貨物買賣法lec6買賣合同效

QUESTIONS&ANSWERSCONCERNINGTHEPREVIOUSLECTURE

lec-6Lec-6教學內容：2-4國際貨物買賣合同的效力2-4.1承諾的生效&要約的生效2-4.2承諾的生效&合同的成立2-4.3合同的成立&合同的效力2-4.4訂約意圖（legalintention）&

達成合意（consent）&

合法目的（legality）辨析2-4.5合同的形式（form）2-4國際貨物買賣合同的效力上周主要內容回顧：國際貨物買賣合同的成立要約&承諾（概念、構成條件）理清各個國際貨物買賣合同幾個的基本關系：-要約的構成，到-承諾的構成，到-合同的成立，到-合同的生效，到-合同的履行，到-合同消滅或爭議

2-4.1要約的生效&承諾的生效1.要約的生效時間、地點和意義-到達受要約人（世界法則）-約束要約人和受約人2.承諾的生效時間、地點和意義-到達要約人（CISG和我法，postalrule除外）-合同成立，（非合同生效）3.要約的生效和承諾的生效的關系？2-4.2承諾的生效&合同的成立

有關承諾生效與合同成立關系的若干問題1.承諾如果有效，合同必然成立嗎？2.如果合同成立，承諾必然有效嗎？3.承諾一旦生效，合同立刻成立嗎？如何理解待生效的合同？2-4.3合同的成立&合同的效力合同成立的概念和法律意義-在詞匯上：formation&validity-雙方合意：通過要約和承諾-合意法律效果：合意不一定合法合同生效的概念及其法律意義-合法，產生對當事人的法律拘束力-合同成立+合同生效的其他條件即：2.訂約意圖legalintention；

3.訂約的行為能力capacity；

4.意思表示真實genuineconsent；

5.對價consideration；

6.合同形式form7.合同合法legality合同生效的其他條件-訂約意圖legalintention

Presumption1(type1ofobjectivetest):itispresumedthatpartiestoanagreementofdomesticorsocialorvolunteeringnaturedonotintendtobelegallyboundunlessitisrebutted.Presumption2(type2ofobjectivetest):itispresumedthatpartiestoanagreementconcerningcommerceorbusinessintendtobelegallyboundunlessitisrebutted.

(Rose&FrankCo.vCrompton&BrosLtd)

abusinessagreementdrawnupbetweenaBritishcompanyandanAmericanfirm.Ithadallthesignsofbeinglegallybindingagreementbutcontainedthefollowingclause

“thisagreementisnotenteredinto,noristhismemorandumwrittenasaformalorlegalagreementandshallnotbesubjecttolegaljurisdictioninthelawcourts…butitisonlyadefiniteexpressionandrecordofthepurposeandintentionofthepartiesconcernedtowhichtheyeachhonorablypledgethemselves…”

legalintentioninvolvedbytheparties?

“thisagreementisnotenteredinto,noristhismemorandumwrittenasaformalorlegalagreementandshallnotbesubjecttolegaljurisdictioninthelawcourts…butitisonlyadefiniteexpressionandrecordofthepurposeandintentionofthepartiesconcernedtowhichtheyeachhonorablypledgethemselves…”

(參考譯文：所訂立的本協(xié)議或備忘錄并不是正式文件或法律協(xié)議,也不受法院管轄，它只是記載了合同當事人訂約的愿望和目的，為此當事人為了榮譽承諾如下……)

thelegaleffectofhonorclause:Contractcontainingan“honorclause”isnotlegallyeffective.Thecontractisactuallyregardedashonorableagreement,whichhasnoanylegalbindingforceupontheparties,althoughthecontractfunctionstopromotebothpartiestocarryitoutmorally.Therefore,“honorclause”incontractrebutsthepresumptionthatagreementsofabusinessnatureareintendedtobebinding.Rebuttalofpresumption2TEENRANCHPTYLTDV.BROWY(1955)FactsBrownwasavolunteerworkeratanon–profitChristianyouthcentre.Hereceivedaccommodation,foodandtheuseofthecampfacilitiesandwasexpectedtoobeycamprulesbuthereceivednowages.Whileworkingatthecamphewasinjuredandclaimedworker’scompensation.Question:wasthereacontractofemploymentthatwouldinreturnentitleBrowntoworker’scompensation?Decision:No，contractexistedbecausebothpartieshadnolegalintentionasBrown‘sworkwasvoluntary.InChinavoluntarycontractisnotregardedaslegalcontractasisofmoralnature,andthusshouldnotbegovernedbyourcontractlaw.

