現(xiàn)代英語詞匯學課后答案

精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-----傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-----傾情為你奉上專心---專注---專業(yè)專心---專注---專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-----傾情為你奉上專心---專注---專業(yè)Chapter1Whatisthedefinitionofaword?Awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform,withaunitofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.Commentontheconnectionbetweensoundofmeaning.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.E.g.“woman”means“Frau”inGerman,“Femme”inFrenchand“Funv”inChinese.Ontheotherhand,thesamesound/rait/canmeanright,riteandwrite,thoughdenotingdifferentthings,yethavethesamesound.Whatisthedifferencebetweenmeaningandconcept?Aconceptisthebaseofthemeaningofaword.Awordisusedtolabelaconcept.Itactsasthesymbolforthatconcept,usuallyreferringtosomethingingeneral,butnotsomethinginparticular.Whensomeonesays“chair”toyou,andyouknowitbecauseyouhavetheconceptofchairinmindwhichshowsthecharacteristicssharedbyalltheobjectsyoucallchair.Whilethemeaningofwordreferringtwoaspects:denotationandconnotation.Denotationistheprocessbywhichthewordreferstothereferentlikea“dog”is“caninequadruped”.Andconnotationreferstotheemotionalaspectofaword.Inthisway,“dog”is“friend,helper”etc.AnalyzethefollowinglexicalgroupsandstatethroughwhatlanguagestheycameintoEnglish.cake,knife,crop,egg,ill,husbandDanishhonour,court,chivalry,heritage,literature,architectureFrenchcarouse,plunder,zincdock,quarts,cobaltGermangenius,stratum,inertia,memorandum,formula,areaLatinpedestal,cornice,cupola,sonata,fresco,colonnadeItalianplaza,mulatto,embargo,armada,galleon,anchovySpanishsultan,roc,yashmak,ghoul,harem,sheikhArabicsampan,liche,ketchup,kaolin,loquat,typhoonChinesesteppe,troika,commissar,intelligentsia,pogrom,czarRussiangeometry,gymnastics,tragedy,philology,prologue,mythGreekChapter2Explainthefollowingterms:morpheme:Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallforms.1:nation;2:national;3:nationalizeallomorph:anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.e.g.theallomorphs–ion/tion/sion/ationarethepositionalvariantsofthesamesuffix;theinflectionalmorpheme–shasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontextlike/s/inbooks,/z/indogs,/iz/inhorsesboundmorpheme:Themorphemescannotoccurasseparatewords.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.Theyareusuallyfoundinderivedwords.e.g.recollection(re+collect+ion),collectisfreemorphemeandre-and–ionareboundmorphemesfreemorpheme:themorphemeshavecompletemeaningandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.e.g.cat,walktransparentwords:wordsthatconsistofmorethanonemorphemesandcanbesegmentedintopartsarecalledtransparentwords.e.g.workable(work-able),salesman(sales+man)opaquewords:wordsthatareformedbyonecontentmorphemeonlyandcannptbeanalyzedintopartsarecalledopaquewords.e.g.glove,handExplainthemeaningsoftheprefixesinthefollowingwordsastir,--inmotion;inexcitedactivityawhir,--whirringactingasaroleofparticipleasapredictive)anti-Marketeer,--anopponentofGreatBritain’sentryintotheEuropeanCommonMarketanti-theatre,--thetheatrethatlacksmostofthetraditionalfeaturesofthetheatre(opposetosomethingoranaction/havenofeaturesoftraditionalthings)deplane,--getoutofanairplaneafteritlandsdenationalize,--deprive…ofnationalrightsorstatus(de-toremove/toleave)disambiguate,--rid…ofambiguitydisadapt,--make…unabletoadapt(dis-remove/onthecontraryofsomething)ecocide,--thedestructionoftheearth’secologythroughtheuncontrolleduseofpollutantsecocatastrophe,--acatastropheresultingfromtheuncontrolleduseofpollutants(eco-somethingoractionrelatedtoecology)megajet,--ajetairplanelargerandfasterthanajumbojet(ajetairplanewithapassengercapacityofabout500peopleandafreightcapacityofabout200tons)(meg-large,great)mini-budget,--temporarybudget(mini-miniatureorminor)non-committed,--notrevealingone’spositionnonnovel,--lackingtheusualcharacteristicsofaconventionalnovel(non-not/lackofconvention/sham)outsmart,--overcomebycunningorsmartnessoutheadline,--outshine…bymakingtheheadlines(out-outside/outward/better,greater,morethan)supersecret,--top-secretsupertax–anadditionaltax(super-above,over,beyond)Explainthemeanngsofthesuffixesinthefollowingwordscinerama,--aformofcinemafilmprojectedonawide-curvedscreencircusama,--alarge-scaleshowofacrobats,trainedanimal,clowns(-rama/ama–panorama/large-scale)meritocrat–amemberofarulingclassinsocietyconsistingofthosewhoaremosttalentedorhavethehighestintellectEurocrat–astaffmemberoftheadministrativecommissionoftheEuropeanCommonMarket(-crat–participant/supporter)interviewee–apersonwhoisinterviewedconferee–apersonwhoparticipatesinaconferenceescapee–apersonwhohasescapedblackmailee–apersonwhoisblackmailed(-ee–initiator/therecipientofanaction)racketeer–apersonwhoobtainsmoneyillegallyrocketeer–anexpertinroketrymarketeer–apersonemployedinmarketing(-eer–onewhooperates,dealswithsomething)second-guesser–apersonwhouseshindsightincriticizingoradvisingsomeonetopsider–atop-rankingperson(-er–apersonrelatedtosomething/someaction)anchormanese–astyleoflanguageordictionusedbyananchormanengineerese–thesublanguageusedbyengineersandtechniciansJohnsonese–astyleoflanguageusedbyJohnsoncablese--astyleoflanguagepeculiartoatelegram(-ese–belongingto/originatingin)smoketeria–acigarette,cigarandpipestoreroadeteria–roadsiderestaurant(-eteria–low-end/manageonasmallscale)Chomskian–Chomsky’sWoolfian–astyleoflanguageusedbyVirginiaWoolf(-ian–belongingto/relatingto;typicalof/resembling)hawkish--warlikenarrowish–somewhatnarrow(-ish–like/relatingto)consumerism–aneconomicpolicythatemphasizesconsumption,thetheoryorpracticeofprotectingconsumer’sinterestsnuclearism–emphasisonnuclearweaponsasadeterrenttowarorasameansofattainingpoliticalandsocialgoals(-ismmeansdoctrineorpointofview)golfitis–addictiontoorpreoccupationwithgolfprofessoritis–obsessionwiththeideaofbecomingaprofessor(-itis–excessivelyobsessedwithsomething)beatnik–oneoftheBeatGenerationprotestnik–apersonwhoprotestsagainstconventionsandtraditionalvalues(-nikmeansapersonwhodoesorisconnectedwithsomething)dopester–apersonwhoanalysesorpredictstrendsasinpoliticsorsportshuckster–apersonwhoisengagedinadvertising,esp.forradioandtelevision(-ster–apersonwho…)figurewise–intermsoffiguresweatherwise–intermsofweather,skilledinpredictingweather(-wise–intermsof)makeasemanticanalysisoftherelationshipbetweennounattributesandthewordstheyqualifyanxietyneurosis—neurosiscausedbyanxietysoapsuds—sudsproducedbysoapmosquitonet—netusedforprotectionagainstmosquitoesfiresquad—squadwhichpreventsthespreadofafirefertilitysite—sitewhichinducesfertilityinfluenzavirus—viruswhichcausesinfluenzabattlefatigue—fatiguecausedbyabattlebrickmason—apersonwholaysbrickorstoneguestconductor—conductorwhoappearsorperformsonaprogrambyspecialinvitationinterceptorplane—afast-climbingmilitaryairplaneusedinfightingoffattacksbyenemyplanesejectorseat—aseatdesignedtobeejectedwithitsoccupantfromanairplaneinanemergency,anotherexpressionforejectionseatdonorblood—donor’sbloodvoterenthusiasm—voters’enthusiasmsurfacevessel—vesselwhichmovesonthesurfacerecoveryhelicopter—helicopterusedforgettingbackastronautswhohavesplasheddowninvestmentmoney—moneysetapartforinvestmentrejectionslip—aformornotefromapublisher,rejectingaworksubmittedforpossiblepublicationexportreject—somethingthathasbeenrejectedbyexportstandardsparaphrasetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentencesItaliannewspapersattackearthquakerelieforganization.