重工業(yè)向現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)型

HOWTOREGENERATETHELOCALECONOMYWITHNEWINDUSTRIESWHENTHEMINESCLOSEDOWN關(guān)閉礦井后，如何通過新行業(yè)振興當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)TRANSFORMATIONOFHEAVYINDUSTRIESTOWARDSMODERNSERVICEINDUSTRY

重工業(yè)向現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)變Changshang,China中國，長沙CONTENTS目錄HEAVYINDUSTRIES重工業(yè)DEFINITIONS定義MINECLOSURE關(guān)閉礦井POSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用INVESTMENTPROMOTIONINMININGAREAS促進(jìn)采礦區(qū)的投資COALINDUSTRYRESTRUCTURING:EUROPEANEXPERIENCE重組煤炭行業(yè)：歐洲經(jīng)驗(yàn)CASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAIN案例研究：西班牙阿斯圖里亞斯GUIDELINES指導(dǎo)方針CONCLUSIONS結(jié)論HEAVYINDUSTRIES重工業(yè)HEAVYINDUSTRIES:PRIMARYSECTOR(STEELMAKING,MINING,SHIPBUILDING,…)

重工業(yè)：主要行業(yè)（煉鋼、采礦、造船……）BLAMEDFORPOLLUTION造成污染 LARGEFACILITIES,i.e.LARGEINDUSTRIALGROUNDS大型設(shè)施，例如占用大量工業(yè)用地 BIGEMPLOYERS,MANYUNSKILLEDWORKERS企業(yè)規(guī)模龐大，許多工人缺乏技術(shù) MAINECONOMICALACTIVITYINTHEAREA當(dāng)?shù)刂饕慕?jīng)濟(jì)活動

Düsseldorf,1953DEFINITIONS定義RESTRUCTURING

重組PROCESSOFFINANCIALRECOVERY,REORGANISATIONANDREORIENTATIONOFANINDUSTRIALSECTORORENTERPRISE.ITAIMSTOREDUCECOSTANDREDEPLOYCAPACITYINTHESHORTTERMTOENABLECORPORATEVIABILITYOVERTHEMEDIUMTERM.INSOMECASES,THEONLYREALISTICOUTPUTOFRESTRUCTURINGISCLOSURE工業(yè)部門或企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇、重組和重新定位的過程。其目的是短期內(nèi)降低企業(yè)成本并重新部署資源，以提高企業(yè)長期發(fā)展的生命力。在某些情況下，重組唯一的現(xiàn)實(shí)出路就是停業(yè)關(guān)閉。REGENERATION重建PROCESSESINVOLVEDINTHEECONOMICRENEWALOFAREAS,PARTICULARLYTHOSEAFFECTEDBYTHELOSSOFJOBSTHROUGHTHERESTRUCTURINGORCLOSUREOFFORMEREMPLOYERS重建地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)的過程，特別是受企業(yè)重組或關(guān)閉影響而造成嚴(yán)重失業(yè)現(xiàn)象的地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)重建。RECONVERSION復(fù)原ADAPTINGANAREATOEXISTINGANDFUTUREECONOMICFORCES,SOTHATOVERTHELONGTERM,THEINHABITANTSANDCOMMUNITIESCANEXPECTLASTINGANDEQUITABLYDISTRIBUTEDJOBOPPORTUNITIES調(diào)整地區(qū)適應(yīng)現(xiàn)有或未來的經(jīng)濟(jì)力量，使居民和社區(qū)能長期地獲得持續(xù)、公平的就業(yè)機(jī)會MINECLOSURE關(guān)閉礦井

MINECLOSUREISTHEPERMANENTCESSATIONOFMININGOPERATIONSANDALLSUBSEQUENTACTIVITIESRELATEDTODECOMMISSIONINGANDSITEREHABILITATIONORMONITORING關(guān)閉礦井指永久性停止采礦作業(yè)以及與停運(yùn)、場地復(fù)原或監(jiān)控相關(guān)的一切后續(xù)活動。MINECLOSUREISAGROWINGPROBLEM關(guān)閉礦井是一個(gè)日益嚴(yán)重的問題MINECLOSUREDUETODEPLETIONOFMINEABLERESERVESECONOMICREASONSSAFETYREASON關(guān)閉礦井的原因可開采的資源枯竭