合同生效的其他條件-合同的合法性（legality）

貨物買賣合同合法性可有如下含義：出賣人轉移標的物（貨物）的所有權與買受人和買受人支付價款的-（1）.法律目的合法，如不允許把公共所有物竊為己有；-（2）.商業(yè)目的合法，如賺錢資助恐怖活動；-（3）.轉移標的物和支價行為本身合法，法律允許貨物正常買賣行為；則會不允許貨物大幅度賤賣；-（4）.買賣標的物合法，即法律允許標的物（如鋼材）交易，則不允許毒品交易；-（5）.買賣行為效果合法，即買賣行為所導致的直接后果法，如果所買賣賣的鋼材直接用于制造恐怖工具則非法；-（6）.還有交易主體資格、代理資格、等其他合法性問題。合同能夠的合法性主要是合同的法律目的合法性

2-4.4解析與合同效力有關的幾個

概念之間的相互關系合同生效的七大條件中，如下三個條件似乎相互有關聯，容易搞混，應當區(qū)別：達成合意（meetingofminds：offer&acceptance）訂約意圖（legalintention）合法目的（legality：contractualend）達成合意&訂約意圖、合法目的

達成合意未必具有訂約意圖，沒有訂約意圖也可以達成合意（如：honorclause）達成合意也未必符合合法目的（如：達成搶劫合同）訂約意圖&合法目的訂約意圖:強調當事人主觀上是否愿意踏入法律平臺，它解決合意的“入法或不入法”，即法律性和非法律性問題，它解決當事人是否要承擔法律責任問題；合法目的：強調當事人的合意“此法或彼法”，即合法與非法問題，它解決合意的是否能夠強制執(zhí)行，以及是否要承擔刑事責任的問題三者基本關系一句話表述當事人在具有訂約意圖（legalintention）的前提下或平臺上，經要約和承諾即合意（meetingofminds）以及其他法律條件（如：具有訂約行為能力、意思表示真實、和對價），通過實現法律目的（legality）來達到其商業(yè)目標。換句話來說：均具有訂立國際貨物買賣合同意圖（legalintention）當事人A和B，經合意（meetingofminds）和其他條件，通過合法地轉移貨物所有權這一法律目的（legality）來達到彼此盈利的商業(yè)目標。辨析合同成立與合同生效的關系和法律價值兩者關系：合同成立是合同生效的前提和條件；合同生效是合同成立的必然結果。法律價值：-合同成立：強調私法層面上的契約自由；-合同生效：強調管制法上的合同法制，依法自由和法律約束效果。問：我們訂約目的是追求合同成立還是合同效力？對國際貿易實務而言，何者對我們意義較大？英美法有效合同條件：一句話英美法合同有效的七大條件可以用一句話概括：一個具有訂約資格的人（capacity），內心想與他人訂約（legalintention），他必須把他內心的訂約思想通過要約承諾的過程（agreement-asprocedure）真實地表達出來（genuineconsent），就某種交換事項（consideration）與他人達成一致（agreementasmeetingofminds），這樣才能以某種合同形式（form）達到建立合同關系的目的（legality）。the7-requirementsofvalidcontractmanifestedinonesentenceAmanwithcontractualcapacity（capacity）,wholegallyintends（legalintention)tomakealawfulcontract（legality）withotherpeoplemustexpressitoutgenuinely（genuineconsent）throughoffer-acceptanceprocedure(agreement-asprocedure）toreachsortof(form)aagreement（agreementasmeetingofminds)onexchangeofsomethingvaluable（consideration）thetreeofvalidity

birthofcontract-fromformationtotermination

階段3:合同完全生效合同無效或消滅

可撤銷合同

階段2:合同生效待生效合同

階段1:合同成立

STOPFORTHETIMEBEING2-4.5合同的形式（form）合同的形式與各種類似合同形式要約與承諾的形式與合同成立的關系合同的形式與合同成立的關系合同格式戰(zhàn)合同的形式與各種類似合同形式Asthedifferentformsofofferandacceptancethecontractformscouldbeaswellasfollows:A.oralcontractB.writtencontractC.contractinactionD.electroniccontractA.oralformofcontract

Itisformulatedthroughlanguage.-Vis-a-visnegotiation-negotiationthroughtelephoneorMSNphoningsystemB.writtencontracta.legalsignificanceofcontractinwritingform

