形合意合與翻譯201305

從形合意合談漢譯英

C-ETranslationfromthePerspectiveof

HypotaxisandParataxis長(zhǎng)江大學(xué)外國(guó)語學(xué)院

陳勝

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1

HypotaxisandParataxis

2TwoWaysofForminganEnglishSentence

3MajorDifferencesinStructure

4SentenceCombination1WhatareHypotaxisandParataxis?Hypotaxisisharmonyinform,andparataxisisharmonyinmeaning.1.1Thedefinitionofhypotaxis

Hypotaxisisthegrammaticalarrangementoffunctionallysimilarbut"unequal"constructs(hypo="beneath",taxis="arrangement"),i.e.,constructsplayinganunequalroleinasentence.Acommonexampleofsyntacticexpressionofhypotaxisissubordinationinacomplexsentence.1.2Thedefinitionofparataxis

Parataxisisawayofwritingorspeakingthatfavorsshort,simplesentences,withtheuseofcoordinatingratherthansubordinatingconjunctions.(fromGreekfor“actofplacingsidebyside”;Para=beside+tassein=arrange).Itisaliterarytechnique,contrastedwithhypotaxis.1.3ThreedevicestoformasentenceWordsareconnectedinthreewaystoformasentence:syntacticaldevices,lexicaldevicesandsemanticdevices.Syntacticalandlexicaldevicespertaintohypotaxis,and

semanticdevicespertaintoparataxis.2TwoWaysofConnectingEnglishSentences

Coordination(并列)and

subordination(從屬)arewaysofcombiningwords,phrases,andclausesintomorecomplexforms.Thediscussionbelowexaminescoordinationandsubordinationofclauses.2.1Coordination（并列）

Coordinationofsentencesisagrammaticalstrategythattheideasintwoormoreindependentclausesareequivalentorbalanced.Coordinationcanproduceharmonybybringingrelatedelementstogether.Coordinationusescoordinatingconjunctions(centralcoordinatorsareand,

but,andor)(只有以上三個(gè)常用的并列連詞)orpunctuation(mainlysemicolon

分號(hào))tocombineshortindependentclausesintoasinglesentence.2.2Subordination（從屬）

Subordinationisagrammaticalstrategythatoneideainasentenceismoreimportantthananotherideainthesamesentence.Tousesubordination,youplacethemoreimportantideainanINDEPENDENTCLAUSE(finiteclause)andthelessimportant(thesubordinate)ideainaDEPENDENTCLAUSE(finiteclauseornon-finiteclause).Subordinationusessubordinatingconjunctions(從屬連詞)

(conjunctivepronouns,conjunctiveadverbs,relativepronouns,relativeadverbs)(e.g.that,who,what,which,when,where,how,etc.)totransformindependentclauses(mainclauses)intodependentclauses(subordinateclauses).Oritusesinfinitive,-ingparticipleor–edparticipletoformanon-finiteclause(includingabsoluteconstruction).2.3Coordinationandsubordinationwithdifferentemphasis

E.g.1.Thegirlcried,andshethrewthegiftoutofthewindow.

(Acompoundsentenceorcoordinationgivesequalimportancetobothideas.)

E.g.2.Thegirlcried

asshethrewthegiftoutofthewindow.

(Thesubordinateclausedownplaysthegirl’sthrowingofthegiftoutofthewindowandshowshowtheactionofthrowingthegiftoutofthewindowrelatestotheactionofcrying.)

E.g.3.Thegirlcried,throwingthegiftoutofthewindow.

(Theparticipialphrasefurthersubordinatesthegirl’sthrowingofthegiftoutofthewindow.)

E.g.4.Crying,thegirlthrewthegiftoutofthewindow.

(Theparticipialphrasemakestheactionofcryinglessimportantandemphasizestheactionofthrowingthegiftoutofthewindow.)

E.g.5.Thecryinggirlthrewthegiftoutofthewindow.(Adjectivesgivetheleastemphasistothegirl’scrying.)2.4MeaningsinCompoundSentenceswith“and”*Heopenedthedoor,andthenweenteredtherestaurant.*Hedroppedtheplateofpastaonmymap,andIletoutacryofpainandhorror.

*Mysisterorderstea,andIalwaystakecoffee.

timesequence

result

contrast

*Therestaurantownerswanttoservegoodfood,andyettheyneverquitegeteverythingright.

*Shehastolearntomakebettertea,andthenI’llbehappier.concession

condition*Gostraightandyou’llseeachurch.

