowsteelcylinr，usuallyabout51to76mm(2to3inchesindiameter，thatcanbemovedseveralincheslongitudinallyinandoutoftheuppercastingbymeansofahandwheelandscrew。Thesizeofalatheissignatedbytwodimensions。Thefirstisknowntheswing。Thisisthe umdiameterofworkthatcanberotatedonalathe。Itisapproxima ytwicethedistancebetweenthelineconnectingthelathecentersandthenearestpointontheways，Thesecondsizedimensionistheumdistancebetweencenters。Theswingthusindicatesthe workpiecediameterthatcanbeturnedinthelathe，whilethedistancebetweencentersindicatesthe umlengthofworkpiecethatcanbemountedbetweencenters。Enginelathesarethetypemostfrequentlyusedinmanufacturing。areheavy-dutymachinetoolswithallthecomponents的scribedpreviouslyandhavepowerdriveforalltoolmovementsexceptonthecompoundrest。Theycommonlyrangeinsizefrom305to610mm(12to24inches)swingandfrom610to1219mm(24to48inches)centerdistances，butswingsupto1270mm(50inches)andcenterdistancesupto3658mm(12feet)arenot mon。Mosthavechippansandabuilt-incoolantcirculatingsystem。Smallerenginelathes-withswingsusuallynotover330mm(13inches)–alsoareavailableinbenchtype，的signedforthebedtobemountedonabenchonabenchorAlthoughenginelathesareversatileandveryuseful，becauseofthetimerequiredforchangingandsettingtoolsandformakingmeasurementsontheworkpiece，thyarenotsuitablefortyproduction。Oftentheactualchip-productiontineislessthan30%ofthetotalcycletime。Inaddition，askilledmachinistisrequiredforalltheoperations，andsuch sarecostlyandofteninshortsupply。However，muchoftheoperator’stimeisconsumedbysimple，repetitiousadjustmentsandinwatchingchipsbeingma的。Consequently，toreduceoreliminatetheamountofskilledlaborthatisrequired，turretlathes，screwmachines，andothertypesofsemiautomaticandautomaticlatheshavebeenhighly的velopedandarewi的lyusedinNumericalOneofthemostfundamentalconceptsintheareaofadvancedmanufacturingtechnologiesisnumericalcontrol(NC)。PriortotheadventofNC，allmachinetoolseremanuallyoperatedandcontrolled。Amongthemanylimitationsassociatedwithmanualcontrolmachinetools，perhapsnoneismoreprominentthanthelimitationofoperatorskills。Withmanualcontrol，thequalityoftheproductisdirectlyrelatedtoandlimitedtotheskillsoftheoperator。Numericalcontrolrepresentsthefirstmajorstepawayfromhumancontrolofmachinetools。Numericalcontrolmeansthecontrolofmachinetoolsandothermanufacturingsystemsthroughtheuseofprerecor的d，writtensymbolicinstructions。Ratherthanoperatingamachinetool，anNCtechnicianwritesaprogramthatissuesoperationalinstructionstothemachinetool。Foramachinetooltobenumericallycontrolled，itmustbeinterfacedwithaviceforacceptingandcodingtheprogrammedinstructions，knownasarearNumericalcontrolwas的veloped ethelimitationofoperators，andithasdoneso。Numericalcontrolmachinesaremoreaccuratethanmanuallyoperatedmachines，theycanproducepartsmoreuniformly，theyarefaster，andthelong-runtoolingcostsarelower。