-judiciallyItprovidesevidenceofthecontract;-practically,itprovidesclearlymemorableandunderstandableobligations;-certainlawsrequestcontractinwritingformUCC:theamountofcontractforsaleofgoodsover$500Chineselaw:mercialdocumentssimilartowrittencontractThosesimilardocumentinclude:(1).memo(備忘錄);(2).generalagreement（原則協(xié)議書）;(3).letterofintent(意向書);(4).preliminaryagreement(初步協(xié)議書).（1）.memo(備忘錄)-arecordofnegotiation,-non-legaldocument（2）.generalagreement(原則性協(xié)議)alegaldocumentbutitneedstobefurtherdetailedinordertobeworkable.（3）.letterofintent(意向書)Adocumentwhereonepartygivesastrongindicationtotheotherthatheislikelytoplaceacontractwithhim.Usuallyitiswordednottocreatelegalobligation，However，insomecases,itmaybephrasedtoincludeainvitationtocommenceapreliminarywork,Insuchcircumstance,itcreatesanobligation.Casefollows.Case:letterofintent–legallybindingFacts:

Thedefendantaskedtheclaimanttosupplycertaintypeofgoods,andsenttheclaimantsaletterofintentstatingtheirintentiontoplaceanorderontheirstandardterms.Theclaimantstatedthattheywereunwillingtomakecontractonsuchterms,butstartedtomanufactureandeventuallycompletedanddeliveredallthegoodsrequestedbythedefendant.Theclaimantsuedforthevalueofthenodes,butthedefendantcounter-claimedfordamagesforthelatedelivery.Decision:Asthepartieshadnocontract,sotherewouldbenoquestionofdamagesforlatedeliveryrequestedbythecontract.However,sincetheclaimanthadundertakentheworkattherequestofthedefendantandthedefendanthadacceptedthework,theclaimantswerestillentitledtoareasonableremunerationfortherenderedservices.（4）preliminaryagreement(初步協(xié)議)preliminaryagreementoftenoccurswherethenegotiationtakesmonthsorevenyears,forinstance,negotiationforjointventureortechnologytransferorinvestment.Itmaywellhappenthatthenegotiatorshaveenteredintoapreliminaryagreementwithoutbeingconsciousofit.

Furthermore,theparties’intentionnottocreatelegallybindingrelationdoesnotproducethesameconsequencesunderalllegalsystems.Forexample,underFrenchlaw,theprincipleofconsensualism(協(xié)商一致)impliesthatacontractisconcludedwhenapartydemonstratestheexistenceofameetingofminds,withoutanyfurtherconditionbeingrequired.Comment：Frenchlawintendstoexploretheexistenceofthecontractformwhatthepartiesarethinking,ratherthanfromwhattheyhaveexpressedout.(theconstructionofcontract)Thus,theoralcontractbecomesmorejudiciallypractical.ThissortofruleofFrenchlawappliestoanycontractincludingPreliminaryagreementandthusleadtothecontractualobligationsimplybecause,inthecourseofdiscussion,theyhaveexpressedanagreementoncertainpoints.SothenegotiatorsneedtobeexternallywatchfulforsituationsthatcreateunintendedlegalobligationsThebestwaytopreventsuchsituationfromhappeningis:discussC.contractinactionItisalsocalled事實合同inChineseterminology.Thetypeofcontractisformulatedthroughactionsofbothparties,ratherthanbylanguageorbywriting.E.g.thecaseofletterofintentabovementioned.D.electroniccontract(電子合同形式)Therecentdevelopmentofe-commercea.thestandardbusinessmessagethatarebeingdevelopedforbothnationalandinternationaltrade.b.standardprocedurebeingintroducedbetweenseller,buyer,trade-relatedservices,customs,etctosupporttheimplementationofthemassage.c.thehardware,software,andnetworkservicesrequiredarenotrestrictedtonationalboundariesandshouldnotneedtobealteredforcommunicationwithpartiesabroad.d.languageindependenceisbuiltinthroughtheuseofUNdataelementsandinternationalcodesets-e.g.Termsofpaymentsanddeliveries,harmonizedcodingsystemforcommoditiesandservices,codesforidentifyingthepartiesandlocation,etc.e.thereductionofpaperworkisrequiredincross-boardtrade.Thebenefitsofe-commerceE-commerce