=organizationofreliefworkBritainishelpingwithafeasibilitystudyforricegrowing.=astudytodeterminethefeasibilityofaprojectorprogramEightmenwereaccusedofgiftsconspiracy.=theactofworkingtogethersecretlytousegiftsasbribesIfthejournalsarenotapproved,thedistributionofallfutureissueswillbeheldupforinspectionbythesmuthounds.=censorswitheyesforpornsExplaintheterm“conversion”.Pickoutexamplesofconversioninthesentencesbelowtoillustrateyourexplanation.Conversion:Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Thesewordsarenewonlyinagrammaticalsense.Themostproductiveisbetweennounsandverbs.Soshebelievedmeanddoctoredmybatteredface,pleasedthatshecouldbeuseful.=appliedmedicinetoThetrainwastelescopedasaresultofthecollision=becameshorterbycrushingwithonepartslidingoveranotherWecannotmandateasolutiontoinflation.=workoutasolutionbyissuinganauthoritativeorderAteamofexpertsatColumbiaisnowcataloguingthetapesandindexingthetranscripts,whichwillbeavailableforscholarlyresearch.=makingacatalogueof=makingandindexofTherewillbearepeatofthisprogrammenextweek.=arebroadcastHearttransplantsbegantenyearsago.WhyhaveBritishdoctorsdoneonlyfoursincethen?=instancesoftransplantingInhischoiceofdictionhehasatasteforthequaintandthepicturesque.=somethingquaint=somethingpicturesqueThecorrespondenttriedtogetaninterviewwiththecondemned.=thepersonwhohasbeenconvicted…h(huán)epreferredmodernslikeMiroandKlee.=modernpaintersJohnhastakenonsomeheaviesbefore.=bigshotsThetelevisiondreariestheballgame.=makesdrearyThePresidentwassketchiestinbroad-brushinghisgoalsinforeignpolicy.=describinginbroadoutlinecommentontheformationofthewordsgivenbelowbackformation—aprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedaffix.Itisconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.donate←donation;helicopt←helicopter;automate←automation;spring-clean←spring-cleaning;pettifog←pettifogger;sight-read←sight-reading;enthuse←enthusiasm;chain-react←chainreactionExplaintheformationofthefollowingblendsandtranslatethemintoChineseblending—thewordformationbycombingpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.slurb:slum+suburb城郊貧民區(qū)educrat:education+bureaucrat教育機構的官員或代表Airveyor:air+conveyor氣壓輸送器Glideriter:glide+writer滑寫筆programmatic:program+automatic能自動安排程序和計劃的narcoma:narcotic+coma用麻醉劑引起的昏睡slumlord:slum+landlord貧民區(qū)房地產(chǎn)主slurch:slink+lurch鬼鬼祟祟地徘徊reprography:reproduction+photography原稿影印本mascon:mass+concentration質(zhì)量密集，指月球表面下層高密度物質(zhì)的集中glassphalt:glass+asphalt作鋪路用的玻璃顆粒物peekture:peek+picture色情影片WriteoutinfullthefollowingshortenedwordsEEC=EuropeanEconomicCommunityOPEC=OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesSLAM=supersoniclowaltitudemissile;strategiclowaltitudemssileEDVAC=electronicdiscretevariableautomaticcomputerGEM=groundeffectmachineNSC=NationalSecurityCouncilERDA=EnergyResearchandDevelopmentAdministrationdyno=dynamic;aggro=aggressiveness;chute=parachute;pro=professional;memo=memorandum;fridge=refrigerator;narc=narcoticagentordetective;frag:fragmentationgrenade;frat=fraternityPickoutalltheshorteningsfromthefollowingsentencesandexplaintheminChineseSeveralsuperchainshavethesameheadacheproblems.