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AcomparativeStudyonFoodCultureinAmericaandChinaAbstract:Foodanessentialprerequisiteforexistence,playsanirreplaceableroleinthedevelopmentofsocietyintheprocessofhumanbeings,whetherinancienttimesorinmoderntimes,andwhetherineastorinthewest.However,thereisanoldsayingoneman’smeatisanotherman’spoison,whichmeansnotallhumanbeingshavethesamefoodordevelopthesamefoodhabits.Basedonthetheoryofthedeepstructureofcultureandculturerelativism,thisthesisendeavorstoanalyzethedifferencesandtheirrootedcausesinChineseandAmericanfoodCulturefromtheprospectionandimitation.Keywords:ChineseandAmericanfoodculture;differences;cross-culturecommunication摘要:無(wú)論是在古代還是現(xiàn)代,東方還是西方,飲食,作為人類發(fā)展的必要前提,在人類社會(huì)發(fā)展和人類文明進(jìn)步的過(guò)程中都起著不可替代的作用。然而,人類的飲食和飲食習(xí)慣各不相同。正如英語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)所說(shuō)“某人的佳肴卻是他人的毒藥”。本文以“文化深層結(jié)構(gòu)”和“文化相對(duì)論”為理論基礎(chǔ),著重探討和分析中國(guó)和美國(guó)在飲食觀念,飲食內(nèi)容,餐桌禮儀飲食習(xí)慣等方面的跨文化差異。關(guān)鍵字:中美飲食文化,差異,跨文化交流1.Introduction Withthedevelopmentofeconomiclevel,everycountrypursuesthequalityoffood.Foodcultureisanimportantpartofcultureandisclosetoourdailylife.Theworld’smostdiversifiedfoodculturesareformedduetothegeographicallocationanddistributionaroundtheworld.UnderstandingandrevealingthedifferencesbetweenChinaandAmerica’sfoodculturecanhelpusunderstandculturebetterandalsoreduceconflictsincross-culturecommunication.Basedonthedifferencesofdifferentorigins,attitudes,eatinghabits,materials,mannersandsoonbetweenChinaandAmerica,wesuccessfully,thisarticlecomparativelyrepresentthecontentsofdifferentfoodculture.2.Theoriginoffoodculture.
Asweallknow,Americaisacountrywithshorthistoryaswellasanewlandwhichhasalargenumberofimmigrationswhobroughtvarietyoffoodsfromdifferentplaces.SomostoffoodstheAmericanseat,suchassandwich,hotdog,hamburger,pizza,arefromWesternEurope.Strictlyspeaking,thereisscarcelyauthenticfoodinAmericaatearlytime.Buteventually,hedevelopshisowndistinctivefoodculturedependingonhisadvantagesingeography,economyandtechnology.
Whileonthecontrary,Chinaisacountrywithalonghistoryandhasgreatvarietyfeastsystems,healthydietarypatterns,andscientifictheoriesaswellashasagoodreputationof“thekingdomofcooking”.What’smore,lotsofclassicalworksaboutcookingwerehandeddownbyourancestors,whoknewalotaboutcooking.Aswecansee,ChinaisratherdifferentfromAmericainorigin.3.Theattitudes,tastesandfeaturesTheAmericanspayattentiontonutritionwhiletheChinesepayattentiontotaste.Also,theAmericanslikessweetfoodwhiletheChineselikesaltyfood.TheAmericansstressoncommunicationwhiletheChinesestressonatmosphere.Americansmaintainstheconceptofrationaldiet,regardlessoffoodcolor,smell,tasteandshape.Theythinkthenutritionmustbeassured.Fromthispointview,theyacceptthateatingisonlyameantoenjoyinthedietanddonotoccupyanimportantpositionandthereforetheydonotperusethetasteoffood.However,theChinesepeopleretainemotionaleating.Chinesepeopleattachgreatimportancetoeat.Theyperusethegoodtaste,beautifulcolorandrelatedatmosphereandsoon.4.ThechoicesofcookingmaterialsWesternersthinkthedishesaretofilltheirstomach,sotheyeatlargepiecesofmeat,chickenandotherblock.China’scuisineis“Taste”,sowhencooking,theyshowagreatarbitrarinessintheselectedmaterials:manythingsthatthrownawaybywesternersmayseemasanexcellentrawmaterialtoChinesepeople.Americanrawmaterialsaremainlyanimalandfish,supplementedwithplant.Chinesearemainlyplat-basedandflesh-waterfish,supplementedwithanimal.Fourthly,bothChineseandAmericanhavetheirdistinctivefoodculture,whichleadtothedifferenteatinghabits.Thedifferenceswillbelistedasfollow:
a.Generally,Chinesehavethreemealsaday,whileAmericanshaveseveralmealsaday.
b.ChinesearelikelytousevegetableoiltocookthefoodinsteadofanimaloilwhichAmericansusemostly.
c.Chineseprefertobuyfreshfoodeveryday,whileAmericanswouldliketobuythefoodforaweekwhichisdifferentfromhowChinesedo.
d.ChineseeatmorehealthyfoodssuchasvegetableandfruitthanAmericanswhoeatmeatsandeggproductsandseldomeatvegetable.
e.ChinesewilldrinkacupofteaorfruitaftertheirmealwhileAmericansofteneatdessertordrinkcoffeeaftereating.Inthiscase,whatChinesedoishealthierthanAmericans.