(1).itcreateshighmanagementbyquickeningdecision-makingprocessandfacilitatingeasy-tousesystemformanagementdataanalysis(2).itprovidesaccuracy,speedandefficiency(3).itraisestheorganization’sinternationalproaccess.(4).itmakesthecostmoreeffectiveFailuretobecomeinvolvedinE-commercewillresultinbusinessesorcompaniesnolongerbeingcompetitiveinthefuturemarketplace.Theweb-basedorelectronicoronlinebusiness(B2C/B2B)createsanewcategoryofcontract.However,onthewhole,thewebsitesalesactivitiesontheinternetarelargelyunregulatedsincethelawisstillinitsinfancy.NoticeableissuessforformationofelectroniccontractundercommonlawInwritingform:ItprovidesevidenceofthetermsofcontractSigned:somelegislations,e.g.UKandChina,havegivenlegaleffecttodigitalsignatureTimingofacceptance:thepostrule,withanyproblemsarisingfromit,probablyapplies,althoughthepointhasnotbeentested.Becauseinternete-mailsharesmanyqualitiesofconventionalMail,whichisnotabsolutelyinstantaneousandmaybesubjecttodelayConsideration:theinternetislargelyinsecure,thismaycauseproblemswhenitcomestopayment.practicallegalissuesfacedbythesellerandbuyerwhennegotiatingonline(7issues)1.Websiteshouldbeconstruedasshopwindows,thatisITTratherthanoffers2.Termsandconditionsgoverningelectronictransactionsshouldbemadeexplicitlyandclearly3.Anindicationofinterestbyapurchaservisitingthewebsiteshouldbeunderstoodbybothpartiestobeanoffer,notanacceptance,whichthesellerthenisfreetoacceptorreject.4.Thelawandjurisdictiongoverningthetransactionshouldbemadeclear5.Thesellershouldmakesurethatanywebpagesdonotcontravenelocallaws(forexample,thoserelatingtoadvertisingstandard)inthecountriestargeted6.Sellercancontinuetousedisclaimersofliabilities,clearlydisplayedonthewebsite,subjecttousualcustomerprotectionlawsonunfairterms7.Atimelimitshouldbesetforalloffersmadeonthewebsite,whichshouldtakeaccountofpotentialdelaysinreceivingemail.要約與承諾形式與合同成立的關系要約/承諾的形式與合同形式圖表

要約當面談判、電話信/電報/傳真/電郵行為口頭書面行為承諾當面電話口頭口頭合同書面合同？口頭合同？信、電報傳真電郵書面書面合同？書面合同書面合同？行為行為

事實合同(法理是:事實合同的特點是合同的成立與合同的履行在同一個時間)合同的形式與合同成立的關系在通常情況下，合同具備法定形式后合同成立，但有時合同在形式上的缺陷并不影響合同的成立，我國法律似乎更重視合同履行所產生效果的社會價值，至于合同的形式的重要性則其次。只要合同能夠雙方認可了合同的履行即便是合同的形式有缺陷，也認定合同成立，除非法律有強制性的合同形式的硬性要求如房屋買賣的書面形式要求。2-4.5.3我國法律：合同形式與合同成立關系形式意外與異議條件與合同成立法律效果口頭合同一方對口頭合同內容有異議合同已開始履行

合同認定成立書面合同但實際上沒有采取書面形式一方已履行主要義務，對方接受的在簽字或蓋章前依據交易習慣履行雙方對合同履行沒有異議如果一方對合同內容有異議一方已履行主要義務，對方不接受可能認定合同不成立4.5.4標準條款與合同格式戰(zhàn)

A：DefinitionofstandardtermsUNIDROTTprinciple:standardtermsareprovisionswhicharepreparedinadvanceforgeneralandrepeatedusebyonepartyandwhichareactuallyusedwithoutnegotiationwiththeotherparty.B.rulesregardingstandardtermsa.generalrulesonformationofcontractapplybutwiththefollowingexceptions（b-d）b.thetermcontainedinthestandardtermsshallhavenoeffectiftheotherpartycouldnothavereasonablyexpected;c.incaseofconflictbetweenthestandardtermandtermwhichisnotstandard,thelatterprevailsd.wherethecontractisconcludedcontainingthestandardtermusedbybothparties,thestandardtermsareinconflictwitheachother,thetermsnotinconflictareeffective.

C.battleofformBattleofformariseswherethepartiesexchangeinconsistentstandardformsduringthecontractnegotiationandreachtheagreementontheprincipaltermswithoutdecidingwhosestandardformshouldprevail.Resolution:1.classicallastshotapproach(usuallyusedforoffer/acceptance)-Thepartywinsthebattleifhesendsthelastinsistentformwhichusuallywillberegardedascounter-offer;or-thepartywinsifheismorepersistentininsistinghisownform.2.CISGapproach

CISGapproachArt19:

acceptancewithmodificationsacceptanceWithMaterialmodificationAcceptanceisnoteffectiveitisacounter-offeracceptancewithImmaterialmodificationAcceptanceiseffec