國際化策略二

InternationalStrategyMichaelA.HittR.DuaneIrelandRobertE.HoskissonChapter81StrategyImplementationChapter11OrganizationalStructureandControlsChapter10CorporateGovernanceChapter12StrategicLeadershipStrategyFormulationStrategicCompetitivenessAbove-AverageReturnsStrategicIntentStrategicMissionChapter2TheExternalEnvironmentChapter3TheInternalEnvironmentTheStrategicManagementProcessFeedbackStrategicInputsStrategicActionsChapter13StrategicEntrepreneurshipStrategicOutcomesChapter6Corporate-LevelStrategyChapter5CompetitiveRivalryandCompetitiveDynamicsChapter8InternationalStrategyChapter4Business-LevelStrategyChapter7AcquisitionandRestructuringStrategies2ExportingLicensingStrategicalliancesAcquisitionsEstablishmentofanewsubsidiaryInternationalbusiness-levelstrategyMultidomesticstrategyGlobalstrategyTransnationalstrategyOpportunitiesandOutcomesofInternationalStrategyIncreasedmarketsizeReturnoninvestmentEconomiesofscaleandlearningAdvantageinlocationIdentifyInternationalOpportunitiesExploreResourcesandCapabilitiesUseCoreCompetenceInternationalStrategiesModesofEntry3BetterperformanceInnovationOpportunitiesandOutcomesofInternationalStrategy:ContinuedExportingLicensingStrategicalliancesAcquisitionsEstablishmentofanewsubsidiaryUseCoreCompetenceModesofEntryManagementproblemsandriskManagementproblemsandriskStrategicCompetitivenessOutcomes4InternationalStrategyLifeCycleProductionBecomesStandardizedandisRelocatedtoLowCostCountriesProductDemandDevelopsandFirmExportsProductsFirmIntroducesInnovationinDomesticMarketForeignCompetitionBeginsProductionFirmBeginsProductionAbroadSellingProductsorServicesOutsideaFirm’sDomesticMarket5MotivationsforInternationalExpansionIncreaseMarketSharedomesticmarketmaylackthesizetosupportefficientscalemanufacturingfacilitiesReturnonInvestmentlargeinvestmentprojectsmayrequireglobalmarketstojustifythecapitaloutlaysweakpatentprotectioninsomecountriesimpliesthatfirmsshouldexpandoverseasrapidlyinordertopreemptimitators6MotivationsforInternationalExpansionEconomiesofScaleorLearningexpandingsizeorscopeofmarketshelpstoachieveeconomiesofscaleinmanufacturingaswellasmarketing,R&Dordistributioncanspreadcostsoveralargersales’baseincreaseprofitperunitLocationAdvantageslowcostmarketsmayaidindevelopingcompetitiveadvantagemayachievebetteraccessto:RawmaterialsLowercostlaborKeycustomersEnergy7InternationalBusiness-LevelStrategy:DeterminantsofNationalAdvantageFactorsofproductionRelatedandsupportingindustriesDemandconditionsFirmstrategy,structure,andrivalry8生產(chǎn)要素基本要素土地、勞工進(jìn)階要素數(shù)位通訊系統(tǒng)高等教育勞動力一般性要素高速公路系統(tǒng)、資本供應(yīng)專門性要素特殊產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)人才-母國的營運(yùn)環(huán)境是競爭優(yōu)勢最重要的根基Porter國家優(yōu)勢的決定因素需求狀態(tài)母國市場的購買者對特定產(chǎn)業(yè)的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)需求的性質(zhì)與規(guī)模相關(guān)與支援性產(chǎn)業(yè)-日本：照相機(jī)與影印機(jī)-義大利：皮革與鞋業(yè)企業(yè)的策略、