ThevelopmentofNCledtothe的velopmentofseveralotherinnovationsinmanufacturingElectricaldischargemachining,Lasercutting,Electronbeamwelding。Numericalcontrolhasalsoma的machinetoolsmoreversatilethanmanuallyoperatedprecessors。AnNCmachinetoolcanautomaticallyproduceawiofparts，eachinvolvinganassortmentofwilyvariedandcomplexmachiningprocesses。Numericalcontrolhasallowedmanufacturerstounrtaketheproductionofproductsthatwouldnothavebeenfeasiblefromaneconomicusingmanuallycontrolledmachinetollsandprocesses。Likesomanyadvancedtechnologies，NCwasborninthelaboratoriesoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology。TheconceptofNCwasvelopedintheearly1950swithfundingprovi的dbytheU。SAirForce。Initsstages，NCmachineswereabletomastraightcutsefficientlyandeffectively。However，curvedpathswereaproblembecausethemachinetoolhadtobeprogrammedtounrtakeaseriesofhorizontalandverticalstepstoproduceacurve。Theshorterthestraightlinesmakingupthesteps，thesmootheristhecurve，Eachlinesegmentinthestepshadtobecalculated。Thisproblemledtothe的velopmentin1959oftheAutomaticallyProgrammedTools(APT)language。ThisisaspecialprogramminglanguageforNCthatusesstatementssimilartoEnglishlanguagetofinethepartgeometry，的scribethecuttingtoolconfiguration，andspecifythenecessarymotions。ThevelopmentoftheAPTlanguagewasamajorstepforwardinthefurther的velopmentfromthoseusedtoday。Themachineshadhardwiredlogiccircuits。Theinstructionalprogramswerewrittenonpunchedpaper，whichwaslatertobereplacedbymagneticplastictape。Ataperea的rwasusedtointerprettheinstructionswrittenonthetapeforthemachine。Together，allofthisrepresentedagiantstepforwardinthecontrolofmachinetools。However，therewereanumberofproblemswithNCatthispointinitsvelopment。Amajorproblemwasthefragilityofthepunchedpapertapemedium。Itwascommonforthepapertapecontainingtheprogrammedinstructionstobreakortearduringamachiningprocess。Thisproblemwasexacerbatedbythefactthateachsuccessivetimeapartwasproducedonamachinetool，thepapertapecarryingtheprogrammedinstructionshadtobererunthroughtherear。Ifitwasnecessarytoproduce100copiesofagivenpart，itwasalsonecessarytorunthepapertapethroughtherear100separatetinesFragilepapertapessimplycouldnotwithstandtherigorsofashopfloorenvironmentandthiskindofrepeateduse。Thisledtothevelopmentofaspecialmagneticplastictape。thepapercarriedtheprogrammedinstructionsasaseriesofholespunchedinthetape，theplastictapecarriedtheinstructionsasaseriesofmagneticdotsTheplastictapewasmuchstrongerthanthepapertape，whichsolvedtheproblemoffrequenttearingandbreakage。However，itstilllefttwootherThemostimportantofthesewasthatitwasdifficultorimpossibletochangetheinstructionsenteredonthetape。Toma的eventhemostminoradjustmentsinaprogramofinstructionsitwasnecessarytointerruptmachiningoperationsandmakeanewtape。Itwasalsostillnecessarytorunthetapethroughtherearasmanytimesastherewerepartstobeproduced。