*DothatagainandI’llcallapoliceman.condition

*Theyservepasta,andtheyalsohaveanicerangeofpizzas.

*Theyhaveonlyonechoicetostayinbusiness—andthat'stoimprovebothfoodandserviceimmediately.

“pure"additionexplanation3MajorDifferencesinStructure3.1Flowing-watersentences

V.S.

run-onsentences漢語普遍采用流水句。

而英語粘連句或稱不斷句

(亦稱“連串句”:loosely-linkedclauses)

則是錯(cuò)誤的。

Forexample,*SometimesIcomebytrain,

sometimesIcomebyplane,usuallyIcomebycar.(誤)

*SometimesIcomebytrain.SometimesIcomebyplane.However,usuallyIcomebycar.(正)

*SometimesIcomebytrain,andsometimesIcomebyplane,butusuallyIcomebycar.(正)

*Icomesometimesbytrain,andsometimesbyplane,butusuallybycar.(正)ContrastBetweenChineseandEnglishChinese語義型語言(以意統(tǒng)形)Meaning-focusedwithemphasisonimplicitcoherence(隱性連貫)English形態(tài)型語言(以形馭意)Form-focusedwithemphasisonexplicitcohesion（顯性聯(lián)接）ContrastBetweenChineseandEnglishChineseTopic-prominentLanguage話題突出型語言Topic-CommentSentenceStructure（話題-評(píng)論結(jié)構(gòu)）EnglishSubject-prominentLanguage主語突出型語言Subject-PredicateSentenceStructure（主語-謂語結(jié)構(gòu)）漢語波浪型

與英語樹枝型Chinese:wave-likediscoursestructure

（漢語的波式語段結(jié)構(gòu)）

王力（1984）指出，“就句子的結(jié)構(gòu)而論，西洋語言是法治的，中國(guó)語言是人治的。”

呂叔湘（1979）說，“漢語口語里有特多流水句，一個(gè)小句接一個(gè)小句，很多地方可斷可連。”English:tree-likesentencestructure

（英語的樹式句子結(jié)構(gòu)）

英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)好似一棵大樹，樹干、樹枝、分枝、樹葉互相連接，結(jié)構(gòu)緊密，形式規(guī)范。主謂必須一致，構(gòu)成樹干；定語、狀語等其余成分均為枝葉，由連接詞語與樹干相連，形成一棵完整的大樹。Chinese:wave-likediscoursestructure

（漢語的波式語段結(jié)構(gòu)）

漢語的語段結(jié)構(gòu)猶如大海的波浪，流瀉自由，似分似合，可斷可連，主謂難辨，形散神聚。

例1：開始我和母親是不讓父親抽煙的，得了絕癥后，想開了，抽吧，揀好的買，想抽就抽。

譯：開始我和母親是不讓父親抽煙的，得了絕癥后，想開了，抽吧，揀好的買，想抽就抽。

AtfirstMotherandIwouldn’tletFathersmoke.After()contractedthefataldisease,()thoughtdifferently.(

)just(

)smoke,()buythebestcigarettes,(

)smokewhenever()likedto.Chinese:wave-likediscoursestructure

（漢語的波式語段結(jié)構(gòu)）fatherweWewouldlethimandsohecouldheE.g.2.不覺冬去春來，久困思動(dòng)，今日醒來，陽光照屋，精神為之一振，扔在屋角的包袱一直未曾打開，趁天氣晴朗，一把拎了過來，抖出冬天換下的衣裳，上面尚有點(diǎn)點(diǎn)雨漬雪痕，便將它攤在窗前曬起。

Beforeverylong,winterpassedandspringarrived.OnedaywhenLiuMengmeiwokeup,hewaspleasedtofindthattheroomfullofsunshine.

Hehadlainonthebedforalongtimeandnowfounditbettertogetupandmovearound.Hejumpedupandtookupthebundlewhichhehadthrowninthecorneroftheroommanydaysago.

Hiswinterclothesstillhadstainsofrainandsnowandhehungthemupbythewindowtodry.

一個(gè)句號(hào)

五個(gè)句號(hào)E.g.3.憑窗站了一會(huì),微微的覺得涼意侵入。轉(zhuǎn)過身來,忽然眼花繚亂。

Standingatthewindowforawhile,Ifeltabitchilly.AsI

turnedround,myeyessuddenlydazzledbeforethebrightlightandcouldnotseethingsdistinctly.E.g.4.