(supermarket超級市場)Overall,IthinktheFedshavedoneagoodjob.(FederalAgencies美國各聯(lián)邦機構)TheannouncementthatVancewasgoingtoStatewasgreetedwithdelightbyseniorofficialsinthedepartment.(theStateDepartment美國國務院)TheyresistedDefensecontracts.(theDefenseDepartment美國國防部)ItisthecurrentAdministrationthathasbroughtErvinintofullbloomasaliberationleaderontheHill.(CapitolHill美國國會)“AlltheresortsarecontrolledfromWashington.ThePenta—Youknow,”hewhispered.(thePentagon美國五角大樓，指美國國防部的辦公大樓，泛指美國國防部)Chapter3Whatdoesonomatopoeicmotivationmean?Doesitcontradictthestatementthatthereisnonaturalconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning?Onomatopoeicmotivationmeansdefiningtheprincipleofmotivationbysound.Factshaveprovedthisargumenttobevalid.Wordsthatconveythesamemeaninghavedifferentphonologicalformsindifferentlanguages–(forexample,Englishmeat/mi:t/,Chineseròu.Alternatively,thesamephonologicalformsmayconveydifferentmeanings-forexample,sight,site,cite.)Givethewordsdenotingsoundsproducedbytheanimalsenumeratedbelow:theapegibber;theassbray;thesnakehiss;thehorseneigh/snort;theduckquack;thepigsqueal/grunt;theravencroak;thelarkwarble;thehound;thelambbleat;themousesqueak;thedovecoo;thecricket;thewolf;thepuppyyelp;thethrushwhistle;thetigerroar;thebullbellow;theeaglescream;theelephant;theflybuzz;themonkey;thekittenmew/purr;thefrogcroak;theowlhoot/screech;theoxWhatdoessemanticmotivationmean?SemanticmotivationmeansthatmotivationisbasedonsemanticfactorsGiveexamplestoshowthedifferencebetweensynecdocheandmetonymy.Synecdochemeansusingapartforawholeanindividualforaclass,amaterialforathingorthereverseofanyofthese.e.g.breadforfood;BeijingforChinaMetonymyisthedeviceinwhichwenamesoothingbyoneofitsattributes.e.g.crownforking;whitehouseforthepresident.Commentontheformationofthefollowingitalicizedwordsbyanalogy:daymare←nightmare;off-the-job←onthejob;BigGovernment←BigBrother;brawndrain(theemigrationoflaborers,athletes,etc.tocountriesthatofferbetterjobsoropportunities)←braindrain(theemigrationofscientists,scholars,etc.tocountriesthatofferbetterjobsoropportunities);earthrise(aviewoftheearthfromthemoonorfromaspacecraftorbitingaboutthemoon,inwhichtheearthseemstoberisingabovethemoon’shorizon)←sunrise;Planetokhod(avehicledesignedbySovietscientistsforscientificexplorationofthePlanets),andMarokhod(avehicledesignedbySovietscientistsforscientificexplorationonMars)←Lunokhod(avehicledesignedbySovietscientistsforscientificexplorationonthelunarsurface);daylighting←moonlighting;workaholic←alcoholic;outofahome,outofasociety←outofajob;without-it←with-it(fashionablyup-to-date)Matchthescrambledclueswiththenamesortermsgivenintheleft-handcolumn.Theyaregroupedbytens.Ishmael:outcastdrivenintothewildernessCirce:enchantresswhoturnedOdysseus’menintoswineAdonis:thebeauidealofmasculinebeauty(yes,beauty)DonJuan:No.Iwolfinliterature.Mrs.Grundy:self-appointedfemalepolicerofconventionalproprieties,whatWillHayswastoHollywood.Munchausen:fertile,resourcefulandingeniousliaronthegrandscale.Thersites:championgrumblerandseditionistintheGreekcampbeforeTroy.Tartuffe:worldlypseudo-pioushypocrite,supposedlysatirizingJesuitsBumble:fussy,pompous,self-importantsmalltimedignitaryShylock:wantedhispoundoffleshaspenaltyinterestonloanPolonius:long-windedself-appointedNestor,fullofwisesawsBobadil:thrasonicalsoldier,captainorbetterRodomontade:loud-mouthedranting,fromthespeechhabitsofanAriostocharacterBraggadocio:fancyboasting,namedfromacharacterintheFaerieQueeneBabbitt:jovialRotarian,apostleofbusinesscultureFrankenstein:Doctorofthatnamewhobroughthisrobotmonstertolife(nothemonster)Pecksniff:unctuoushypocrite,pratingofbenevolence;won’tgivemorethanaquarterNestor:thewisestoldGreekcounciloratTroy;silvertonguedSinbad:themostfamoussailorbeforePopeyeAliBaba:buddyofthefortythievesLothario:No.2wolfinliteratureChapter4Whatismeantbybinaryanalysis?Itmeanscomponentialanalysisofawordattemptingasfaraspossibletotreatcomponentsintermsofbinaryopposites.e.g.between[Female]and[Male],[Animate]and[Inanimate]etc.a.Characterizethefollowinglexicalitems,usingthethreebinarysemanticfeatures:[+-Male],[+-Adult],[+-Human]man,[+Male],[+Adult],[+Human]woman,[-Male],[+Adult],[+Human]boy,[+Male],[-Adult],[+Human]girl,[-Male],[-Adult],[+Human]bullock,[+Male],[-Adult],[-Human]cow[-Male],[+Adult],[-Human]b.Characterizethefollowinglexicalitems,usingthesixbinarysemanticfeatures:[+-Animate],[+-Live],[+-Concrete],[+-Vegetative],[+-Trunked],[+-Leafed]tree,[-Animate],[+Live],[+Concrete],[+Vegetative],[+Trunked],pine,[-Animate],[+Live],[+Concrete],[+Vegetative],[+Trunked],[-Leafed]plant[-Animate],[+Live],[+Concrete],[+Vegetative],[+Trunked],Giveexamplestoshowthedistinctionbetweenverbsindynamicuseandstativeuse.Dynamicverbscanappearinimperativesentencesbutstativeonescannot.Kicktheball!Persuadehimtoleave!XOwnthehouse.XResembleyourfather.Dynamicverbsmaytaketheso-calledprogressiveaspectbutstativeonescannot.Thegirliskickingtheball.Thegirlispersuadinghimtoleave.XThepatronisowningthehouse.XThegirlisresemblingherfather.Dynamicverbscanappearinanumberofembeddedsentencesinwhichstativeonescannot.Itoldthegirltokicktheball.Itoldthegirltopersuadehimtoleave.XItoldthegirltoownthehouse.XItoldthegirltoresembleherfather.Chapter5Howhavethefollowingwordsbecomespecializedinmeaning?dialectics:argumentativereasoningbyquestionandanswer→Marxisttheorybasedontheprinciplethatanideaoraneventisaunityofoppositesfable:anytale→astorymadeuptoteachalessonmyth:anykindofstory→usuallyreferringtoonedealingwithagodorsemi-divinebeinginoneofthemythologiesoftheworld.stink:anyodor→anunpleasantsmellpraise:meant“setavalueonsomethinggoodorbad”→appliestosomethinggoodpredicament:anysituation→adifficultsituationhound:anydog→usuallyahuntingdogfruit:aproductorsomethingenjoyed→theripenedreproductivebodyofaseedplanthangar:ashed→ashelterforaircraftgarage:anysafeplace→abuildingforhousingcarsvoyage:atriporjourney→ajourneybyseaorwaterhospital:aplaceforshelterorentertainmentoftravellers→ahealthfacilitywherepatientsreceivetreatmentteam:familyoroffspring→acooperativeunitarsenal:ahouseofindustry→abuildingwherearmsaremadeorstoredTracetheprocessofgeneralizationofmeaningofthewordsgivenbelow:scene:tentorcoveredplace→thevisualperceptofaregionjournal:dailyoravillagelaw→anyperiodicalpublicationinoculate:“furnishwitheyesorbudsasingrafting”→graftingeconomy:“householdmanagement”→influence:“aflowingin”ofsomepowerfulsubstanceformthestarstomenpicture:somethingpaintedvaccinate:“cows”→appliestoanysubstanceforpreventiveinoculationlayman:notamemberoftheclergy→apersonwhodoesnotbelongtoaparticularprofessionlarder:astorehouseforbaconbribery:scraps殘羹剩飯,leavings剩余物,lumpsofbreadgiventobeggarsAnalyzetheprocessofradiationofthepolysemicword“action”Foralawyer,“action”willnaturallymean“l(fā)egalaction”;forthesoldieritwillmeanamilitaryoperation,withoutanyneedforaqualifyingepithetHowhavethefollowingwordsbecomedegradedinmeaning?villain:amanwhoworkedonafarm→awickedorevilpersonclown:apeasantorfarmer→apersonwhoamusesothersbyridiculousbehaviorwench:acountrygirl→

agirloryoungwomanwhoworkedasaservantorservedpeoplefoodordrink.

