初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)態(tài)

九、動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)知識(shí)要點(diǎn)：概念：語(yǔ)態(tài)表示的是動(dòng)作的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)中有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，分別用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)是行為者還是接受動(dòng)作者。只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如果主語(yǔ)是行為者，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如果主語(yǔ)是接受動(dòng)作者，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中可以省略動(dòng)作的行為者，如果有必要，則可以通過(guò)by引出動(dòng)作行為者。如：Yourlittleboybrokemykitchenwindowthismorning.（主動(dòng)）Mykitchenwindowwasbrokenbyyourlittleboy.（被動(dòng)）Chineseisspokenhere.（出于習(xí)慣或默認(rèn)的事實(shí)，沒(méi)必要指出動(dòng)作的行為者，省略）一、不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成am,are,is+done一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)Iamoftenpraisedbytheteachers.我經(jīng)常受到老師們的表?yè)P(yáng)。was/were+done一般過(guò)去時(shí)IwasaskedtogotoHarbinonbusinessyesterday我昨天被派往哈爾濱出差了。shall/will+done一般將來(lái)時(shí)Thesportsmeetingwillbeputoff.運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)將被推遲。should/wouldbe+done一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)Hetoldmethathewouldbeaskedtoattendtheopeningceremony他告訴我說(shuō)他將被邀請(qǐng)參加開(kāi)幕式。am/are/is+being+done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)Thenewteachingbuildingisbeingbuilt.新的教學(xué)大樓正在修建。was/were+being+done過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)MylittlebrotherwasbeingscoldedbymyfatherwhenIgothome.我到家時(shí)，我小弟弟正在受我父親的責(zé)備。have/has+been+done現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)Thisclasshasbeentaughtbymeforthreeyears.這個(gè)班我已經(jīng)教了三年了。had+been+done過(guò)去完成時(shí)WhenIgotthere,hehadbeenkilled我到那兒時(shí)，他已經(jīng)被人殺害了。shall/willhavebeendone將來(lái)完成時(shí)TheworkwillhavebeenfinishedbythetimeIcomeback.到我回來(lái)時(shí)此工作將已完成。should/wouldhavebeendone過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)HesaidthatBookonewouldhavebeenfinishedbytheendofthisterm.他說(shuō)到本學(xué)期末以前第一冊(cè)書(shū)將已學(xué)完。二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞Thistaskmustbefinishedin10days.這項(xiàng)工作必須在10天內(nèi)完成。1?情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。例如：Sheshouldhavebeencriticizedforhercarelessnessintheexam.她在考試中粗心大意，本來(lái)應(yīng)該受到批評(píng)。Aswehaveknown,goodthingscanbeturnedintobadthings眾所周知，好事也能變成壞事。2?havetodo,oughttodo,betodo,和begoingtodo的被動(dòng)式是把do變成bedone。例如：Thisbookisgoingtobefinishednextweek.這本書(shū)將在下周寫(xiě)完。Thisproblemoughttohavebeentakenintoconsideration這個(gè)問(wèn)題本來(lái)應(yīng)該考慮。三、常用的被動(dòng)句句型1、主語(yǔ)+get+過(guò)去分詞+其他。本句型在口語(yǔ)中用的比較多。其特點(diǎn)是不能和by+動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者連用。例如：ShegotkilledintheFirstWorldWar她在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中被殺害。Hegotdismissedfromthefactoryyesterday昨天他被工廠(chǎng)開(kāi)除了。2、主語(yǔ)+be+形容詞+to+be+過(guò)去分詞+其他。本句型的特點(diǎn)：謂語(yǔ)是由兩部分合成的。第一部分是'be+形容詞”起著輔助說(shuō)明的作用；而第二部分是不定式的被動(dòng)態(tài)，起著決定性的作用。例如：Shewasunluckytobeinjuredinthataccident.她不幸的是在事故中受傷。CastIronisapttobebroken.生鐵容易破裂。3、主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+tobe+過(guò)去分詞+其它。本句型的特點(diǎn)：謂語(yǔ)由兩部分構(gòu)成。第一部分是主動(dòng)態(tài)，而第二部分是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，是此句型表達(dá)的主要內(nèi)容。例如：WouldyouliketobetaughtEnglish?你愿意學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)嗎？Heaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountrysideaftergraduation.畢業(yè)之后他請(qǐng)求至U農(nóng)村去工作。4、主語(yǔ)+被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)+介詞或者副詞+by執(zhí)行者。本句型的特點(diǎn)是：被動(dòng)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后本來(lái)就帶有介詞或者副詞，一定要注意介詞和副詞不能省略。例如：ShewaswelllookedafterwhenIwasaway當(dāng)我不在時(shí)，她被照顧得很好。Thatmanovertherecanbedependedon.那邊的那個(gè)人是可以依賴(lài)的。