在第一章首先討論了浪漫主義的起源，然后在第二章討論了浪漫主義的特點(diǎn)。

Atfirst,theoriginofromanticismisdealtwithinchapterone,thenthecharacteristicsofromanticismarestudiedinchaptertwo.

First,theoriginofromanticismisdealtwithinChapterOne,andthenitscharacteristicsarestudiedinChapterTwo.？√E.g.5.那時(shí)舅舅抱著我，哄著我，覺得很溫暖。(主語切換)

Inthosedays,sittinginmyuncle’slap,beinghumoredalltheway,Iwasfeelingverygood.E.g.6.捷報(bào)傳來，舉國(guó)歡騰。

Thegoodtidingfilledthewholenationwithjoy.E.g.7.我的報(bào)告篇幅特別長(zhǎng)，若要討論我的報(bào)告，這就成了一個(gè)問題。

Oneproblemintryingtodiscussmyreportingisitssheervolume.E.g.8.燈光效果不好，演出大為遜色。

Poorlightingspoilttheperformance.3.2Adverbsorconjunctions?(不要把副詞當(dāng)做連詞)E.g.1.他似乎并不想去，另外他的衣服也不夠好。

Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere,besides,hisclotheswerenotgoodenough.Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere;

besides,hisclotheswerenotgoodenough.Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere.Besides,hisclotheswerenotgoodenough.Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere,and

besides,hisclotheswerenotgoodenough.？E.g.2.房?jī)r(jià)太高，而且地段也不太合適。

Thepriceistoohigh,moreover,thehouseisn’tinasuitableposition.Thepriceistoohigh;

moreover,thehouseisn’tinasuitableposition.

Thepriceistoohigh.

Moreover,thehouseisn’tinasuitableposition.Thepriceistoohigh,andmoreover,thehouseisn’tinasuitableposition.？E.g.3.房子對(duì)我們來講不夠大，而且離城里太遠(yuǎn)。

Thehouseisn’tbigenoughforus,furthermore,itistoofarfromthetown.Thehouseisn’tbigenoughforus;

furthermore,itistoofarfromthetown.Thehouseisn’tbigenoughforus.

Furthermore,itistoofarfromthetown.Thehouseisn’tbigenoughforus,and

furthermore,itistoofarfromthetown.？E.g.4.她說是這樣的，可是她錯(cuò)了。

Shesaiditwasso,however,shewasmistaken.Shesaiditwasso;

however,shewasmistaken.Shesaiditwasso.

However,shewasmistaken.Shesaiditwasso,

but

shewasmistaken.

（nevertheless與此同）

？E.g.5.一方面你收了她的禮物，另一方面你對(duì)全家都不禮貌。

Ononehandyouhaveacceptedherpresents,ontheother(hand)youarerudetothewholefamily.Ontheonehandyouhaveacceptedherpresents;

ontheother(hand)youarerudetothewholefamily.

Ontheonehandyouhaveacceptedherpresents.Ontheother(hand)youarerudetothewholefamily.Ontheonehandyouhaveacceptedherpresents,butontheother(hand)youarerudetothewholefamily.？E.g.6.下雨了，比賽取消了。

？Itrained，thereforethegamewascalledoff.

√Itrained;

thereforethegamewascalledoff.

√Itrained.Thereforethegamewascalledoff.

√

Itrained,so

thegamewascalledoff.E.g.7.他不用功，掛科了。

？Hedidn’tstudyhard,thusfailedthetest.

√Hedidn’tstudyhard,andthus

failedthetest.E.g.8.他們聊了一會(huì)兒，然后上班去了。

？Theychattedforawhile,thentheywenttowork.

√Theychattedforawhileand

then

wenttowork.3.3Withconjunctions

or

withoutconjunctions

（漢語常省略連詞或根本就不用連詞，英語則多用連詞。）E.g.1.他不來信，我不回信。

Becausehedoesn’twritetome,Idon’t/won’twriteback.Hedoesn’twritetome,and/so

Idon’twritebacktohim.E.g.2.要提倡科學(xué)，靠科學(xué)才有希望。Wemustpromotescience,forthatiswhereourhopelies.E.g.3.善欲人見，不是真善；惡恐人知，便是大惡。Agooddeedisnogooddeedifitisdoneforshow.Anevilisalltheworseif

itiscoveredup.E.g.4.車未停穩(wěn)，請(qǐng)勿上下。Nevergetonoroffthebusbeforeitcomestoastandstill．E.g.5.你來了，我走。

If

youcome,I’llleave./Whenyoucome,I’llleave./

Since

youhavecome,I’mleaving.3.4Topic-prominentorsubject/objectprominent

(漢語是主題鮮明即可，英語多必須寫明主語和賓語。)E.g.1.全國(guó)到處都在興建新工廠。

？Thewholecountryisbuildingnewfactories.