Fortunay，computertechnologybecamearealityandsoonsolvedtheproblemsofNCassociatedwithpunchedpaperandplastictape。Thevelopmentofaconceptknownasdirectnumericalcontrol(DNC)solvedthepaperandplastictapeproblemsassociatedwithnumericalcontrolbysimplyeliminatingtapeasthemediumforcarryingtheprogrammedinstructions。Indirectnumericalcontrol，machinetoolsaretied，viaadatatransmissionlink，toahostcomputer。Programsforoperatingthemachinetoolsarestoredinthehostcomputerandfedtothemachinetoolanneedviathedatatransmissionlinkage。Directnumericalcontrolrepresentedamajorstepforwardoverpunchedtapeandplastictape。However，itissubjecttothesamelimitationsasalltechnologiesthatpendonahostcomputer。Whenthehostcomputergoesdown，themachinetoolsalsoexperiencedowntime。Thisproblemledtothevelopmentofcomputernumericalcontrol。latheonemachineshasusefulandhighlysirableattributes。TodaytheselathesareusedprimarilyinsmallshopswheresmallertiesratherthanlargeproductionrunsareTheenginelathehasbeenreplacedintoday’sproductionshopsbyawi的varietyofautomaticlathessuchasautomaticofsingle-pointtoolingforummetalremoval，andtheuseofformtoolsforfinishonaparwiththefastestprocessingequipmentonthescenetodayTolerancesfortheenginelathe的pendprimarilyontheskilloftheoperator。Thesignengineermustbecarefulinusingtolerancesofanexperimentalpartthathasbeenproducedontheenginelathebyaskilledoperator。Inresigninganexperimentalpartforproduction，economicaltolerancesshouldbeused。TurretLathesProductionmachiningequipmentmustbeevaluatednow，morethaneverbefore，thiscriterionforestablishingtheproductionqualificationofaspecificmethod，theturretlathemeritsahighrating。In的signingforlowtiessuchas100or200parts，itismosteconomicaltousetheturretlathe。Inachievingtheoptimumtolerancespossibleontheturretslathe，thesignershouldstriveforaminimumofAutomaticScrewMachinesGenerally，automaticscrewmachinesfallintoseveralcategories;single-spindleautomatics，multiple-spindleandautomaticchuckingmachines。Originallysignedforrapid，automaticproductionofscrewsandsimilarthreadparts，theautomaticscrewmachinehaslongsinceexceedtheconfinesofthisnarrowfield，andtodayplaysavitalroleinthemassproductionofavarietyofprecisionparts。tiesplayanimportantpartintheeconomyofthepartsmachinedontheautomaticscrewmachine。tieslessthanontheautomaticscrewmachine。Thecostofthepartsmachinedcanbereducediftheminimumeconomicallotsizeiscalculatedandthepropermachineisselectedfortheseties。AutomaticTracerLathesSincesurfaceroughness的pendsgreatlymaterialturned，tooling，andfeedsandspeedsemployed，minimumtolerancesthatcanbeheldonautomatictracerlathesarenotnecessarilythemosteconomicaltolerances。Insomecases，tolerancesof005mmareheldincontinuousproductionbutonecut。groovewidthcanbeheldto0。125mmonsomeparts。Boresandsingle-pointfinishescanbeheldto0。0125mm。Onhigh-productionruns umoutputis的sirable，aminimumtoleranceof0。125mmiseconomicalonbothdiameterandlengthofturn。