詞匯學(xué)之6種構(gòu)詞法

英語詞匯學(xué)課程構(gòu)詞法(I)GeneralintroductionAffixation(30%-40%)Compounding(28%-30%)Conversion(26%)

ThemostproductivemethodsShortening(8%-10%)Blending1%-5%clippingacronymyBackformationSoundreduplication4.1Affixation/derivationAffixationfallsintotwocategories:prefixationandsuffixationandthedifferencesbetweenthemarejustthedifferencesbetweenprefixesandsuffixes.ClassificationofprefixesThemajorprefixescanbeclassifiedinto10categoriesbytheirmeaning.NegativePrefixes否定前綴Reversativeorprivativeprefixes逆反前綴Pejorativeprefixes貶義前綴Prefixesofdegreeorsize表范圍和程度的前綴Prefixesoforientationandattitude表方向和態(tài)度的前綴Locativeprefixes方位前綴Prefixesoftimeandorder表時間和順序的前綴Numberprefixes數(shù)字前綴Conversionprefixes轉(zhuǎn)化前綴Miscellaneousprefixes其他類型的前綴1.Negativeprefixes

(1)wiseexpectedhappyun1.Negativeprefixes

(2)essentialsmokerresistancenon1.Negativeprefixes

(3)honestlikebelievedis1.Negativeprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplesun-not,theconverseofunwisenon-nonessentialdis-dishonestin-informalim-immatureil-illegalir-irregular2.Reversativeprefixes

(1)packwrapdodressun2.Reversativeprefixes

(2)centralizemobilizeforestcodede2Reversativeprefixes

(3)connectunioncolourheartendis2.Reversativeprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplesun-reversingtheactionunpackde-decodedis-disconnect3.Pejorativeprefixes(1)hearconductleadmis3.Pejorativeprefixes

(2)functionformedodorousmal3.Pejorativeprefixes

(3)sciencedemocraticmemorypseudo3.Pejorativeprefixes

prefixesmeaningexamplesmis-wronglymishearmal-badmalformedpseudo-falsepseudoscience4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize(1)enemyliarbishoparch4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize

(2)mannaturalmarketcountrysuper4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize

(3)growrunliveweighout4.Prefixesofdegreeorsizeprefixesmeaningexamplesarch-supremearchbishopsuper-morethansupermarketout-surpassingoutlivesur-oversurchargesub-belowsubnormalover-excessiveoverconfidentunder-toolittleunderhandhyper-extremehypercriticalultra-extremeultrafashionablemini-littleminiskirt5.Prefixesofattitude(1)existauthoroperateco5.Prefixesofattitude

(2)actargumentexamplerevolutioncounter5.Prefixesofattitude

(3)socialnationalclockwiseslaveryanti5.Prefixesofattitudeprefixesmeaningexamplesco-withcooperatecounter-againstcounterattackanti-againstanti-clockwisepro-forpro-Chinese6.Locativeprefixes

(1)soilwaycontractsub6.locativeprefixes

(2)marryplaynationalinter6.locativeprefixes

(3)Atlanticcontinentalplantsexualtrans6.locativeprefixes

prefixesmeaningexamplessub-undersubwayinter-between,amonginternationaltrans-across,fromoneplacetoanothertransplantfore-frontforename7.Prefixesoftimeandorder

(1)tellseesightknowledgefore7.Prefixesoftimeandorder

(2)schoolwarliberationconsiderpre7.Prefixesoftimeandorder

(3)industrialgraduatewarpost7.Prefixesoftimeandorderprefixesmeaningexamplesfore-beforeforeseepre-inadvancepreschoolpost-afterpostindustrialex-formerex-presidentre-againresell8.Numberprefixes