經(jīng)濟(jì)因素安全因素MAINIMPACTSOFMINECLOSURE關(guān)閉礦井的主要影響TECHNICAL/ENVIRONMENTALSOCIOECONOMICAL技術(shù)影響/環(huán)境影響社會經(jīng)濟(jì)影響Hituramine,Nivala,FinlandMINECLOSURE關(guān)閉礦井MINECLOSURE關(guān)閉礦井From“MineClosureHandbook”,byPMHeikkinenetal.,Espoo2008TECHNICAL/ENVIRONMENTALASPECTS

技術(shù)/環(huán)境影響

PHYSICAL,CHEMICALANDBIOLOGICALSTABILITYOFFORMERMINESITEANDREMAINS原采礦地點(diǎn)及殘留物的物理、化學(xué)及生物穩(wěn)定性SAFETYHAZARDSMINEOPENINGSSURFACEFACILITIES安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)礦井缺口地表設(shè)施REHABILITATIONOFMINESITEMINESITESPOILHEAPSTAILINGPONDS礦址復(fù)原采礦地點(diǎn)廢石堆尾礦池ENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSDEGRADEDENVIRONMENTACIDMINEDRAINAGESUBSIDENCESPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTION環(huán)境問題環(huán)境惡化排泄酸性礦水地表塌陷自燃Sandaolingmine,PRCSOCIOECONOMICALASPECTS

社會經(jīng)濟(jì)影響

MININGCOMPANIESUSUALLYARETHEMAINEMPLOYERSINTHEAREA煤礦企業(yè)通常是當(dāng)?shù)刂饕髽I(yè)MININGGENERATESMANYINDIRECTJOBS采礦業(yè)提供很多間接的就業(yè)機(jī)會COMPARATIVELYHIGHSALARIESPROVIDEFORHIGHLIVINGSTANDARD提供相對較高的薪水，有利于提高生活水平LARGELANDSURFACESTHATBECOMEIDLE大面積地表土地閑置SUDDENDECREASEOFECONONICACTIVITYMEANSWORSENINGOFLIVINGCONDITIONS經(jīng)濟(jì)活動的突然減少意味著生活條件的惡化POSSIBLERUPTUREOFTHECOMMUNITYLINK企業(yè)聯(lián)系可能中斷LACKOFJOBSCOULDLEADTOEMIGRATION缺乏就業(yè)機(jī)會可能導(dǎo)致移民POSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用WHENAMINECLOSESDOWN,DIFFERENTTYPESOFREMAINSARELEFTBEHIND:煤礦關(guān)閉后，殘留物有所不同：QUARRIESANDOPENCASTMINING:EXCAVATIONSANDLANDMOVEMENTSMOUNTAINMINING:SPOILTIPS,TRANSPORTFACILITIESANDADITSUNDERGROUNDMINING:BUILDINGSANDINDUSTRIALFACILITIES 采石場和露天開采：挖掘和地面活動 山區(qū)采礦：棄渣堆積，交通設(shè)施和平硐地下采礦：建筑物和工業(yè)設(shè)施AFTERCESSATIONOFMININGACTIVITIES:LARGELANDSURFACESBECOMEAVAILABLEINDUSTRIALHERITAGEBECOMESAVAILABLE采礦活動停止后：可利用的大面積地表土地可利用的工業(yè)設(shè)施POSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地地的利用SCENARIOSFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMININGLAND采礦土地開開發(fā)場景ORIGINALUSE原始用途MINECLOSURE礦井關(guān)閉REHABILITATION復(fù)原NEWUSE新用途MINING采礦Economical經(jīng)濟(jì)的Active主動Passive被動Ecological生態(tài)的TEMPORARYUSE臨時(shí)使用POSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地地的利用MAINGOALINMININGLANDUSEAFTERMINECLOSUREMUSTBETHEDESIGNOFASTRATEGYINORDERTOREUSEMININGLANDINORDERTOCREATE:NEWECONOMICALACTIVITIES (NEWINDUSTRIES,AGRICULTURE,COMMERCE,…)ENVIRONMENTALLYRESTOREDAREASUSEOFMININGHERITAGE(MUSEUMS,THEMEPARKS,…)礦井關(guān)閉后后，重新利利用原采礦礦土地的主主要目標(biāo)是是設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)個(gè)策略使采采礦土地重重新創(chuàng)造：：新的經(jīng)濟(jì)活活動（新的的工業(yè)、農(nóng)農(nóng)業(yè)、商業(yè)業(yè)……）環(huán)境復(fù)原地地區(qū)采礦遺留物物的利用（（博物館、、主題公園園……）POSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地地的利用MININGHERITAGE采礦業(yè)遺產(chǎn)產(chǎn)MININGISONEOFTHEOLDESTACTIVITIESINTHEHISTORYOFMANKIND采礦是人類類歷史上最最古老的活活動之一ALMOSTEVERYSTEPOFTECHNOLOGICALEVOLUTIONHASHADANEFFECTONMINING幾乎每一次次技術(shù)發(fā)展展都對采礦礦業(yè)有所影影響MININGCOVERSAWIDEGROUPOFTECHNICALSUBJECTS,BEINGATTHESAMETIMEATTRACTIVETOTHELAYMAN采礦業(yè)涉及及大量技術(shù)術(shù)，吸引外外來者SEVERALAREASINTHEWORLDSHOWAHIGHCONCENTRATIONOFMININGHERITAGEELEMENTSTHEMIDLANDS,WALESANDCORNWALL,GREATBRITAINRUHRVALLEY,SOUTHBAVARIAANDLAUSATIA,GERMANYNORD-PASDECALAIS,ALSACEANDLORRAINE,FRANCEASTURIAS,SPAINSILESIA,POLANDTHEAPPALACHIANS,USAZACATECAS,MEXICO世界界許許多多地地區(qū)區(qū)都都存存在在大大量量的的礦礦業(yè)業(yè)遺遺留留物物英國的中部地地區(qū)、威爾士士和康沃爾德國魯爾山谷谷、巴伐利亞亞南部和LAUSATIA西班牙阿斯圖圖里亞斯波蘭西里西亞亞美國阿巴拉契契亞山脈墨西哥薩卡特特卡斯MININGMUSEUMSANDGUIDEROUTESTHROUGHMININGHERITAGEHAVEBECOMEANEWINCOMESOURCEFORFORMERMININGAREAS建立采采礦博博物館館、開開辟穿穿越采采礦遺遺留物物的旅旅游路路線已已經(jīng)成成為原原采礦礦地區(qū)區(qū)新的的收入入來源源POSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦礦土地地的利利用MININGHERITAGE采礦業(yè)業(yè)遺產(chǎn)產(chǎn)NationalCoalMiningMuseumforEngland65MININGMUSEUMSINGREATBRITAIN英國有有65家采礦礦博物物館POSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦礦土地地的利利用MININGHERITAGE采礦業(yè)業(yè)遺產(chǎn)產(chǎn)120MININGMUSEUMSINGERMANY德國有有120家采礦礦博物物館DeutschesBergbaumuseumBochumPOSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦礦土地地的利利用MININGHERITAGE采礦業(yè)遺遺產(chǎn)20MININGMUSEUMSINFRANCE法國有20家采礦博博物館CentreHistoriqueMinierLewardePOSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土土地的利利用MININGHERITAGE采礦業(yè)遺遺產(chǎn)15MININGMUSEUMSINSPAIN西班牙有有15家采礦博博物館MuseodelaMineríaydelaIndustria,AsturiasPOSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土土地的利利用REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)區(qū)QUARRIESANDOPENCASTMINESMUSTBERESTOREDANDINTEGRATEDINTOTHEIRSURROUNDINGS,MINIMIZINGENVIRONMENTALIMPACT采石場和和露天礦礦必須重重建，使使其融入入周邊環(huán)環(huán)境，盡盡量減少少對環(huán)境境的影響響SPOILHEAPSCANALSOBEPROCESSEDAND/ORRESTORED廢石堆也也可以得得到處理理和/或重建THEFINALRESTORATIONPROJECTMUSTTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHEINTENDEDLANDUSE最終的修修復(fù)計(jì)劃劃必須考考慮到土土地的使使用意圖圖MAINUSESFORRESTOREDAREAS:FORESTWETLANDSCROPLAND/FARMINGRECREATION復(fù)原地區(qū)區(qū)的主要要用途：：森林濕地農(nóng)田耕地地/畜牧地休閑娛樂樂FINALGOAL:REUSETHELAND最終目標(biāo)標(biāo)：土地地的重新新利用Formerligniteopencastmines,Lausatia,GermanyPOSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土土地的利利用REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)區(qū)AESTHETICANDENVIRONMENTALLYSAFERESTORATIONOFSPOILHEAPSOFHAZARDOUSWASTE從審美和和保護(hù)環(huán)環(huán