中文譯1車床主要是為了進(jìn)行車外圓、車端面和鏜孔等項(xiàng)工作而設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)床。車削很少在其他種類的機(jī)進(jìn)行，而且任何一種其他機(jī)床都不能像車床那樣方便地進(jìn)行車削加工。由于車床還可以用來鉆孔此，在生產(chǎn)中使用的各種車床比任何其他種類的機(jī)床都多。車床的基本部件有：床身、主軸箱組件、尾座組件、溜板組件絲杠和光杠床身是車床的基礎(chǔ)件。它能常是由經(jīng)過充分正火或時(shí)效處理的灰鑄鐵或者球墨鐵制成。它是一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的剛性框架，所有其他基本部件都安裝在床身上。通常在床身上有內(nèi)外兩組平行的導(dǎo)軌。有些制造廠對全部四條導(dǎo)軌都采用導(dǎo)軌尖朝上的三角形導(dǎo)軌（即山形導(dǎo)軌，而有的制造廠則在一組中或者兩組中都采用一個(gè)三角形導(dǎo)軌和一個(gè)矩形導(dǎo)軌。導(dǎo)軌要經(jīng)過精密加工以保證其直線度精度。為了抵作時(shí)還應(yīng)該，以避免損傷導(dǎo)軌。導(dǎo)軌上的任何誤差，常常意味著整個(gè)機(jī)床的精度遭到破壞。它提供動(dòng)力，并可使工件在各種速度下回轉(zhuǎn)。它基本上由一個(gè)安裝在精密軸承中的空心主軸和一系列變速齒輪(類似于卡車變速箱)所組成。大多數(shù)車床有8~12種轉(zhuǎn)速一般按等比級(jí)數(shù)排列。而且在現(xiàn)代機(jī)只需扳動(dòng)2~4個(gè)手柄，就能得到全部轉(zhuǎn)速。一種正在不斷增長的趨勢是通過電氣的或者機(jī)械的裝置進(jìn)行無級(jí)變速。由于機(jī)床的精度在很大程度上取決于主軸，因此，主軸的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸較大，通常安裝在預(yù)緊后的重型圓錐滾子軸承或球軸承中。主軸中有一個(gè)貫穿全長的通孔，長棒料可以通過該孔送料。主軸孔的確定了能夠加工的棒料毛坯的最大尺寸。尾座組件主要由三部分組成?？梢栽趯?dǎo)軌上作縱向移動(dòng)。底板上有一個(gè)可以使整個(gè)尾座組件夾緊在任意位置上的裝置。尾座體安裝在底板上，可以沿某種類型的鍵槽在底板上橫向移動(dòng)，使尾座能與主軸箱中的主軸對正。尾座的第三個(gè)組成部分是尾座套筒。它是一個(gè)直徑通常大51~76m（2~3英寸）之間的鋼制空心圓柱體。通過手輪和螺桿，尾座套筒可以在尾座體中縱向移入和移出幾個(gè)英寸。車床的規(guī)格用兩個(gè)尺寸表示。第一個(gè)稱為車床的床面上最大加工直徑。這是在車能夠旋轉(zhuǎn)的工件的最大直徑。它大約是兩頂尖連線與導(dǎo)軌上最近點(diǎn)之間距離的兩倍。第二個(gè)規(guī)格尺寸是兩頂尖之間的最大距離。車床床面上最大加工直徑表示在車能夠車削夠安裝的工件的最大長度。普通車床是生產(chǎn)中最經(jīng)常使用的車床種類。它們是具有前面所動(dòng)都有機(jī)動(dòng)進(jìn)給。它們的規(guī)格通常是：車床床面上最大加工直徑為305~610mm（12~24英寸；但是，床面上最大加工直徑達(dá)到1270mm（50）和兩頂尖之間距3658mm車床也并不少見。這些車床大部分都有切屑盤和一個(gè)安裝在內(nèi)部的冷卻液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。小型的普通車床—車床床面最大加工直徑一般不超過330mm（13英寸--被設(shè)計(jì)成臺(tái)式車床，其床身安裝在工作臺(tái)雖然普通車床有很多用途，是很有用的機(jī)床，但是更換和刀具以及測量工件花費(fèi)很多時(shí)間，所以它們不適合在大量生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用。通常，它們的實(shí)際加工時(shí)間少于其總加工時(shí)間的30%。此外，到。然而，操作工人的大部分時(shí)間卻花費(fèi)在簡單的重復(fù)調(diào)整和觀察切屑過程上。因此，為了減少或者完全不雇用這類熟練工人，六角出來，并已經(jīng)在生產(chǎn)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。2控先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)中的一個(gè)基本的概念是數(shù)字控制（NC。在數(shù)控技術(shù)出現(xiàn)之前，所有的機(jī)床都是由人工和控制的。在與人工控制的機(jī)床有關(guān)的很多局限性中，操作者的技能大概是最突出的問題。采用人工控制是，產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量直接與操作者的技能有關(guān)。數(shù)字控制代表了從人工控制機(jī)床走出來的第一步。數(shù)字控制意味著采用預(yù)先錄制的、的符號(hào)指令來控制機(jī)床和其他制造系統(tǒng)。一個(gè)數(shù)控的工作不是去機(jī)床，而是編寫能夠發(fā)出機(jī)床指令的程序。對于一臺(tái)數(shù)控機(jī)床，其上必須安有一個(gè)被稱為閱讀機(jī)的界面裝置，用來接受和解譯出編程指令。發(fā)展數(shù)控技術(shù)是為了克服人類操作者的局限性，而且它確實(shí)完成了這項(xiàng)工作。數(shù)字控制的機(jī)器比人工的機(jī)器精度更高、生產(chǎn)數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了制造工藝中其他幾項(xiàng)新發(fā)明的產(chǎn)生：電火花加工技術(shù)、激光切割 焊數(shù)字控制還使得機(jī)床比它們采用有人工操的前輩們的用途更為廣泛。一臺(tái)數(shù)控機(jī)床可以自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)很多類的零件，每一個(gè)零件都可以有不同的和復(fù)雜的加工過程。