(1)annualfeudalsemicyclespherehemi8.Numberprefixes

(2)colorformcornuniculturetonemono8.Numberprefixes

(3)enniallinguallateralbioxidelemmadi8.Numberprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplessemi-,demi-,hemi-halfsemi-feudal,demi-circle,hemisphereuni-,mono-oneuniform,monotonebi-,di-twobilingual,dioxidetri-threetrianglequadr(i)-,tetra-fourquadrennial,tetrapetalous8.Numberprefixes

prefixesmeaningexamplesquinqu-,penta-fivequinquagenarian,pentagonhexa-,sex-sixhexahedron,sexcentenarysept-,hepta-sevenseptangle,heptadocta-eightoctadennea-nineennead9.Conversionprefixes

(1)stridetremblewashsleepa9.Conversionprefixes

(2)calmlittlefriendbeBeforenounsandadjectivestoformtransitiveverbsbefriend(tobehaveasafriendto)becloud(tocoverwithclouds使遮暗,蒙蔽)benumb(Tomakenumb,especiallybycold;Tomakeinactive;dull:使失去知覺：使失去活力；使遲鈍belittlebecalm(Tomakecalmorstill;soothe.使平靜：成為安靜的或靜止的；使鎮(zhèn)靜)Withnounsplus–edtoyieldadjectives

bespectacled(Wearingeyeglasses)Benighted(Overtakenbynightordarkness陷入黑暗;Beinginastateofmoralorintellectualdarkness;unenlightened.蒙昧的：處于道德或智力的愚昧狀態(tài)的；未啟蒙的)9.Conversionprefixes

(3)largerichdangerslaveenen-(embeforep,b,m)Beforenounsoradjectivestocreatetransitiveverbs.使成為使處于…狀態(tài)Beforenouns,

enslave(causetobe);empower(v.授權(quán)）embody(v.體現(xiàn)）endanger(V.使處于危險之中)Beforeadjectivestoformverbsenableenrichenlargeendear使受喜愛ensure擔(dān)保9.Conversionprefixesprefixesexamplesa-astridebe-becalmen-enlargeem-empower10.Miscellaneousprefixes

(1)biographymobilesuggestauto10.Miscellaneousprefixes

(2)classicismimpressionismnatalneo2.SuffixationQuestion:Whyistheclassificationofsuffixesdifferentfromtheclassificationofprefixes?Prefixesprimarilyfunctionasasemanticmodificationofthebase,whilesuffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticroleandtheirprimaryfunctionaretochangethegrammaticalfunctionofthebase.Prefixesareclassifiedonasemanticbasisandsuffixesonagrammaticalbasis

TypesofsuffixesNounsuffixesAdjectivesuffixesVerbsuffixesAdverbssuffixesNounsuffixesDe-nominalnounsuffixesDe-verbalnounsuffixesDe-adjectivenounsuffixesNounandadjectivesuffixesDe-nominalNounsuffixes(1)gamegangsongsterInvolved

inDe-nominalNounsuffixes(2)profitmountainauctioneerSkilledin；engagedinDe-nominalNounsuffixes(3)spoonhandmouthfulDe-verbalNounsuffixes(1)inhabitcontestinformantOccupationandparticipation;

De-verbalNounsuffixes(2)bathepaintbuildingDe-adjectiveNounsuffixes(1)selfishusefulkindnessDe-adjectiveNounsuffixes(2)rapidcrudeoddityDe-adjectiveNounsuffixes(2)rapidcrudeoddityNounandadjectivesuffixesSomesuffixes,whenaddedtobasesrelatedtohumanbeingsornationalitynames,yieldwordsthatcanbeusedbothasnounsandadjectives.-ese:Chinese;Lebanese;officialese-an,-ian:Australian,Cambodian-ist:racist,socialist-ite:Chomskyite,Thatcherite1.1Nounsuffixes