f.Thetablewaretheyuseisalsoverydifferent.Inchina,peopleusechopstickstocatchthefoodandricewhileinAmerica,peoplekeeptheknifeintheirrighthandandforkinleft.
g.AfteryoufinishedyourmealintherestaurantofAmerica,youshouldtipthewaiters.Inchina,it’sunnecessary.
h.Inchina,itisbettertohavesomefoodleftbecauseitmeanshavingmorethanneededeveryyear.WhileeatingoutisratherpopularintheUSA.5.Thewaysofeatingaredifferent.Thereisalargedifferentwaysofeating,whichhasanimpactonnationalcharacter.InChina,abanquet,nomatterwhatpurpose,therewillbeonlyoneform,whichmeanseveryonesitsaroundonecircle,sharingonetable.Thiskindofbanquetshoulduseroundtable,whichcanmakeanatmosphereofunite,courtesyandfun.Thedeliciousfoodisputonthetable’scenter.It’snotonlytheobjectoftaste,butalsoamediumofexchangingfeelings.Peopletoasttoeachotherandtakefoodtoothers,whichreflectmutualrespect.Fromhealthypointofview,thiswayofdiethasobviousshortcoming.Itisconsistentwithournations’mentalityofreunion,reflectingChinesetraditionalphilosophyofharmony.Thusitishardtoreform.WhileinAmerica,althoughthefoodandwineareimportant,theystilltreatedasfoils.Friendshipisthecoreofthebanquet,andtheyreachthispurposethroughcommunicatingwithguestswhoarenextto.Chinesebanquetreflectsallseatsoffriendship,andtheAmericanbanquetreflectsthefriendshipbetweentheneighborguests.6.Themethodsofmakingfoodaredifferent.ExceptforTurkey,It’shardtofindatypicallyAmericanfood.BecauseTheUnitedStateshaslongattractedimmigrantsfromavarietyofnationsandcultures.Soit’snotasurprisethatthecuisineofAmericaisdiverseanddifficulttodefine.OnewaytodescribethecuisineofAmericaisasynthesisofcuisinearoundtheworld,astyleofcookingthattakessomethingfromeachimmigrantcommunity.Ontheotherhand,Americancookinghasexportedagreatvarietyofdishesaroundtheworld.Americansdonothavemanyskillsatcooking.Inmosttime,theyonlyboil,steamandbakethefood.Whiletheyaregoodatmakingverysweetcakeandchocolate.However,thecuisineofChinaisverycomplexandknowledgeable.TheChinesechoosefoodverycarefullyandonlychoosefreshmaterials.Chinesehavealotofideasandtechniquesforcooking.Wecancookachickenforovertenways.That’swhyChinesefoodissopopularintheworld.CookingtechniquesarealmosttherecipeinChinesecuisine.Eachtechniqueischosenverycarefully.Thenatureoftheingredients,thedegreeofheatandtimeareconsidered.Differentingredientsarecookedusingdifferentmethods;whilethesameingredientcanbeusedindifferentdishestoprovidedifferentflavorsandappearances.TherearehundredsofcookingmethodinChina.However,themostcommonmethodsarestir-frying,deep-frying,shallow-frying,braising,boiling,steamingandroasting.7.ThetablemannersChinaandAmericaalsowillbecomparedinthiscase.InAmerica,theywillputthenapkinontheirlapbeforetheyeat,whichChinesewon’tdo.Andyoucouldaskotherpeopletopassyourdishesthatareoutofyourreach.However,inchina,peoplewouldliketohelpgueststothefoodwhichcanshowtheirenthusiasm.Ofcourse,themaindifferenceontheChinesedinnertableischopsticksinsteadofknifeandfork,butthat'sonlysuperficial.Besides,indecentrestaurants,youcanalwaysaskforapairofknifeandfork,ifyoufindthechopsticksnothelpfulenough.
TherealdifferenceisthatintheWest,youhaveyourownplateoffood,whileinChinathedishesareplacedonthetableandeveryoneshares.Ifyouarebeingtreatedtoaformaldinnerandparticularlyifthehostthinksyou'reinthecountryforthefirsttime,hewilldothebesttogiveyouatasteofmanydifferenttypesofdishes.
Themealusuallybeginswithasetofatleastfourcolddishes,tobefollowedbythemaincoursesofhotmeatandvegetabledishes.Soupthenwillbeserved(unlessinGuangdongstylerestaurants)tobefollowedbystaplefoodrangingfromrice,noodlestodumplings.
Ifyouwishtohaveyourricetogowithotherdishes,youshouldsaysoingoodtime,formostoftheChinesechoosetohavethestaplefoodatlastorhavenoneofthematall.
PerhapsoneofthethingsthatsurpriseaWesternvisitormostisthatsomeoftheChinesehostsliketoputfoodintotheplatesoftheirguests.Informaldinners,therearealways"public"chopsticksandspoonsforthispurpose,butsomehostsmayusetheirownchopsticks.Thisisasignofgenuinefriendshipandpoliteness.Itisalwayspolitetoeatthefood.Ifyoudonoteatit,justleavethefoodintheplate.
PeopleinChinatendtoover-orderfood,fortheywillfinditembarrassingifallthefoodisconsumed.Whenyouhavehadenough,justsayso
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