-高中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解-事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

閱讀第1講事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題細(xì)節(jié)理解題是高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中占比重最大的一類(lèi)題型，這類(lèi)題旨在考查考生對(duì)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的理解。主要針對(duì)who,what,which,why,how,when,where等來(lái)提問(wèn)，可能只針對(duì)文章中某一特定的細(xì)節(jié)，也可能涉及若干個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)?！究季V解讀】.從近幾年實(shí)施細(xì)節(jié)題的考查來(lái)看，不僅是數(shù)量增加，而且難度也稍有增加，表現(xiàn)為：答案需要跨段落搜集信息；題目設(shè)置順序與全文順序不一致；題目信息與原文信息表達(dá)方式不一致。.以考查語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力為主，考查語(yǔ)言知識(shí)為輔，考查的側(cè)重點(diǎn)將向語(yǔ)篇能力的運(yùn)用方面傾斜，要求考生運(yùn)用自己的綜合能力和知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)去解題?！久}規(guī)律】考查理解文章主要細(xì)節(jié)的試題，命題人一般都是通過(guò)對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)加以改寫(xiě)來(lái)考查準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的能力。細(xì)節(jié)題有可能是直接理解題，但多數(shù)情況下是間接理解題。要求在理解的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)思維將理解的內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化，條理化，比如計(jì)算，排序，選圖等?！久}趨勢(shì)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題呈增多趨勢(shì)。題目將由簡(jiǎn)單的尋找信息轉(zhuǎn)向多層次細(xì)節(jié)推理綜合，答案需要跨段落搜集信息，單純考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的題不太多?！境？键c(diǎn)清單】.Whichofthefollowingistrue/false/mentioned?.Whatdoesthewriterpayleastattentionto?.Choosetherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage?.Allofthefollowingstatementsmaybetrue/falseexcept .Whichofthefollowingisnottheresultof...?【重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)】1.語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)換［技巧點(diǎn)撥］雖然說(shuō)細(xì)節(jié)題的答案一般可以在文章中直接或間接地找到，但是與閱讀材料一模一樣的正確選項(xiàng)是幾乎沒(méi)有的。而是用不同的詞語(yǔ)或句型表達(dá)相同的意思即語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)換。解題時(shí)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1.順序性原則：一般說(shuō)來(lái)，題序與其題眼在文章中的順序相同。如第53題的答案信息會(huì)在第52題的答案信息之后。.定位信息點(diǎn)：通過(guò)尋讀法(scanning),用題干中的關(guān)鍵詞在文中搜索，迅速確定相關(guān)詞句或信息點(diǎn)所在的位置，縮小閱讀范圍。題干中可用來(lái)在文中搜索的關(guān)鍵詞可能是專(zhuān)有名詞、數(shù)詞、實(shí)體名詞，以及這些詞的同義表達(dá)等。.理解信息點(diǎn)：在找到關(guān)鍵詞句后，要仔細(xì)閱讀，準(zhǔn)確理解，對(duì)照選項(xiàng)，看哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思與之最接近。.排除干擾項(xiàng)：在作出選擇的過(guò)程中，要善于辨別真?zhèn)?，排除干擾，不斷縮小范圍，選出正確答案，這就是我們常說(shuō)的排除法。干擾項(xiàng)一般具有以下特征：(1)杜撰事實(shí)，無(wú)中生有。文中根本找不到任何相關(guān)信息，完全由命題人所捏造。(2)偷梁換柱，以假亂真。采用原文中的句式和大部分詞匯，但換了個(gè)別詞，改變了原意或范圍。(3)半真半假，虛虛實(shí)實(shí)。干擾項(xiàng)與原文相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)部分相同，部分相悖。(4)文不對(duì)題，濫竽充數(shù)。干擾項(xiàng)是文中的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，但與題干要求不符。