)境雙重重角度，，安全處處理含有有危險(xiǎn)廢廢物的廢廢石堆ALMADENMERCURYMINE,SPAIN西班牙阿阿拉馬登登銾礦POSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土土地的使使用REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)區(qū)REPROCESSINGOFCOALSPOILHEAPINCOMESOURCEBYSELLINGTHECOALCONTAINEDINITAVAILABILITYOFREUSABLEGROUNDDISPARITIONOFENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS煤礦廢渣渣回收利利用銷售礦渣渣中的煤煤以獲得得收入獲得可重重復(fù)使用用的土地地消除對環(huán)環(huán)境的負(fù)負(fù)面作用用Reicastrocoalspoilheap,Asturias,SpainPOSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土土地的利利用REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)區(qū)USEOFRESTOREDMINESITESINAGRICULTURE重建采礦礦土地，，用于發(fā)發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)業(yè)POSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土土地的使使用REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)區(qū)GENERATIONOFINDUSTRIALGROUNDFROMRESTOREDMININGLAND復(fù)原采礦礦土地，，變成工工業(yè)用地地Rioglassfactory,Sovilla,Asturias,SpainPOSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土土地的利利用REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)區(qū)GENERATIONOFINDUSTRIALGROUNDFROMRESTOREDMININGLAND復(fù)原采礦礦土地，，變成工工業(yè)用地地MariaLuisacolliery,Asturias,SpainPOSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土土地的利利用REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)區(qū)RECREATIONALUSE用于休閑閑娛樂OPENAIRANIMALPARKINAFORMEROPENCASTMINE在原露天天煤礦內(nèi)內(nèi)建立露露天動物物公園CABARCENO,SPAIN西班牙桑桑坦德POSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土土地的利利用REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)區(qū)ENVIRONMENTALRESTORATIONFORRECREATIONALUSE重建環(huán)境境，用于于休閑娛娛樂SANDANDGRAVELOPERATION,VIRGINIA,USA美國弗吉吉尼亞州州，治理理沙礫POSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土土地的利利用REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)區(qū)NEWLYPLANTEDTREESASAPARTOFAREFORESTATIONPLANINANOPENCASTMINE種植樹木木是對該該露天采采礦場進(jìn)進(jìn)行復(fù)原原的一部部分INVESTMENTPROMOTION促進(jìn)投資資GENERALCONSIDERATIONS總則INVESTMENTPROMOTION:ALLTHETASKSPERFORMEDINORDERTOATTRACTNEWINVESTMENTSTOACERTAINGEOGRAPHICALAREAINORDERTOGENERATENEWJOBSANDRICHNESSANDTOFOSTERECONOMICACTIVITY促進(jìn)投資資：在一定地地理區(qū)域域內(nèi)，所所有為吸吸引投資資采取的的舉措都都是為了了創(chuàng)造新新的就業(yè)業(yè)機(jī)會和和財(cái)富以以及促進(jìn)進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)活活動。INTODAY’SGLOBALIZEDWORLD,ALMOSTEVERYREGIONHASSETUPANINVESTMENTPROMOTIONBUREAU在當(dāng)前全全球化的的趨勢下下，幾乎乎所有地地區(qū)都成成立了招招商引資資局。GOVERNMENTINTERVENTION(NORMALLYATREGIONAL/LOCALLEVEL)ISREQUIRED需要政府府干預(yù)（（通常是是地區(qū)/當(dāng)?shù)卣母深A(yù)預(yù)）EXCESSOFFERSLEADSTOFIERCECOMPETITION,THUSMAKINGITNECESSARYTODEVELOPIMAGINATIVEANDATTRACTIVEADVANTAGEPACKAGES供過于求求導(dǎo)致了了激烈的的競爭，，因此有有必要開開發(fā)有創(chuàng)創(chuàng)造性和和吸引力力的產(chǎn)品品組合。。