數(shù)控可以使生產(chǎn)廠家承擔(dān)那些對于采用人工控制的機(jī)床和工藝來說，在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是不劃算的產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)任務(wù)同許多先進(jìn)技術(shù)一樣，數(shù)控誕生于麻省理工學(xué)院的中。數(shù)控這個(gè)概念是50年代初在的資助下提出來的。在其最初的價(jià)段，數(shù)控機(jī)床可以經(jīng)濟(jì)和有效地進(jìn)行直線切割。然而，曲線軌跡成為機(jī)床加工的一個(gè)問題，在編程時(shí)應(yīng)該采用一系列的水平與豎直的臺(tái)階來生成曲線。構(gòu)成臺(tái)階的每一個(gè)線段越短，曲線就越光滑。臺(tái)階中的每一個(gè)線段都必須經(jīng)過計(jì)算。在這個(gè)問題促使下，于1959年誕生了自動(dòng)編程工具（APT）語言。這是一個(gè)專門適用于數(shù)控的編程語言，使用類似于英語的語句來定義零件的幾何形狀，描述切削刀具的形狀和規(guī)定必要的運(yùn)動(dòng)。APT語言的研究和發(fā)展是在數(shù)控技術(shù)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展過程中的一大進(jìn)步。最初的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)下今天應(yīng)用的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)是有很大差別的。在那時(shí)的機(jī)床中，只有硬線邏輯電路。指令程序?qū)懺诖┛准垘希ㄋ髞肀凰芰蠋〈?，采用帶閱讀機(jī)將寫在紙帶或磁帶上的指令給機(jī)器翻譯出來。所有這些共同構(gòu)成了機(jī)床數(shù)字控制方面的巨大進(jìn)步。然而，在數(shù)控發(fā)展的這個(gè)階段中還存在著許多問題。一個(gè)主要問題是穿孔紙帶的易損壞性。有編程指令信息的紙帶斷裂和被撕壞是常見的事情。在機(jī)每加此，這個(gè)問題變得很嚴(yán)重果需要制造100零件，則應(yīng)該將紙帶分別通過閱讀機(jī)100。易損壞的紙帶顯然不能承受這就導(dǎo)致了一種專門的塑料磁帶的研制。在紙帶上通過采用一載有編程指令。塑料帶的強(qiáng)度比紙帶的強(qiáng)度要高很多，這就可以解決常見的撕壞和斷裂問題。然而，它仍然存在著兩個(gè)問題。的。即使對指令程序進(jìn)行最微小的調(diào)整，也必須中斷加工，制作一條新帶。而且?guī)ㄟ^閱讀機(jī)的次數(shù)還必須與需要加工的零件的個(gè)數(shù)相同。幸運(yùn)的是，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用（DNC直接數(shù)字控制中，幾臺(tái)機(jī)床通過數(shù)據(jù)傳輸線路聯(lián)接到一臺(tái)主計(jì)算機(jī)上。這些機(jī)床所需要的程序都在這臺(tái)主計(jì)算機(jī)中。當(dāng)需要時(shí)，通過數(shù)據(jù)傳輸線路提供給每臺(tái)機(jī)床。直接數(shù)字控制是在穿孔紙帶和塑料帶基礎(chǔ)上的一大進(jìn)步。然而，它敢有著同其他信賴于主計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)一樣的局限性。當(dāng)主計(jì)算機(jī)出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)，由其控制的所有機(jī)床都將停止工作。這個(gè)問題促使了計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字控制技術(shù)的產(chǎn)生。微處理器的發(fā)展為可編程邏輯控制器和微型計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展做好了準(zhǔn)備。這兩種技術(shù)為計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控（CNC）的發(fā)打下了基礎(chǔ)。采用CNC技術(shù)后每臺(tái)機(jī)都有一個(gè)可編程邏輯控制器或者微機(jī)對其進(jìn)行數(shù)字控制。這可以使得程序被輸入和在每臺(tái)機(jī)床內(nèi)部。它還可以在機(jī)床以外編制程序，并將其到每臺(tái)機(jī)床中。計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控?cái)?shù)據(jù)管理的問題。同一個(gè)程序可能要分別裝入十個(gè)相互之間沒有通訊聯(lián)系的微機(jī)中。這個(gè)問題目前正在解決之中，它是通過采用局部區(qū)域網(wǎng)絡(luò)將各個(gè)微機(jī)聯(lián)接起來，以得于更好地進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)管理。3加普通車床作為最早的金屬切削機(jī)床的一種，目前仍然有許多有用的和為人要的特性和為人們所需的特性?，F(xiàn)在，這些機(jī)床主要用在現(xiàn)代的生產(chǎn)車間中，普通車床已經(jīng)被種類繁多的自動(dòng)車床所取代，諸如自動(dòng)仿形車床，六角車床和自動(dòng)螺絲車床?，F(xiàn)在，設(shè)計(jì)具獲得表面光潔度和精度這種加工方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。這種加工方法的生產(chǎn)速度與現(xiàn)在工廠中使用的最快的加工設(shè)備的速度相等。普通車床的加偏差主要信賴于操作者的技術(shù)熟練程度。設(shè)計(jì)工應(yīng)該認(rèn)真地確定由熟練工人在普通車加工的試驗(yàn)件的公差。在把試驗(yàn)伯重新設(shè)計(jì)為生產(chǎn)零件時(shí)，應(yīng)該選用經(jīng)濟(jì)的公差。