5、It（形式主語(yǔ)）+被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)+名詞或者形容詞+實(shí)際主語(yǔ)+其它。本句型的特點(diǎn)：It是形式主語(yǔ)，實(shí)際主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（forsb.todosth.）、動(dòng)詞名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（one'sdoing）。例如：ItwasfoundhardforustomasterEnglishinayear我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)要在一年之內(nèi)精通英語(yǔ)是很難的。Itwasprovedrighttodoit.做那件事已經(jīng)證明是正確的。6、It+被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)+實(shí)際主語(yǔ)（that或者連接疑問(wèn)代詞或者連接疑問(wèn)副詞+從句）。本句型的特點(diǎn)：It的用法和句型5相同，是形式主語(yǔ)，實(shí)際主語(yǔ)是由that或者疑問(wèn)代詞或者疑問(wèn)副詞引導(dǎo)的從句。把實(shí)際主語(yǔ)放在句尾，就是平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：Ithasbeenmadeclearwhowilltakepartinthesportsmeet.誰(shuí)將參加運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)已經(jīng)宣布了。Ithasbeendecidedwhenandwherewearetoholdthemeeting.我們何時(shí)何地舉行會(huì)議，已經(jīng)決定了。7、主語(yǔ)+被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)+（介詞）+保留賓語(yǔ)+（by+執(zhí)行者）。例如：Thematterwasthenreportedtoeverystudentbytelephone.這件事后來(lái)用電話(huà)報(bào)告給每個(gè)學(xué)生。Educationmustbecombinedwithproductionlabor.教育必須與生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)相結(jié)合。Mr.Blackwasgivenaprize布拉克先生得了獎(jiǎng)。8、主語(yǔ)+被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、名詞、形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等）+（其它）。本句型的特點(diǎn)：在主動(dòng)句型中，補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；但在被動(dòng)句中，是主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如：Hewasappointedmanagerofthecompany他被任命為公司的經(jīng)理。Becauseofhisillness,hewasnotpermittedtoplaycricket.因?yàn)樗胁?，不許他玩板球。9、主語(yǔ)+被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)+被動(dòng)不定式+其它。本句型的特點(diǎn)：由于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是被動(dòng)，其后的動(dòng)詞不定式也是被動(dòng)，因此形成雙重被動(dòng)。例如：Anybooksandmagazinesarenotpermittedtobetakenoutofthelibrary.任何書(shū)刊不準(zhǔn)帶出圖書(shū)館。Thechairmaninthiscountryisreportedtohavebeenmurderedthedaybeforeyesterday.據(jù)報(bào)道這個(gè)國(guó)家的主席前天被謀殺。使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)1、動(dòng)詞be＋過(guò)去分詞這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，并非都是被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。有時(shí)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。兩者的區(qū)別是：系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語(yǔ)的所處的狀態(tài)或者主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)；而被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示動(dòng)作。例如：Thebowlisbroken.這個(gè)碗碎了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）Thebowlwasbrokenbymylittlebrother這個(gè)碗是我小弟弟打破的。（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)）Theclassroomiscrowdedwithstudents.教室里擠滿(mǎn)了學(xué)生。（系表示結(jié)構(gòu)）Thestudentswerecrowdedintotheclassroom.學(xué)生們被塞到教室里。（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)）2、在動(dòng)詞need,require和want之后用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。如：Theroomneedscleaning/tobecleaned.這個(gè)房間需要清掃了。Thefloorrequireswashing/tobewashed.地板需要洗刷了。3、形容詞worth之后用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。例如：Thebookiswellworthreading.這本書(shū)很值得一看.HetoldTom'snotherthatTomwasnotbrightandwasnotworthteaching他告訴湯姆的母親，湯姆不聰明,不值得一教。4、并非所有的及物動(dòng)詞都能變成被動(dòng)態(tài),當(dāng)動(dòng)詞表示某種情況或狀態(tài)時(shí),而不是表示動(dòng)作時(shí)，就不能用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。常用的動(dòng)詞有：becomeof結(jié)果成為，遭受，looklike看起來(lái)象，suit適合，contain包含，equal等于，hold容納，mean意味著，consistof由組成等。例如：IjoinedthePartyin1978.我是在1978入黨的。Thisroomcanhold100people.這個(gè)房間能容納100人。5、動(dòng)詞have不論在什么情況下都不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。IhavesomeEnglishbooks.我有一些英語(yǔ)書(shū)。Wehadawonderfultimeyesterday昨天我們玩得很痛快。6、當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞reach,leave,enter，turn等的賓語(yǔ)是表示地點(diǎn)或者是處所時(shí)，只能用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：IwillringyouupassoonasIreachBeijing.—至U北京，我就給你打電話(huà)。SheleftHarbinforShanghaithedaybeforeyesterday前天她離開(kāi)哈爾濱去上海了。7、一般來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞或者是不定式時(shí)不能變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：Ihopetodothisworkbymyself.我希望自己做此工作。Doyouliketodosomereading？你喜歡讀點(diǎn)書(shū)嗎？8、當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是主語(yǔ)身體的一部分時(shí)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，不能變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：Atthebadnews,sheshookherheadsadly.—聽(tīng)到這個(gè)壞消息，他就悲傷地?fù)u了搖頭。Youshouldnothaveputyourhandsintoyourpockets你本來(lái)就不應(yīng)該把手放在衣袋里。9、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如果遇到這種情況時(shí)，可以用一般將來(lái)時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)來(lái)代替。例如：Wehavebeendoingthisworkforaboutthreehours.Thisworkhasbeendonebyusforaboutthreehours.我們做此工作一直做了大約三個(gè)小時(shí)了。

10、一些由動(dòng)詞變來(lái)的名詞，以一^er或者一^or結(jié)尾時(shí)含有主動(dòng)的意義，而一ee結(jié)尾時(shí)含有被動(dòng)的意義。例如：Theemployeesayshellototheemployereverymorning.每天早晨雇員向雇主問(wèn)候。Thepayerdidn'believeinthepayee.付款人不信任收款人?！緦?zhuān)項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練】：一.選擇題()1.anewlibraryinourschoollastyear?A.Is;builtB.Was;builtC.Does;buildD.Did;build()2.Anaccidentonthisroadlastweek.A.hasbeenhappenedB.washappenedC.ishappenedD.happened()3.CottoninthesoutheastofChina.A.isgrownB.aregrownC.growsD.grow()4.Sofar,themoonbymanalready.A.isvisitedB.willbevisitedC.hasbeenvisitedD.wasvisited()5.AtalkonChinesehistoryintheschoolhallnextweek.A.isgivenB.hasbeengivenC.willbegivenD.gives()6.Howmanytreesthisyear?A.areplantedB.willplantC.havebeenplantedD.planted()7.Alotofthingsbypeopletosavethelittlegirlnow.A.aredoingB.arebeingdoneC.hasbeendoneD.willbedone()8.NeitheroftheminChina.A.ismadeB.aremadeC.weremadeD.made()9.Thedoctorforyet.A.isn'tsentB.hasn'tbeensentC.won'tbesentD.wasn'tsent()10.--When___thiskindofcomputers?--Lastyear.A.did;useB.as;usedC.is;usedD.are;used()11.TheGreatWallallovertheworld.A.knowsB.knewC.isknownD.wasknownA.knowsB.knewC.isknownD.wasknown()12.Iinsummer.A.bornB.wasbornC.havebeenbornD.amborn()13.HesaysthatMr.Zhangtothefactorynextweek.A.issentB.wouldsendC.wassentD.willbesent()14.Themonkeywasseenoffthetree.A.jumpB.jumpsC.jumpedD.tojump()15.Theschoolbag___behindthechair.A.putsB.canbeputC.canbeputtedD.canput二.將下列句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，每空一詞。Wecanfinishtheworkintwodays.Theworkintwodays.TheyproducesilkinSuzhou.SilkinSuzhou.ThechildrenwillsinganEnglishsong.AnEnglishsong___bythechildren.Youneedn'tdoitnow.Itbyyounow.Peopleusemetalformakingmachines.Metalformakingmachines.Hemademedothatforhim.Ithatforhim.Didtheybuildabridgehereayearago?abridgeherebythemayearago?We'llputonanEnglishplayinourschool.AnEnglishplayoninourschool.Mybrotheroftenmendshiswatch.Hiswatchbymybrother.Wemustwatertheflowerseveryday.Theflowersmust______(byus)everyday.Theyuseknivesforcuttingthings.Knives______forcuttingthings.Didhebreakthewindowyesterday?thewindow______yesterday?Theyhavesoldoutthelightgreendresses.Thelightgreendressesout.Wecleantheclassroomeveryday.Theclassroomeveryday.三．用動(dòng)詞的正確語(yǔ)態(tài)填空。Thestudentsoften(tell)totakecareoftheirdesksandchairs.Thatplay(put)onagainsometimenextmonth.Theoldmanisill.He(mustsend)tothehospital.Vegetables,eggsandfruits(sell)inthisshop.What___aknife(make)of?APianoconcert(give)herelastFriday.themagazine(cantake)outofthelibrary?Theroom(clean)bymeeveryday.Thestars(cansee)inthedaytime.Someflowers(water)byLiMingalready.Thesekindsofmachines(make)inJapan.Russian(learn)asthesecondlanguagebysomestudentsinChina.Thecinema(build)in1985.Thebike(mustnotput)here.Abeautifulhorse(draw)byJohnnextday.Thiskindofmachine(canmade)byuncleWang.ThePLA(found)onAugust1st,1927.Bythetimehewasten,theboy(learn)EnglishandFrench.you(see)thefilmyet?Yes,I(see)itlastweek.UncleWang(live)heresince1980Listen!Someone(sing).22.Tom(nothave)breakfastyeste