ASUCCESSFULINDUSTRIALPROMOTIONPOLICYGUARANTEESTHEFUTUREOFACOMMUNITY成功的招招商引資資政策可可以保證證社區(qū)未未來的發(fā)發(fā)展INVESTMENTPROMOTIONISTHEKEYTOFUTUREPROSPERITY促進(jìn)投資資是未來來經(jīng)濟(jì)繁繁榮的關(guān)關(guān)鍵INVESTMENTPROMOTION促進(jìn)投資MAINADVANTAGESOFMININGAREASAFTERMINECLOSUREINDUSTRIALGROUNDAVAILABLERICHINDUSTRIALHERITAGENEEDFORNEWEMPLOYERSAVAILABILITYOFWORKERSINDUSTRIALCULTUREANDTRADITION礦井井關(guān)關(guān)閉閉后后，，原原采采礦礦區(qū)區(qū)的的主主要要優(yōu)優(yōu)勢勢獲得得工工業(yè)業(yè)用用地地豐富富的的行行業(yè)業(yè)遺遺產(chǎn)產(chǎn)對新新企企業(yè)業(yè)的的需需求求獲得得勞勞動動力力工業(yè)業(yè)文文化化和和傳傳統(tǒng)統(tǒng)Hambachopencastmine,GermanyINVESTMENTPROMOTION促進(jìn)進(jìn)投投資資INSTRUMENTS:MUSTBECARRIEDOUTBYASPECIFICORGANISMCREATEDTOFULFILTHISTASKINMOSTCASESITISAVENTURECAPITALSOCIETY文書書：：必須須成成立立一一個(gè)個(gè)專專門門的的組組織織來來完完成成這這項(xiàng)項(xiàng)任任務(wù)務(wù)。。大大多多數(shù)數(shù)情情況況，，這這是是一一個(gè)個(gè)風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)投投資資團(tuán)團(tuán)體體。。GEOGRAPHICALSCOPE:NOTTOOBIG,NOTTOOSMALL,ATLEASTSUPRACOMUNAL地理理范范圍圍：：不不能能太太大大，，不不能能太太小小，，至至少少是是一一個(gè)個(gè)大大社社區(qū)區(qū)WHOMUSTBEREPRESENTEDINTHISBODY?EVERYCASEISSPECIAL,BUTATLEASTSOMEOFTHEFOLLOWINGSOCIALAGENTS:REGIONALGOVERNMENTLOCALGOVERNMENTSUNIONSBUSINESSMEN’’SASSOCIATIONSFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSMININGCOMPANIES這個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)必須每個(gè)案例都不完全相同，但至少應(yīng)具備下列社會因素：地區(qū)政府當(dāng)?shù)卣倘藚f(xié)會金融機(jī)構(gòu)采礦公司W(wǎng)HOSHOULDPROVIDETHEFUNDS? NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCALGOVERNMENTS MININGCOMPANIES PRIVATEINVESTORS由誰提供基金？國家/地區(qū)/當(dāng)?shù)卣傻V公司個(gè)體投資者COALINDUSTRYRESTRUCTURING煤炭業(yè)重組EUROPEANEXPERIENCES歐洲經(jīng)驗(yàn)COALINDUSTRYRESTRUCTURINGHASBEENANONGOINGPROCESSFORTHELAST50YEARSINDIFFERENTEUROPEANCOUNTRIES過去的50年中，歐洲的的很多國家都都在對煤炭業(yè)業(yè)進(jìn)行重組EACHCOUNTRYHASHADADIFFERENTAPPROACHTOTHISPROBLEM每個(gè)國家采取取的方式有所所不同COALINDUSTRYRESTRUCTURING煤炭行業(yè)重組組EUROPEANEXPERIENCES歐洲的經(jīng)驗(yàn)BELGIUM比利時(shí)INTEGRATEDMANAGEMENTPLANTHATINCORPORATEDBOTHMINECLOSURESANDTHECREATIONOFALTERNATIVEEMPLOYMENT將關(guān)閉礦井和和創(chuàng)造新的就就業(yè)機(jī)會相結(jié)結(jié)合，納入綜綜合管理計(jì)劃劃之中TRAININGPROGRAMSTAILOREDTOINDIVIDUALNEEDS根據(jù)個(gè)體需要要調(diào)整培訓(xùn)方方案PARTICULAREMPHASISONINMIGRANTCOMMUNITIESINTHECOALMININGAREAS特別需要注意意采礦地區(qū)的的移民區(qū)FRANCE法國STRONGLYSTRUCTUREDAPPROACH強(qiáng)有力的管理理方式THESTATEOWNEDCOALPRODUCINGCOMPANYHADARESPONSIBILITYTOFINDALTERNATIVEJOBSFORITSEMPLOYEES國有煤炭生