［經(jīng)典例題］----Intheanimalkingdom,weaknesscanbringaboutaggressioninotheranimal.Thissometimeshappenswithhumansalso.ButIhavefoundthatmyweaknessbringsoutthekindnessinpeople.Iseeiteverydaywhenpeopleholddoorsforme,pourcreamintomycoffee,orhelpmetoputonmycoat.AndIhavediscoveredthatitmakesthemhappy.Frommywheelchairexperience,Iseethebestinpeople,butsometimesIfeelsadbecausethosewhoappearindependentmissthekindnessIseedaily.Theydon,tgettoseethissoftsideofothers.Often,wetryeverywaypossibletoavoidshowingourweakness,whichincludesalotofpretending.Butonlywhenwestoppretendingwe,rebraveorstrongdoweallowpeopletoshowthekindnessthat,sinthem.Theauthorhasdiscoveredthatpeoplewillfeelhappywhen.theyoffertheirhelptheyreceiveothers,helptheyfeelothers,kindnesstheyshowtheirweaknessTheauthorfeelssadsometimesbecause.hehasasofthearthereliesmuchonotherssomepeoplepretendtobekindsomepeoplefailtoseethekindnessinothers2.是非判斷［技巧點(diǎn)撥］這里的是非判斷題，主要是指true或nottrue,以及含except等詞的這類(lèi)題。解答這類(lèi)題，一定要看清，是選與文章內(nèi)容相符的選項(xiàng)還是選不相符的選項(xiàng)，或是選文中沒(méi)有談及的內(nèi)容。特別注意：NOTtrue這類(lèi)題，要求選出一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，也就是說(shuō)，有三個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確的?？忌f(wàn)不要看到一個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)時(shí)，就以為這是要選的正確答案呀，這點(diǎn)非常容易出錯(cuò)。Nottrue這類(lèi)題涉及的信息點(diǎn)跨度大，要注意作記號(hào)。［經(jīng)典例題］--Foodsometimesgetspoisonedwithharmfulthings.Apersonwhoeatssuchfoodcangetanillnesscalledfoodpoisoning.Foodpoisoningisusuallynotserious,butsometypesaredeadly.Thesymptomsoffoodpoisoningusuallybeginwithinhoursofeatingthepoisonedfood.Feverisoneofthemostcommonsymptoms.Certainmicroorganisms（微生物）causemosttypesoffoodpoisoning.Bacteriaandothermicroorganismscanpoisoneggs,meat,vegetables,andmanyotherfoods.Afterenteringthebody,thesetinylivingthingsrelease（釋放）poisonsthatmakepeoplesick.Somechemicalscanalsocausefoodpoisoning.Theyareoftenaddedtofoodwhileitisbeinggrown,processes,orprepared.Forexample,manyfarmersspraychemicalsoncropstokillweedsandinsects.Somepeoplemayhaveabadreactiontothosechemicalswhentheyeatthecrops.Someplantsandanimalscontainnaturalpoisonsthatareharmfultopeople.Theseincludecertainkindsofseafood,grains,nuts,seeds,beans,andmushrooms.Whenpeoplehandlefoodproperly,theriskoffoodpoisoningisverysmall...1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?Foodpoisonedcanmakepeoplesick.Foodpoisoningmeansdeath.Foodpoisoningcomesinvarieties.Foodpoisoningcanbeserious.2.FoodpoisoningcanbecausedbyallthefollowingEXCEPT.somechemicalslowtemperaturessometinylivingthingscertainnaturalmaterials【課堂練習(xí)】【1】Formanyparents,raisingateenagerislikefightingalongwar,butyearsgobywithoutanyclearwinner.Likeaborderconflictbetweenneighboringcountries,theparent-teenwarisaboutboundaries:WhereisthelinebetweenwhatIcontrolandwhatyoudo?Whydoestheauthorcomparetheparent-teenwartoaborderconflict?A.BothcancontinueforgenerationsBothareaboutwheretodrawthelineNeitherhasanyclearwinnerNeithercanbeputtoanend【2】Theresearchersstudiedculturaldifferencesintherecognitionoffacialexpressionsbyrecordingtheeyemovementsof13WesternCaucasianand13EastAsianpeoplewhiletheyobservedpicturesofexpressivefacesandputthemintocategories:happy,sad,surprised,fearful,disgusted,angry,orneutral.Theycomparedhowaccuratelyparticipantsreadthosefacialexpressionsusingtheirparticulareyemovementstrategies.Whatwerethepeopleaskedtodointhestudy?Tomakeafaceateachother.Togettheirfacesimpressive.Toclassifysomefacepictures.Toobservetheresearchers'faces.