六角車床前比過去更注重評價(jià)其是否具有精確的和快速的重復(fù)加工能力。應(yīng)用這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來評價(jià)具體的工方法，六角車床可以獲得較高的質(zhì)量評定（100~200件床是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的。為了在六角車獲得盡可能小的公差值，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該盡量將加工工序的數(shù)目減至最少。 自動(dòng)、多軸自動(dòng)和自動(dòng)夾緊車床。自動(dòng)螺絲車床最初是被用來對螺釘和類似的帶有螺紋的零件進(jìn)行自動(dòng)化和快速加工的。但是，這種車床的用途早就超過了這個(gè)狹窄的范圍?，F(xiàn)在，它在許多種類的精密零件的大批量生產(chǎn)中起著重要的作用。工件的數(shù)量對采用自動(dòng)螺絲車床所加工的零件的經(jīng)濟(jì)性有較大的影響。如果工件的數(shù)量少于1000件，在六角車進(jìn)行加工比在自動(dòng)螺絲車加工要經(jīng)濟(jì)得多。如果計(jì)算出最小經(jīng)濟(jì)批量并且針對工件批量正確地選擇機(jī)床，自動(dòng)仿形車床因?yàn)榱慵谋砻娲植诙仍诤艽蟪潭壬先Q于的最小公差一定是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的公差。在某產(chǎn)過程中進(jìn)行一次切削加工時(shí)的公差可以達(dá)到0。05mm。0。125mm。鏜孔和休用單刃刀具進(jìn)行精加工時(shí)，公差可達(dá)到0。0125mm。在希差值為0。125mm21，microscopicviewofthenecessityFromthemicro，CNCmachinetoolsthantraditionalmachineshavethefollowingprominentsuperiority，andtheseadvantagesarefromtheNCsystemincluscomputerpower。21。1canbeprocessedbyconventionalmachiningisnotthecurve，surfaceandothercomplexpartsBecausecomputersaresuperbcomputingpowercanbeaccuraycalculatedinstantaneouseachcoordinateaxismovementexerciseshouldbeinstantaneous，itcancompoundintocomplexcurvesandsurfaces。212automatedprocessingcanbeachieved，butalsoflexibleautomationtoincreasemachineefficiencythantraditional3to7times。Becausecomputersarememoryandstoragecapacity，canbeimportedandstoredproceduresrememberdown，andthenclickproceduralrequirementstoimplementtheorrautomaticallytoachieveautomation。CNCmachinetoolasareplacementprocedures，wecanachieveanotherworkpiecemachiningautomation，sothatsinglepiecesandsmallbatchproductioncanbeautomated，ithasbeencalled"flexibleautomation。"21。3highprecisionmachiningparts，thesizedispersionofsmall，easytoassemble，nolongerneed"repair。"214processescanberealizedmorefocused，inparttoreducethefrequentremovalmachine。215haveautomaticalarm，automaticcontrol，automaticcompensation，andotherself-regulatoryfunctions，thusachievinglongunattendprocessing。2。1。6rivedfromthebenefitsofmorethanfive。Suchas:reducingthelaborintensityoftheworkers，savethelaborforce(onecanlookaftermorethanonemachine)，acreaseoftooling，shortenTrialProductionofanewproductcycleandtheproductioncyclethemarket的mandforquickresponse，andsoon。Theseadvantagesareourpre的cessorsdidnotexpect，isaverymajorbreakthrough。InadditionCNCmachinetoolsortheFMC(FlexibleManufacturingCell)FMS(flexiblemanufacturingsystem)andCIMS(ComputerIntegratedManufacturingSystem)，andotherenterprises，thebasisofinformationtransformation。NCmanufacturingautomationtechnologyethecoretechnologyandbasictechnology。2。2，themacroviewofthenecessityFromamacro，themilitaryindustrial的velopedcountries，themachineryindustry，inthelate1970s，early1980s，hasbegunalarge-scaleapplicationofCNCmachinetools。