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)企業(yè)有責(zé)任任為其員工找找到新的工作作COALINDUSTRYRESTRUCTURING煤炭業(yè)重組EUROPEANEXPERIENCES歐洲經(jīng)驗(yàn)GERMANY德國DIFFERENTSITUATIONSINEASTANDWESTGERMANY東德和西德情情況不同EASTGERMANY:RAPIDCONTRACTIONOFEMPLOYMENTINLIGNITEMINES東德：褐煤業(yè)業(yè)的就業(yè)率急急速萎縮WESTGERMANY:LONGTERMPLANNEDDECLINEINHARDCOALMININGEMPLOYMENT西德：無煙煤煤開采業(yè)的就就業(yè)長期按計(jì)計(jì)劃減少“SOCIALLYACCEPTABLE””APPROACHTOMINECLOSURESANDTHEIMPACTONMININGCOMMUNITIES以“社會上可可接受的”方方式關(guān)閉煤礦礦并減小對采采礦區(qū)的影響響THENETHERLANDS荷蘭TOTALCOALMININGCLOSUREINTHEEARLY1970s早在20世紀(jì)70年代就關(guān)閉了了所有的煤礦礦ITISPOSSIBLETOSTUDYTH無法研究煤炭業(yè)重組對社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)的長期影響COALINDUSTRYRESTRUCTURING煤炭炭業(yè)業(yè)重重SPAIN西班班牙牙CONSIDERATIONOFSOCIALCONSEQUENCESONGEOGRAPHICALLYISOLATEDCOMMUNITIES考慮慮地地理理上上隔隔離離的的社社區(qū)區(qū)的的社社會會影影響響HIGHCOSTSUPPORTMEASURES高成成本本的的支支持持措措施施NORADICALRESTRUCTURINGOFHARDCOALMININGINDUSTRYHASTAKENPLACE沒有有發(fā)發(fā)生生對對無無煙煙煤煤開開采采業(yè)業(yè)的的激激進(jìn)進(jìn)重重組組UNITEDKINGDOM英國國MASSIVESHORT-TERMRESTRUCTURING大量量的的短短期期重重組組SIGNIFICANTSOCIALANDECONOMICPROBLEMSINMININGCOMMUNITIESWITHINWHICHALTERNATIVEEMPLOYMENTWASLIMITED采礦礦區(qū)區(qū)內(nèi)內(nèi)其其他他工工作作機(jī)機(jī)會會有有限限，，因因此此出出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)嚴(yán)嚴(yán)重重的的社社會會和和經(jīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)濟(jì)問問題題CASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAIN案例例研研究究：：西西班班牙牙阿阿斯斯圖圖里里亞亞斯斯AUTONOMOUSCOMMUNITYOFTHEPRINCIPALITYOFASTURIAS阿斯斯圖圖里里亞亞斯斯公公國國的的自自治治社社區(qū)區(qū)LOCATEDINNORTHERNSPAIN位于于西西班班牙牙北北部部SURFACE:10.604SQUAREKILOMETRES面積積：：10.604平方方公公里里人口口：：居民民TRADITIONALMAINACTIVITIES:COALMININGANDSTEELMAKING(PUBLICCOMPANIES)傳統(tǒng)的主主要經(jīng)濟(jì)濟(jì)活動：：開采煤煤礦和煉煉鋼（上上市公司司）CASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAIN案例研究究：西班班牙阿斯斯圖里亞亞斯COALM(CENTRALASTURIANMININGBASIN)煤礦開采區(qū)域（阿斯圖里亞斯中部煤礦區(qū)）VALLEYSOFTHERIVERSNALONANDCAUDALNALON和CAUDAL河的山谷11MUNICIPALITIES11個(gè)自治市25%OFASTURIASPOPULATION占阿斯圖里亞斯人口的25%MAINECONOMICACTIVITY:COALMINING主要經(jīng)濟(jì)活動：煤礦開采COMPANY:HUNOSA(STATEOWNED)公司：HUNOSA（國有）SieroLangreoSMRALavianaMieresAllerMorcinRiosaCASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAIN案例研究究：西班班牙阿斯斯圖里亞亞斯NUMBEROFWORKERSPEAK(1969):26.590TODAY(2008):3.500NUMBEROFCOLLIERIES1967:292008:8工人數(shù)量量頂峰時(shí)期期（1969年）：26，590目前（2008）：3，500煤礦數(shù)量量1967:292008:8CASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAIN案例研究究：西班班牙阿斯斯圖里亞亞斯TOCREATEANINDUSTRIALNETWORKALTERNATIVETOMININGTOGENERATEJOBSANDRICHNESSINTHECOALMININGBASINTOREINFORCETHEECONOMICSTRUCTUREINTHECOALMININGBASINTOCOMPENSATEFORTHELOSSOFMININGEMPLOYMENTTOREUSEHUNOSA’SIDLEGROUNDGOALSOFTHEASTURIANREGENERATIONPROCESSCASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAIN案例研究究：西班班牙阿斯斯圖里亞亞斯EDUCATIONANDTRAININGINVESTMENTPROMOTIONINFRASTRUCTURESMAINFIELDSOFACTIVITYPLANFORCOALMININGANDTHEALTERNATIVEDEVELOPMENTOFCOALMININGAREASCASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAIN案例研究究：西班班牙阿斯斯圖里亞亞斯SOCIEDADREGIONALDEPROMOCION100%REGIONALGOVERNMENTSOCIEDADPARAELDESARROLLODELASCOMARCASMINERAS50%REGIONALGOVERNMENT50%HUNOSASADIMINVERSIONES100%HUNOSAVENTURECAPITALSOCIETIESCASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAINTOTALINVESTMENTSUBSIDIESJOBSCREATEDTOTALINVESTMENTSUBSIDIESJOBSCREATEDTOTALINFRASTRUCTURE1160,69287,321448,01INVESTMENTPROMOTION1179,09214,22497340,729,341191219,81EDUCATION&TRAINING115,7539144,75TOTAL2455,53214,224973367,049,34119RESULTSACHIEVED1998-20052006-2012Datainmillion€€GUIDELINES指導(dǎo)方針針OVERALLRESTRUCTURINGSTRATEGY整體重組組戰(zhàn)略LONG-TERMPLANNINGOFRESTRUCTURINGALLOWSFOREARLYACTIONMEASURES重組的長長遠(yuǎn)規(guī)劃劃要考慮慮到早期期行動舉舉措NEEDFORAHIGHLEVELOFCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENALLPARTIESINVOLVED需要涉及及方的高高度溝通通和交流流ESTABLISHMENTOFAGUIDINGMANAGEMENTSTRUCTURE建立一個(gè)個(gè)指導(dǎo)性性的管理理機(jī)構(gòu)REGENERATIONSTRATEGIESMUSTADDRESSTHENEEDSOFDIRECTLYAFFECTEDWORKFORCEANDOFTHECOMINGGENERATION重建戰(zhàn)略略必須解解決受到到直接影影響的勞勞動力以以及未來來勞動力力的需求求EARLYRETIREMENTSCHEMESHAVEBEENWIDELYUSEDMAINPROBLEMS:LONG-TERMLIABILITYTOSUPPORTRETIREDPEOPLELOSSOFSKILLS提前退休計(jì)劃劃已得到了廣廣泛的應(yīng)用主要問題：為為保障退休人缺乏技術(shù)熟練工人EDUCATIONANDTRAININGAREVITALCOMPONENTSOFTHEREGENERATIONPROCESS教育和培訓(xùn)是重建進(jìn)程中必不可少的重要組成部分SMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESOFFERGREATEREMPLOYMENTPOTENTIAL中小型企業(yè)具有提供更多工作機(jī)會的潛力NEEDFOR“MENTALADJUSTMENT”需要“心理順應(yīng)”GUIDELINES指導(dǎo)方針AFFECTEDCOMMUNITIES受到影響的社社區(qū)需要公開承諾維護(hù)受影響社區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動RECOGNISETHESENSEOFLOSSWHENAHEAVYINDUSTRYCLOSESDOWN一項(xiàng)重工業(yè)關(guān)閉時(shí)，承認(rèn)其損失MAINTAININGTHEIDENTITYSIGNSLINKEDTOFORMERECONOMICACTIVITIES保持與先前經(jīng)濟(jì)活動相關(guān)的標(biāo)志MAINTAINCONTINUITYOFCOMMUNITYSERVICES保持社區(qū)服務(wù)的連續(xù)性CAREFORTHEHOUSINGREQUIREMENTS(IFHOUSINGWASLINKEDTOJOBS)關(guān)注住房需求（如果住房與原工作掛鉤）COLLABORATIONFORTHEESTABLISHMENTOF“SELF-HELP”O(jiān)RGANISATIONS合作成立“自助”組織EVALUATERESETTLEMENTWHENTHEREARENOFUTUREPROSPECTS如果沒有未來發(fā)展前景，評估重新安置GUIDELINES指導(dǎo)方針AFFECTEDINDIVIDUAL受到影響的個(gè)個(gè)人NEEDFORINDIVIDUALSUPPORTFROMORGANISATIONSTHEYCANTRUST需要由個(gè)體體信任的組組織向個(gè)體體提供