suffixesmeaningexamples-sterpersonengagedinanoccupationoractivitygamester-eermountaineer-er(or)driver-antinhabitant-letsmall,unimportantbooklet,-ettesmall;imitation;femalecigarette,leatherette,usherette-essfemalehostess1.1Nounsuffixessuffixesmeaningexamples-hoodstatuschildhood-shipconditiondictatorship-domrealmofficialdom-ingstatebathing-fulamounthandful-tionstateoppressionVerbsuffixes(1)amplediversesimple-ifymake,endowwithVerbsuffixes(2)popularlegalhospitalizeinvolvingorrelatedtoVerbsuffixes(4)validoriginhydrogenateGiveormakeorbecomeAdjectivesuffixesDe-nominaladjectivesuffixesDe-verbaladjectivesuffixesDe-nominalAdjectivesuffixes(1)childtigerstatesmanlikeDe-nominalAdjectivesuffixes(2)childspeechhopelessDe-nominalAdjectivesuffixes(4)meatleafhairwatersilkyDe-verbalAdjectivesuffixes(1)drinkchangeconvinceable(ible)De-verbalAdjectivesuffixes(2)forgethopethankfulAdjectiveSuffixes

suffixesmeaningexamples-fulfullofhopeful-lesswithoutmeaningless-lyhavingthequalityoffriendly-likelikechildlike-ysomewhatlikesilkyAdjectiveSuffixessuffixesmeaningexamples-ishsomewhatlikefoolish-somecausingtroublesome-ablecapablechangeable-edhavingmoneyed-altypicalofregionalAdjectiveSuffixessuffixesmeaningexamples-ary(ory)connectedwithimaginary-esquelikepicturesque-ousfullofmalicious-ictypicalofdramatic-ivehavingthequalityofattractiveAdverbsuffixes(1)attentivehappyboldlyAdverbsuffixes(2)onbackearthhomeward(s)AdverbSuffixes

suffixesmeaningexamples-lyina…mannerattentively-warddirectionofmovementhomeward-foldtimeshundredfold-wiseinthemannerofasfaras…isconcernedcrabwiseweatherwise4.2Compounding

復(fù)合法Thedefinition

ofcompoundingandcompoundCompositionorcompoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.ItisacommondevicewhichhasbeenproductiveateveryperiodoftheEnglishlanguage.Todaythelargestnumberofnewwordsareformedbycompounding.

Compounding2.FormsofcompoundsSolid:bedtime,honeymoonHyphenated:above-mentioned,town-planningOpen:readingmaterial,hotlineCompounding3.FormationofCompoundsNouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompoundsThroughconversion:nickname;first-nameThroughbackformation:lip-readingtolip-readchain-smokertochain-smokeCompoundingNouncompoundsHeadache,housekeeping,hotline,swimmingpool,raindrop,breakdown,biologicalclock,identitycrisisCompoundingAdjectivecompoundsWeather-beaten

rocks,peacelovingpeople,

everlastingfriendship,adifficult-to-operatemachine,amade-upstory,anonthespot

inspection,taxfree

products,fire-proof

dressCompoundingVerbcompoundsFormedbyback-formationhouse-keepfromhousekeeper

windowshopfromwindow-shopping

massproducefrommassproduction

hen-peckfromhen-pecked

spoon-feedfromspoon-fed.CompoundingVerbcompoundsFormedbyconversiontoblue-print,tocold-shoulder,tooutline,tohoneymoon,tosnowball,tochain-smoke,tosweet-talk,tojob-hop.4.3Conversion

轉(zhuǎn)化法Question:Whatisconversion?Whyisitcalledzero-derivation?Conversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzeroderivation(零位派生).changeofword-class;functionalshiftderivationprocesswithouttheadditionofanaffixTypesofConversionConversiontoNounsConversiontoVerbsConversiontoAdjectivesWordsproducedbyconversionareprimarilynouns,adjectivesandverbs,amongwhichtheconversionbetweennounsandverbsarethemostproductive.4.3.1ConversiontonounsDe-verbalDe-adjectivalMiscellaneousconversion1)Deverbal（由動詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的名詞）Almostallmonomorphemic(單語素結(jié)構(gòu)的)verbscanbeusedasnouns，whicharesemanticallyrelatedtotheoriginalverbsinvariousways.State(ofmindorsensation)(doubt;want;desire)Eventoractivity(search;laugh;teach-in)Resultoftheaction(catch;find,answer)Doeroftheaction(help;cheat,bore)Toolorinstrumenttodotheactionwith(cover;wrap)Placeoftheaction(pass;walk;divide)2)De-adjectival由形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的名詞Fullconversion完全轉(zhuǎn)換:Anounfullyconvertedfromanadjectivehasallthecharacteristicsofnouns.Itcantakeanindefinitearticleor–(e)stoindicatesingularorpluralnumber.Adjective-nounconversion