結(jié)構(gòu)與對手因國而異鑽石模式9InternationalBusiness-LevelStrategy:DeterminantsofNationalAdvantageFactorsofproduction:theinputsnecessarytocompeteinanyindustrylaborlandnaturalresourcescapitalinfrastructurebasicfactorsincludenaturalandlaborresourcesadvancedfactorsincludedigitalcommunicationsystemsandeducatedworkforce10InternationalBusiness-LevelStrategy:DeterminantsofNationalAdvantageDemandconditions:characterizedbythenatureandsizeofbuyers’needsinthehomemarketfortheindustry’sgoodsorservicessizeofmarketsegmentcanleadtoscale-efficientfacilitiesefficiencycanleadtodominationoftheindustryinothercountriesspecializeddemandmaycreateopportunitiesbeyondnationalboundaries11InternationalBusiness-LevelStrategy:DeterminantsofNationalAdvantageRelatedandsupportingindustries:supportingservices,facilities,suppliersandsoonsupportindesignsupportindistributionrelatedindustriesassuppliersandbuyers12InternationalBusiness-LevelStrategy:DeterminantsofNationalAdvantageFirmstrategy,structure,andrivalry:thepatternofstrategy,structure,andrivalryamongfirmscommontechnicaltrainingmethodologicalproductandprocessimprovementcooperativeandcompetitivesystems13InternationalCorporate-LevelStrategyNeedforLocalResponsivenessNeedforGlobalIntegrationLowHighLowHighGlobalstrategyTransnationalstrategyMultidomesticstrategy14InternationalCorporate-LevelStrategyTypeofcorporatestrategyselectedwillhaveanimpactontheselectionandimplementationofthebusiness-levelstrategiesSomecorporatestrategiesprovideindividualcountryunitswithflexibilitytochoosetheirownstrategiesOthersdictatebusiness-levelstrategiesfromthehomeofficeandcoordinateresourcesharingacrossunits15MultidomesticstrategyInternationalCorporate-LevelStrategy:MultidomesticStrategyStrategyandoperatingdecisionsaredecentralizedtostrategicbusinessunits(SBU)ineachcountryProductsandservicesaretailoredtolocalmarketsBusinessunitsinonecountryareindependentofeachotherAssumesmarketsdifferbycountryorregionsFocusoncompetitionineachmarketProminentstrategyamongEuropeanfirmsduetobroadvarietyofculturesandmarketsinEurope16InternationalCorporate-LevelStrategy:GlobalStrategyGlobalstrategyProductsarestandardizedacrossnationalmarketsDecisionsregardingbusiness-levelstrategiesarecentralizedinthehomeofficeStrategicbusinessunits(SBU)areassumedtobeinterdependentEmphasizeseconomiesofscaleOftenlacksresponsivenesstolocalmarketsRequiresresourcesharingandcoordinationacrossborders(whichalsomakesitdifficulttomanage)17TransnationalstrategyInternationalCorporate-LevelStrategy:TransnationalStrategySeekstoachievebothglobalefficiencyandlocalresponsivenessDifficulttoachievebecauseofsimultaneousrequirementsstrongcentralcontrolandcoordinationtoachieveefficiencydecentralizationtoachievelocalmarketresponsivenessMustpursueorganizationallearningtoachievecompetitiveadvantage18TypeofEntryCharacteristicsExportingHighcost,lowcontrolLicensingLowcost,lowrisk,littlecontrol,lowreturnsStrategicalliancesSharedcosts,sharedresources,sharedrisks,problemsofintegrationAcquisitionQuickaccesstonewmarket,highcost,complexnegotiations,problemsofmergingwithdomesticoperationsNewwhollyownedsubsidiaryComplex,oftencostly,timeconsuming,highrisk,maximumcontrol,potentialabove-averagereturnsGlobalMarketEntry:ChoiceofEntryMode19國際性差異化化策略一個擁有先進(jìn)進(jìn)與特殊生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)要素的國家家，有可能發(fā)發(fā)展此種策略略