√

Newfactories

arebeingbuiltalloverthecountry.E.g.2.剛才校門口發(fā)生了一起交通事故。

？Theschoolgatehappenedatrafficaccidentjustnow.

√

Atrafficaccidenthappenedattheschoolgatejustnow.E.g.3.晚餐吃冷碟印象很好。

？

Eatingtheolddishatehdinnerhadagoodimpression.

√

Thecolddishleftmeagoodimpressionatthedinner.E.g.4.首先討論了浪漫主義的起源，最后討論了浪漫主義的影響。?At

Firstdiscussestheoriginofromanticism,atlastdealswiththeinfluenceofromanticism.

√

First,theoriginofromanticismisdiscussed,andfinally/andintheend

itsinfluenceisdealtwith.E.g.5.聽到這個(gè)消息，她的手都在發(fā)抖。？Hearingthenews,herhandsweretrembling.√Whensheheardthenews,herhandsweretrembling.E.g.6.往窗外一看，有幾個(gè)學(xué)生在打籃球。？

Lookingoutofthewindow,thereweresomestudentsplayedbasketball.

√Lookingoutofthewindow,Isawsomestudentsplayingbasketball.(亦可用：分號(hào)接小寫/句號(hào)接大寫)

E.g.7.那個(gè)國(guó)家主要講英語。

?

ThatcountrymainlyspeaksEnglish.?English

ismainlyspokeninthatcountry.

?Englishisspokenmainlyinthatcountry.

√English

isthemajorlanguageinthatcountry.

√

ThepeopleinthatcountryspeaksEnglishmainly.E.g.8.由于他離開，2005年5月開始的長(zhǎng)期談判就此終結(jié)。

HisdeparturebroughttotheendthelongnegotiationstartedinMay,2005.

E.g.9.以公路建設(shè)為重點(diǎn)，加強(qiáng)鐵路、機(jī)場(chǎng)、天然氣管道干線的建設(shè)。

Emphasisshouldbeplacedonhighwayconstructionwhilemoreeffortswillbemadeinbuildingrailways,airportsandgaspipelines.

E.g.10.不了解中國(guó)的第一手資料是一大遺憾。

?DonotknowChinafirsthandisagreatpity.

√It

isagreatpitythat

youdonotknowChinafirsthand.

√

That

you

donotknowChinafirsthandisagreatpity.

√N(yùn)otknowing

Chinafirsthandisagreatpity.

E.g.11.酒不喝了。

Idon’tfeellikedrinkinganymore.

E.g.12.只有勤奮才能取得好成績(jī)。

Agoodscoredependsondiligence.E.g.13.三十年來中國(guó)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。

？Chinahastakenplacedgreatchangesinthelast30years.√

GreatchangeshavetakenplacedinChinainthelast30years.E.g.14.今天食堂吃餃子。

Jiaoziareservedinthecanteen

today.E.g.15.叉子不好吃。

Ican’teatwellwithafork.E.g.16.南京城發(fā)生過很多重大的歷史事件。

Nanjinghaswitnessedmanyimportanthistoricevents.E.g.17.午夜空氣涼爽，她又振作了精神。

Thecoolmidnightairrestoredherspirits.

E.g.18.他人老心不老。

Thoughhehasagedphysically,heremainsyoungatheart.

E.g.19.從歷史上看，每個(gè)時(shí)代的人類互不相同，沒有所謂共同的“人性”。

Anexaminationofthehistoryofhumanitysuggestedthatmaninourepochissodifferentfrommaninprevioustimesthatitseemedunrealistictoassumethatmenineveryagehavehadincommonsomethingthatcanbecalled“humannature”.

E.g.20.他開車心不在焉，幾乎肇事。

Hisabsentmindduringthedrivingnearlycausedanaccident.E.g.21.欲購(gòu)從速。Wastenotimeifyouwanttobuyit.E.g.22.電影糟透了，勸你別看。

？Filmisverybad,Iadviseyounotsee.

√The

filmisverybad,andIadviseyounotseeit.

√

ThefilmissobadthatIadviseyounotseeit.

E.g.23.打開抽屜一看，錢都沒了。

？Openingthedrawer,themoneyisgone.

√Openingthedrawer,Ifoundthemoneygone.

E.g.24.一覽眾山小。