CompleteconversionAnative,twonatives,areturnednativeHeisanaturalforthejob.Tomisoneofourregulars,hecomesinforadrinkaboutthistimeeverynight.Tothemsheisnotabrusquecrazy,butappropriatelypassionate.Theyarethecreativesintheadvertisingdepartment

Partialconversion部分轉(zhuǎn)換Nounspartiallyconvertedfromadjectivesdonotpossessallthequalitiesanoundoes.Theymustbeusedtogetherwithdefinitearticlesasnounswhileretainingsomeoftheadjectivefeatures.Thegradableadjectivescankeeptheircomparativeorsuperlativedegrees.Wordsinthiscategorygenerallydenoteagroupofthekind.Adjective-nounconversion

PartialconversionDenotingaqualityorastatecommontoagroupofperson:thedeaf,theblind,thepoor,thewoundedDenotingpeoplesofanation(endingin–sh,-se,-ch):

theEnglish,theChinese,theDanish,theScotchDenotingaqualityintheabstract:astrongdislikeforthesentimental,todistinguishthefalseandthetrue,fromthesublimetotheridiculousDenotingasingleperson(convertedfromparticiples):

theaccused,thedeceased,thedeserted,thecondemned3).Miscellaneousconversion

其他類型的轉(zhuǎn)換Nounsconvertedfromotherclassesasconjunctions,modals,finiteverbs,prepositions,etc.ConversiontoverbsTheuseoftheverbconvertedisbotheconomicalandvivid.ThreekindsofconversiontoverbsDenominal:topocketthemoney;thenursethebabyDe-adjectival:

Thephotographyellowedwithage.Miscellaneousconversion:Thestudentstut-tuttheidea.ConversiontoadjectivesItoccursmostlybetweennounsandadjectives.英語詞匯學(xué)課程構(gòu)詞法(Ⅱ)4.4Blending4.5Backformation4.6Shortening4.4BlendingThedefinitionofblendingBlending（拼綴法）isaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningpartsoftwowords.Theresultofsuchaprocessiscalledablendortelescopicwordorportmanteauword.Blendingisthusaprocessofbothcompoundingandabbreviation.Structurallyblendsmaybedividedintofourtypes.BlendingExamplesnewscast(news＋broadcast)

brunch(breakfast＋lunch)

smog(smoke＋fog)

talkathon(talk＋marathon)

slimnastics(slim＋gymnastics)

videophone(video＋telephone)4.4Blendingsci-fihi-fiworkaholicstagflationUnicomsitcommoteldawkscience＋fictionhigh＋fidelitywork＋alcoholicstagnation＋inflationUnited＋Communicationssituation＋comedymotor＋hoteldove＋hawk4.5BackformationThedefinitionofbackformationBack-formation（逆成法）isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedsuffix.Itisalsoknownasareversederivation.

4.5BackformationExampleseditfromeditorautomatefromautomationenthusefromenthusiasmgloomfromgloomydonatefromdonationbrainwashfrombrainwashingsleep-walkfromsleep-walking4.6ShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation（縮略法）1)clippedwords（剪切詞）:

thosecreatedbyclippingpartoftheword(usuallyanoun),leavingonlyapieceoftheoldword.Theclippedformisnormallyregardedasinformal.4.6ShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation（縮略法）2)initialisms（首字母連寫詞）:

atypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase;aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter.4.6ShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation（縮略法）3)acronyms（首字母拼音詞）:wordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaswords.Acronymsdifferfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.4.6Shortening