【3】AfterWorldWarII,thepopulationofmostlargeAmericancitiesdecreased;however,thepopulationinmanySunBeltcitiesincreased.LosAngelesandHoustonarecitieswherepopulationshifts（轉(zhuǎn)移）toandfromthecityreflectthechangingvaluesofAmericansociety.Inthelate1940sandearly1950s,cityresidentsbecamewealthier.Theyhadmorechildrensotheyneededmorespace.Theymovedoutoftheirapartmentsinthecitytobuytheirownhomes.Theyboughthousesinthesuburbs.WhydidAmericancityresidentswanttoliveinthesuburbsafterWorldWarll?BecauseolderAmericancitiesweredying.Becausetheywerericherandneededmorespace.Becausecitiescontainedtheworstpareofsociety.Becausetheycouldhardlyaffordaliveinthecity.【4】WhenIwasgrowingupinAmerica,Iwasashamedofmymother,sChineseEnglish.BecauseofherEnglish,shewasoftentreatedunfairly.Peopleindepartmentstores,atbanks,andatrestaurantsdidnottakeherseriously,didnotgivehergoodservice,pretendednottounderstandher,orevenactedasiftheydidnothearher.Whywastheauthor,smotherpoorlyserved?ShewasunabletospeakgoodEnglish.Shewasoftenmisunderstood.Shewasnotclearlyheard.Shewasnotverypolite.【5】ItwasavillageinIndia.Thepeoplewerepoor.However,theywerenotunhappy.Afterall,theirforefathershadlivedinthesamewayforcenturies.Thenoneday,somevisitorsfromthecityarrived.Theytoldthevillagersthereweresomepeopleelsewherewholikedtoeatfrog,slegs.However,theydidnothaveenoughfrogsoftheirown,andsotheywantedtobuyfrogsfromotherplaces.Fromparagraph1welearnthatthevillagers.A.workedveryhardforcenturiesB.dreamedofhavingabetterlifeC.werepoorbutsomewhatcontentD.livedadifferentlifefromtheirforefathers【6】DuringthedriermonthsbetweenDecemberandMarchhoatzinsflyabouttheforestingroupsof20to30birds,butinApril,whentherainyseasonbegins,theycollecttogetherinsmallerlivingunitsoftwotosevenbirdsforproducingpurposes.Whydohoatzinscollecttogetherinsmallergroupswhentherainyseasoncomes?A.Tofindmorefood. B.Toprotectthemselvesbetter.C.Tokeepthemselveswarm.D.Toproducetheiryoung.【課后鞏固練習(xí)】【1】Foodsometimesgetspoisonedwithharmfulthings.Apersonwhoeatssuchfoodcangetanillnesscalledfoodpoisoning.Foodpoisoningisusuallynotserious,butsometypesaredeadly.Thesymptomsoffoodpoisoningusuallybeginwithinhoursofeatingthepoisonedfood.Feverisoneofthemostcommonsymptoms.Weknowfromthepassagethatthesymptomsoffoodpoisoning.A.arealwaysaccompaniedbyafever B.aretoocommontobenotedC.canbenoticedwithinhours D.canbeignored【2】Moderninventionshavespeededuppeople,slivesamazingly.Motorcarscoverahundredmilesinlittlemorethananhour,aircraftcrosstheworldaday,whilecomputersoperateatlightningspeed.Indeed,thisloveofspeedseemsnever-ending.Everyyearmotor-carsareproducedwhichgoevenfasterandeachnewcomputerboasts（吹噓）?！