＊日本、、德國、美國國國際化低成本本策略企業(yè)通常將營營運(yùn)活動集中中於母國產(chǎn)品出口至國國外市場將低附加價值值的作業(yè)外包包至其他國家家保留高附加價價值的作業(yè)在在母國事業(yè)層國際化化策略20StrategicCompetitivenessOutcomes:ReturnsInternationaldiversificationandreturns:firmexpandsthesalesofitsgoodsorservicesacrossthebordersofglobalregionsandcountriesintodifferentgeographiclocationsormarketsmayincreaseafirm’sreturnssuchfirmsusuallyachievethemostpositivestockreturnsfirmmayachieveeconomiesofscaleandexperience,locationadvantages,increasedmarketsizeandopportunitytostabilizereturns21國際化整合低低成本／差異異化策略因?yàn)槭袌雠c競競爭者的多元元性，所以整整合策略是全全球市場上最最有效的策略略整合策略的執(zhí)執(zhí)行依賴彈性製造造系統(tǒng)企業(yè)內(nèi)與企業(yè)業(yè)間的資訊網(wǎng)網(wǎng)路全面品質(zhì)管理理來國際化集中策策略許多企業(yè)在進(jìn)進(jìn)軍國際時仍仍繼續(xù)以小規(guī)規(guī)模的市場利利基為焦點(diǎn)＊義大利的磁磁磚業(yè)事業(yè)層國際化化策略22StrategicCompetitivenessOutcomes:InnovationInternationaldiversificationandinnovation:firmexpandsthesalesofitsgoodsorservicesacrossthebordersofglobalregionsandcountriesintodifferentgeographiclocationsormarketspotentiallygreaterreturnsoninnovations(largermarkets)generateadditionalresourcesforinvestmentininnovationexposedtonewproductsandprocessesininternationalmarkets,generatesadditionalknowledgeleadingtoinnovations23RisksinanInternationalEnvironmentPoliticalRisksEconomicRisksPoliticalrisksincludeinstabilityinnationalgovernmentswar,bothcivilandinternationalpotentialnationalizationofafirm’sresourcesPoliticalRisks24RisksinanInternationalEnvironmentEconomicRisksEconomicrisksareinterdependentwithpoliticalrisksandincludedifferencesandfluctuationsinthevalueofdifferentcurrenciesdifferencesinprevailingwageratesdifficultiesinenforcingpropertyrightsunemploymentPoliticalRisks25LimitstoInternationalExpansion:ManagementProblemsCostofcoordinationacrossdiversegeographicalbusinessunitsInstitutionalandculturalbarriersUnderstandingstrategicintentofcompetitorsTheoverallcomplexityofcompetition269、靜靜夜夜四四無無鄰鄰，，荒荒居居舊舊業(yè)業(yè)貧貧。。。。1月月-231月月-23Sunday,January1,202310、雨中黃葉樹樹，燈下白頭頭人。。21:06:3321:06:3321:061/1/20239:06:33PM11、以我獨(dú)獨(dú)沈久，，愧君相相見頻。。。1月-2321:06:3321:06Jan-2301-Jan-2312、故人江海別別，幾度隔山山川。。21:06:3321:06:3321:06Sunday,January1,202313、乍乍見見翻翻疑疑夢夢，，相相悲悲各各問問年年。。。。1月月-231月月-2321:06:3421:06:34January1,202314、他鄉(xiāng)生白發(fā)發(fā)，舊國見青青山。。01一月20239:06:34下午21:06:341月-2315、比比不不了了得得就就不不比比，，得得不不到到的的就就不不要要。。。。。。一月月239:06下下午午1月月-2321:06January1,202316、行動出成成果，工作作出財富。。。2023/1/121:06:3421:06:3401January202317、做前，能夠夠環(huán)視四周；；做時，你只只能或者最好好沿著以腳為為起點(diǎn)的射線線向前。。9:06:34下下午9:06下下午午21:06:341月-239、沒有失敗敗，只有暫暫時停止成成功！。1月-231月-23Sunday,January1,202310、很多事情努努力了未必有有結(jié)果，但是是不努力卻什什么改變也沒沒有。。21:06:3421:06:3421:061/1/20239:06:34PM11、成功就是是日復(fù)一日日那一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)點(diǎn)小小努力力的積累。。。1月-2321:06:3421:06Jan-2301-Jan-2312、世間成事，，不求其絕對對圓滿，留一一份不足，可可得無限完美美。。21:06:3421:06:3421:06Sunday,January1,202313、不知香積寺寺，數(shù)里入云云峰。。1月-231月-2321:06:3421:06:34January1,202314、意志志堅強(qiáng)強(qiáng)的人人能把把世界界放在在手中中像泥泥塊一一樣任任意揉揉捏。。01一一月月20239:06:34下下午21:06:341月-2315、楚塞三湘接接，荊門九派派通。。。一月239:06下下午1月-2321:06January1,202316、少年年十五五二十十時，，步行行奪得得胡