caitiff:avariantcaptive→cowardlyanddespicablepersonsilly:happy→foolishcunning:learned→markedbyskillindeceptioncounterfeit:toimitate/copy→tomakeaimitationofmoney,pictures,etc.inordertodeceivelust:pleasure→astrongsexualdesirelewd:notamemberoftheclergy→referringtosexinarudeandoffensivewayillicit:unallowed→contrarytoorforbiddenbylawDescribetheprocessofelevationofmeaningofthefollowingwords:steward:thekeeperorwardenofthesty→onewhomanagesoradministersanestablishmentmarshall:groomorhorse-servant→atitleofhonorjanitor:aporterofdoor-keeper→apersonwhosejobistotakecareofabuilding.cathedral:seat→designatetheseatorthroneofabishopshrewd:wicked/malicious→cleveratunderstandinganmakingjudgementsaboutasituationkeen:sharp/cutting→clevershrine:abox→aplacewherepeoplecometoworshipbecauseitisconnectedtoaholypersonoreventboudoir:aplacetopoutorsulkin→alady'sbedroomorprivatesittingroomdean:aleaderoften→amanwhoistheseniormemberofagroupnice:ignorant→pleasantorpleasinginnatureorappearancebutler:bottle-servant→amanservant(usuallytheheadservantofahousehold)whohaschargeofwinesandthetableWhatismeantbytransferenceofmeaning?Explainthemeaningsoftheitalicizedwordsinthefollowingsentences:ToKate,calculatingandcold,themostimportantthingwaspower.shrewdorcunning,esp.inaselfishwayTheytreatedthecaptiveswithcalculatedcruelty.deliberatelyplannedorintendedThemusicwasinspiring.arousingafeelingofpowertodogoodHegaveaninspiredperformanceofthepianoconcerto.creative;outstandingHislecturewasinformativeandstimulating.instructive;educationalThesuccessofEnglishteachingdependsonateacher’sinformedchoiceofelligent(informedchoicemeaningthechoicebasedonpossessionofmuchknowledge)Chapter6expand:amplify(放大聲音等);magnify(放大；擴大，【顯微鏡】);inflate(價格飛漲；通貨膨脹);dilate(使膨脹Mypupildilatedwhenyouturnoffthelight.);distend(使膨脹Hisfacehasdistendedafterbeingbittenbyamosquito.)contract(收縮，收減):compress(壓縮Thebagsaremuchsmallerafterbeingcompressed.);condense(壓縮，精煉Wecondenseallkindsofherbsintopillform.);deflate(放氣，使縮小Afterafewdays,theballoondeflates.);constrict(約束，妨礙Theropeconstrictshermovement.);diminish(減少，降低Thisisterrible!Ourprofitsarestilldiminishing.Why!)goforward:advance,progress,proceedgobackward:recede,retreat,retiregoin:invade,penetrate,intrudegoout:emerge,issue,dischargebuoyancy,浮力elasticity,The

elasticity

ofamaterialorsubstanceisitsabilitytoreturntoitsoriginalshape,size,andconditionafterithasbeenstretched.彈性(物理)flexibility:easilybentorshaped,thequalityofbeingadaptableorvariablee.g.Iwasamazedattheelasticityofhislittlesteeltroutrod鱒魚竿.Wemaycapsize傾覆(特指船)butwillnotsinkbecausethetanksundertheseatsprovideplentyofbuoyancy.duplicate復制，使加倍impersonate扮演，模仿e.g.Heintendedtostealauniformandimpersonatethelocalpoliceman.Thereissomuchtrafficthattheywillhavetoduplicatetherailwayline.crevasse(alarge,deepcrackinthickiceorrock);crevice(anarrowcrackorgap,especiallyinarock)incredible,incredulous懷疑的；不輕信的respectively,respectfullystationary