支持持RETRAININGAPPROPRIATETOTHENEEDSOFPOTENTIALFUTUREEMPLOYERS根據(jù)未來潛潛在工作機(jī)機(jī)會的需要要進(jìn)行再培培訓(xùn)ADVICEONJOBSEARCHINGANDTRAININGMUSTBEPROVIDEDONANINDIVIDUALBASIS必須向個(gè)體體提供就業(yè)業(yè)咨詢和培培訓(xùn)INDEPENDENTFINANCIALADVICEISIMPORTANT獨(dú)立的財(cái)務(wù)務(wù)咨詢很重重要TRANSITIONALINCOMESUPPORTWHENMINERSTAKELOWER-PAIDWORK當(dāng)?shù)V工從事事低收入工工作時(shí)，必必須提供過過渡性的收收入支持VERYLOWENTREPRENEURIALSKILLSAMONGAFFECTEDINDIVIDUALS受到影響的的個(gè)人非常常缺乏創(chuàng)業(yè)業(yè)技能GUIDELINES指導(dǎo)方針COSTIMPLICATIONS成本問題AUTHORITIESMUSTMAKEBUDGETPROVISIONSFOR:當(dāng)局局必必須須為為下下列列情情況況提提供供預(yù)預(yù)算算撥撥款款：：THEPHYSICALRESTRUCTURINGORCLOSUREPROCESSSITEENVIRONMCONSTRUCTIONOFNEWINFRASTRUCTUREANDCOMMERCIALFACILITIESATTRACTIONOFNEWEMPLOYMENT(PROMOTIONANDFISCALINCENTIVES)ASSISTANCETOFORMERWORKERSWHOREMAININTHEWORKMARKETIMPROVEDEDUCATIONFACILITIESLONG-TERMFINANCIALSUPPORTFORTHEEARLYRETIREDSOCIALSECURITYBENEFITSLONG-TERMPENSIONSUPPORTFORTHERETIREDCONTINUINGSUPPORTFORCOMMUNITYBASEDSERVICES實(shí)體重組或關(guān)閉礦址環(huán)境復(fù)原新基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施或商業(yè)設(shè)施建設(shè)吸引新的就業(yè)機(jī)會（促進(jìn)投資和財(cái)政鼓勵）對仍在尋找就業(yè)機(jī)會的前煤礦工人提供援助改善教育設(shè)施對提前退休人員的長期財(cái)政支持社會保障福利長期為退休人員提供養(yǎng)老金繼續(xù)支持社區(qū)服務(wù)CONCLUSIONS結(jié)論RESTRUCTURINGORCLOSUREOFANYMAJORINDUSTRYISANEMOTIVE任何主要行業(yè)的重組或關(guān)閉都容易引起涉及方的情緒波動并造成壓力RESPONSESOFMAJORPLAYERSINVOLVED(LOCAL/REGIONAL/NATIONALGOVERNMENTS,MININGCOMPANIES,TRADESUNIONSANDFINANCIALINSTITUTIONS)AREFUNDAMENTALFORSUCCESSORFAILUREOFTHEPROCESSINTERMSOFSECURINGSOCIALANDECONOMICFUTUREOFTHEPEOPLEAFFECTED主要參與者（地方/地區(qū)/國家政府，礦業(yè)公司，貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟和金融機(jī)構(gòu)）的響應(yīng)對能否成功保障未來社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)安全至關(guān)重要GOODLIAISONBETWEENTHEMPROVIDESTHEFOUNDATIONFORFUTUREECONOMICREGENERATION各方的良好溝通為重建經(jīng)濟(jì)打下基礎(chǔ)POORCOMMUNICATIONANDLACKOFANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHTOREGENERATIONAREKEYFACTORSFORLONG-TERMSOCIALANDECONOMICDEPRIVATION溝通不足，缺少重建的完整方案是造成社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)長期衰退的主要原因INVESTMENTPROMOTIONISTHEKEYTOAPROMISINGFUTURE促進(jìn)投資是未來經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的關(guān)鍵9、靜靜夜夜四四無無鄰鄰，，荒荒居居舊舊業(yè)業(yè)貧貧。。。。12月月-2212月月-22Saturday,December31,202210、雨中黃黃葉樹，，燈下白白頭人。。。15:50:4315:50:4315:5012/31/20223:50:43PM11、以我我獨(dú)沈沈久，，愧君君相見見頻。。。12月月-2215:50:4315:50Dec-2231-Dec-2212、故人江海海別，幾度度隔山川。。。15:50:4315:50:4315:50Saturday,December31,202213、乍乍見見翻翻疑疑夢夢，，相相悲悲各各問問年年。。。。12月月-2212月月-2215:50:4315:50:43December31,202214、他鄉(xiāng)生白