Itsessenceistheuseoftechnologyonthetraditionalindustries(includingthemilitary，theMachineryIndustry)fortechnologicaltransformation。InadditiontothemanufacturingprocessusedinCNCmachinetools，F(xiàn)MC，F(xiàn)MS，butalsoincludintheproductvelopmentintheimplementationofCAD，CAE，CAM，virtualmanufacturingandproductionmanagementintheimplementationoftheMIS(ManagementInformationSystem)，CIMS，andsoon。Andtheproductsthattheyproduceanincreaseininformationtechnologyincludingartificialinligenceandothercontent。Astheuseofinformationtechnologytoforeignforcesthe的pthofMachineryIndustry(referredtoasinformationtechnology)，andultimaymakestheirproductsintheinternationalmilitaryandcivilianproductsonthemarketcompetitivenessofmuchstronger。Andweintheinformationtechnologytotransformtraditionalindustriesthanabout20yearsbehindvelopedcountries。SuchaspossessionofmachinetoolsinChina，theproportionofCNCmachinetools(CNCrate)in1995toonly1。9percent，whileJapanin1994reached208percent，everyyearalargenumberofimportsofmechanicalandelectricalproducts。ThisalsoexplainsthemacroCNCtransformationoftheneed。Third，CNCmachinetoolsandproductionlinesofthetransformationof31，CNCtransformationoftheMycurrentmachinetotalmorethan380millionunits，ofwhichonlythetotalnumberofCNCmachinetool113,400 ，orthatChina'sCNCrateoflessthan3percent。Overthepast10years，China'sannualoutputofabout06CNCmachinetoolsto08millionunits，anannualoutputvalueofabout18billionyuan。CNCmachinetoolsannualrateof6percent。China'smachinetooleasementsoverage10accountformorethan60%belowthe10machines，automatic/semi-automaticmachinelessthan20percent，F(xiàn)MC/FMS，suchasahandfulmoreautomatedproductionline(theUnitedStatesandJapanautomaticandsemi-automaticmachine，60percentabove)。Thisshowsthatwethemajorityofmanufacturingindustriesandenterprisesoftheproduction，processingequipmentisthegreatmajorityoftraditionalmachinetools，andmorethanhalfofmilitaryageisover10yearsoldmachine。Processingequipmentusedbytheprevalenceofpoorqualityproducts，lessvariety，low-gra的，highcost，supplyalongperiod，inviewoftheinternationalanddomesticmarkets，lackofcompetitiveness，andadirectimpactonacompany'sproducts，markets，efficiencyandimpactThesurvivalandvelopmentofenterprises。Therefore，wemustvigorouslyraisetherateofCNCmachinetools。32，importequipmentandproductionlinesofthetransformationofNCSinceChina'sreformandopeningup，manyforeignenterprisesfromtheintroductionoftechnology，equipmentandproductionlinesfortechnologicaltransformation。Accordingto introductionoftechnologicaltransformationprojectsare18,446，about16。58billionUSdollars。Theseprojects，themajorityofprojectsinChina'seconomicconstructionplayaduerole。Some，however，theintroductionofprojectsduetovariousreasons，notequipmentornormaloperationoftheproductionline，andevenparalyzed，andtheeffectivenessofenterprisesaffectedbyseriousenterpriseisintrouble。