固定的；靜止的,stationery文具；信紙e.g.AllthestationeryweneedforourworkissuppliedbytheschoolYoushouldrememberthatthebuildingisawarmemorialandspeakmorerespectfully.Thecarwasstationarywhenitwasstruckbytherailwayengine.Theexplorerfoundhimselfsuspendedattheendofaropefardowninacrevasse.Apavilionandaswimmingpoolaretobebuiltatthegirls’andboys’schoolsrespectively.Thenumberofcarelessdriverswesawwasincredible.Ihavedroppedsomemoneyintoacrevicebetweenthesepavingstones.Theyboy’smotherwasincredulouswhenwetoldherofthesuccess.Givesomeexamplestodistinguishbetweenthreedifferenttypesofantonyms:contraries相對性反義詞:wide—narrow,old—young,big—smallcomplementaries互補反義詞:dead—alive,boy—girl,brother—sisterconversives換位反義詞buy—sell,borrow—lend,give—receiveantonyms:discrete離散的—grouped;dour陰沉的，嚴厲的，頑強的，不愛講話的—gay,vilify誹謗，輕視—singthepraisesof,polemic好爭論的—apologetic,concise簡潔的—wordy,adroit—awkward,fortuitous偶然的意外的—designed,cogent強有力的—unconvincing,assuage平息；緩和；減輕—aggravate,recondite深奧的；隱藏的；默默無聞的—obviousjoyous—melancholy,tranquility寧靜，平靜—tumult騷動,disciple門徒，信徒—renegade叛徒,cajole—antagonize使敵對（protagonist主角）tenuous纖細的；稀薄的；貧乏的—stoutChapter7Whatisthedifferencebetweensyntagmaticassociationandparadigmaticassociation?Wordsassociationcanbehandledintermsofsyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelationsbetweenwords.Setsofelementswhichcanbesubstitutedoneforanotherinagivencontextaresaidtobeinparadigmaticrelationship;elementswhichcombinetoformalargerunitaresaidtobeinsyntagmaticrelationship.Takethefollowingtwosentencesasanexampletoillustrateit:Thecatisonthemat.Thedogisonthemat.Ifweconsider“Thecatisonthemat”,wecouldtalkofasyntagmaticrelationbetweencatandmat;butifwecomparethiswith“Thedogisonthemat”wehaveaparadigmaticrelationbetweencatanddog.Whatismeantby“mutualexpectancyofwords”?“mutualexpectancyofwords”isaexpressionproposedbyFirthreferringtoco-occurrencewhichmeansthepermittedsyntagmaticcombinationofwords.Forinstance,“ass”usuallyco-occurwiththeadjectiveslike“silly,stupid,awful”etc.as“Yousillyass.”Chapter8setin來了，到來Asoftseabreezesetinatmidnight.seethrough識破，看穿Heiswiseenoughtoseethroughallthesefinepretensions.setaside留出；駁回，撤銷；不顧Hesetasideallobjectionsandgranted(同意允許)myrequest.runout用完耗盡Thelandiscroppedandnotmanured(施肥),itwillrunout.holdover延期；以…威脅Thejudgesaidhewouldholdoveryourcaseuntilthenextsittingofthecourt.holdup:remainsstable,doesn'tgetworse,staysthesameIftheweatherholdsup,Isuggestwegooutonapicnic.fallthrough落空，失敗Asneitherofuswouldgivein,thebargainfellthrough.runawaywith輕易獲得；偷走；同……私奔Heletshisfeelingsrunawaywithhisjudgement.putinfor申請Hemeanttoputinforashareoftheprofits.pulldown摧毀，推翻，使下跌Oneisnotsorrytoseetheproudpulleddown.drawback拉開；收回；退卻；使保持距離Hewilldrawbackfromwhathehaspromised.他將不履行諾言comeroundto改變主意Heshowedviolentoppositionatfirst,butwhentheschemewasfullyexplained,hecameroundtoourview.stickat堅持；猶豫；努力做Hewillstichatnothingtoaccomplishhispurpose.Chapter10Explainthemeaningoftheitaliciz