阺avingprecioussecondsinhandlingtasks.Thenewproductsbecomemoreandmoretime-savingbecause. .A.ourloveonspeedseemsnever-endingB.timeislimitedC.thepricesareincreasinglyhigh D.themanufacturersboastalot【3】ToomuchTV-watchingcanharmchildren,sabilitytolearnandevenreducetheirchancesofgettingacollegedegree,newstudiessuggestinthelatestefforttoexaminetheeffectsoftelevisiononchildren.Oneofthestudieslookedatnearly400northernCaliforniathird-graders.ThosewithTVsintheirbedroomsscoredabouteightpointsloweronmathandlanguageartsteststhanchildrenwithoutbedroomTVs.AccordingtotheCaliforniastudy,thelow-scoringgroupmight.A.havewatchedalotofTV B.notbeinterestedinmathC.beunabletogotocollege D.havehadcomputersintheirbedrooms【4】Herjobintravelwritingbegansomeeightyearsago.AftergettingaPhDinEnglishinCanada,shetookatestforFrommer'stravelguides,passedit,andgotthejob.AfterworkingatFrommer's,JarolimworkedforawhileatRoughGuidesinLondon,thenFodor's,whereshefellsoinlovewithadescriptionoftheSouthwestoftheU.S.thatshemovedthere.Nowasatravelwriter,shespendsone-thirdofheryearontheroad.TherestofthetimeisspentcompletinghertasksandwritingreviewsofrestaurantsathomeinTucson,Arizona.WhichcountrydoesJarolimliveinnow?A.Mexico.B.TheU.S.C.TheU.KD.Canada【5】AmyJohnsonwasbornonJuly1,1903,inHullYorkshireandlivedthereuntilshewenttoSheffieldUniversityin1923toreadforaBA.Aftergraduating,shemovedontoworkasasecretarytoaLondonsolicitor（律師）whereshealsobecameinterestedinflying.AmybegantolearntoflyattheLondonAeroplaneClubinthewinterof1928-1929andherhobbysoonbecameanall-consumingdetermination,notsimplytomakeacareerinaviation（航空），buttosucceedinsomeprojects,whichwoulddemonstratetotheworldthatwomencouldbeascompetent（能干）asmeninhitherto（迄今為止）maledominatedfield.Herfirstimportantachievement,afterflyingsolo,wastoqualifyasthefirstBritish-trainedwomangroundengineer.ForawhileshewastheonlywomanG:E.intheworld.Earlyin1930,shechoseherobjective:toflysolo（flybyherself）toAustraliaandtobeatBertHinkler,srecordof16days.Atfirst,hereffortstoraisefinancial（經(jīng)濟(jì)的）supportfailed,butfinallyLordWakefieldsharedthe600poundpurchasepricesofausedDHGypsyMoth（GAAAH）anditwasnamedJasonafterthefamilybusinesstrademark.AmysetoffaloneinasingleengineGypsyMothfromGroysononMay5,1930,andlandedinDarwinonMay24,anepicflightof11,000miles.ShewasthefirstwomantoflyalonetoAustralia.InJuly1931,shesetanEnglandtoJapanrecordinaPussMothwithJackHumphreys.InJuly1932,shesetarecordfromEnglandtoCapetown,solo,inaPussMoth.InMay,1936,shesetarecordfromEnglandtoCapetown,solo,inaPercivalGull,aflighttoretrieve（gainagain）her1932record.Withherhusband,JimMollison,shealsoflewinaDHDragonnonstopfromPendineSands,SouthWales,totheUnitedStatesin1933.TheyalsoflewnonstopinrecordtimetoIndiain1934inaDHCometintheEnglandtoAustraliaairrace.TheMo