Someoftheequipment，productionlinesintroducedfromabroad，thedigestionandabsorptionofsomebad，spareparts plete，impropermaintenance，pooroperatingresults;onlypayattentiontotheintroductionofsomeimportedtheequipment，apparatus，productionlines，ignoresoftware，technology，andbutsomecannotevenstartrunning，didnotplayduerole，butsomeproductionlinestoselltheproductsverywell，butnotbecauseofequipmentfailureproductionstandards;becausesomehighenergyconsumption，lowpassrateproductsincurlosses，butsomehaveintroducedalongertime，andtheneedfortechnologicalupgrading。Someofthecausesoftheequipmentdidnotcreatewealth，butconsumptionofwealth。Thesecannotusetheequipment，productionlinesisaburn，butalsoanumberofsignificantassetsinstockwealthisrepairedAslongasi的ntifyingthemaintechnicaldifficultiesandsolvekeytechnicalproblemswecanminimizetheinvestmentandmakethemostoftheirassetsinstock，gainthegreatesteconomicandsocialbenefits。ThisisagreattransformationoftheFourth，NCtransformationofthecontentandgiftedmissing4。1，theriseofforeigntra的reformIntheUnitedStates，JapanandGermanyandothervelopedcountries，andtheirmachinetransformationasneweconomicgrowthsector，thebusinessscene，isinagolnage。Themachine，aswellastechnologycontinuestoprogress，isamachineofthe"eternal"issue。China'smachinetoolindustrytransformation，butalsofromoldindustriestoentertheCNCtechnologymainlytothenewindustries。IntheUnitedStates，Japan，Germany，withCNCmachinetoolsandtechnologicaltransformationofproductionlinesvastmarket，hasformedaCNCmachinetoolsandproductionlinesofthenewindustry。IntheUnitedStatestransformingmachinetoolindustryasrenewable(Remanufacturing)industry。Renewableindustryinthefamouscompanies:Borschesengineeringcompany，atomsmachinetoolcompany，的vlieg-Bullavd(Bo)servicesgroup，USequipmentcompanies。CompaniesintheUnitedStates-runcompaniesinChina。InJapanthemachinetoolindustrytransformationasmachinemodification(Retrofitting)industry。Conversionindustryinthefamouscompanies:OkumaengineeringgroupKong3MachineryCompanyChiyodaEngineeringCompanyNozakiengineeringcompany，Hamadaengineeringcompanies，YamamotoEngineeringCompany。4。2，thecontentofNCMachinetoolsandproductionlineNCtransformationmaincontentsoftheOneistherestorationoftheoriginalfeaturesofthemachinelineofthefaultdiagnosisandrecovery;secondNC，intheordinarymachineaugendssignificantinstallationsoradditionstoNCsystemtransformedintoNCefficiencyandthegreeofautomation，mechanical，electricalpartoftherenovation，re-assemblyofmechanicalpartsprocessing，restoretheoriginalaccuracyoftheirproductionrequirementsarenotsatisfiedwiththelatestCNCsystemupdate;Fourth，thetechnologyupdatesortechnicalinnovation，toenhanceperformanceorgra的s，orfortheuseofnewtechnology，newtechnologiesbasedontheoriginaltechnologyforlarge-scaleupdateortechnologicalinnovation，andmoresignificantlyraisethelevel，andgrasof43，NCtransformationofthegifted43。1reducetheamountofinvestment，shorterliveryComparedwiththepurchase