第三章英漢語言的對比

Lecture3ComparativeStudiesofEnglishandChineseLanguagesAsyouknow,ournativelanguageChineseisquitedifferentfromEnglish.Thereisreallyabiggapbetweenthecharacteristicsofthetwolanguages.Inordertolearnthetranslationcoursebetter,wehavetostudythecomparisonbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage.Sinceallthetheories,methods,techniquesconcerningEnglish-Chinesetranslationarebasedonthecomparison,itisveryimportant,sotosay,tomasterthelanguages’peculiarities.LanguageFamilies(語系)EnglishbelongstotheGermanicbranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily(印歐語系).ChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily(漢藏語系).ItiswellknowthatEnglishhastherichestvocabularyofanyEuropeanlanguage.OnthebasisofAngles’language(Anglo-Saxon),English,ahybrid,wasbuiltbyabsorbingwordsinvariouslanguages.Latin:pen,pencil,cup,butter,silkFrench:pork,feast,sir,nobleItalian:piano,solo,studio,opera,umbrellaSpanish:cargo,cigarette,cigarGreek:paper,alphabet,dialogue,comedyChinese:tea,chowmein,kowtow,toufuLexicalComparisonofChineseandEnglish(詞匯對比)Themajorwaysofword-buildinginEnglisharecomposition(合成),conversion(詞性轉(zhuǎn)化),andderivation

(affixation衍生).AndinChinesewehavethesamemajorways.English:Composition:motherland,blackboard,handwriting,silkworm,easy-going,home-made,do-it-yourselfConversion:paperthewindow,emptythebasket,elbowone’sway,upsanddownsDerivation:ableunable,takemistakehopehopelesshopelessnessChinese:Composition:并列式：語言，改革，樹立，遙遠(yuǎn)，左右，出入，好歹

偏正式：學(xué)分，本科，紅糖，笑聲，新衣主謂式（主從式）：耳聞，目睹，臉紅，膽小，月明動賓式：思甜，攻關(guān)，滅火，開車，踢球補(bǔ)充式：提前，救活，改善，說明，調(diào)好重疊式：平平安安，高高興興，懶洋洋，亮晶晶，方方面面Conversion:一棵大樹，十年樹人出售油漆，油漆門窗雞鴨魚肉，魚肉百姓安全第一，不太安全今天真熱，把飯熱一下Derivation:前綴（Prefix）：超—超人，超額，超支，超音速非—非人，非常，非原則，非正式無—無視，無限，無線電，無名氏，無疑漢語中的“非”、“無”相當(dāng)于英語中的前綴un-,in-,il-和后綴-less反—反動，反攻，反駁，反問，反腐敗可—可親，可愛，可口，可調(diào)整，可憐兮兮后綴(Suffix):手—助手，舵手，選手，幫手，一把手年—幼年，晚年，青少年，周年，光年子—金子，票子，耗子，妻子，愛面子頭—外頭，對頭，拳頭，風(fēng)頭，枕頭，苗頭SemanticComparisonofChineseandEnglish(詞義對比)

A.Themeaningsoftheword(詞的意義方面)：1、英語中有些詞所表示的意義，在漢語里可以找到完全對應(yīng)的詞來表達(dá)。（semanticcorrespondence）專用名詞、術(shù)語和事物名稱。TheU.S.StateDepartment(美國國務(wù)院)；薩斯SARS（SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome）；Aids(AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome)；直升飛機(jī)；太平洋2、英語中有些詞與漢語中有些詞在詞義上只有部分對應(yīng)。(partlysemanticcorrespondence)大象、龍gun，uncle，aunt，bother，morning3、英語中有些詞所表示的意義，目前在漢語里還找不到最后確定的對應(yīng)詞來表達(dá)。（semanticzero）mascon(massconcentration)（表示月球表層下高密度的）物質(zhì)聚積overkill過度殺傷力，現(xiàn)又指表示宣傳活動等方面不必要的過度行為，plumber特工，又稱“管子工”（美國調(diào)查政府雇員泄密事件的特工）。文房四寶：thefourtreasuresofthestudy(writingbrush,inkstick,inkstoneandpaper)烏紗帽：anofficialpost4、英語中有許多詞一詞多義，其所表示的各個意義，分別與漢語中幾個不同的詞或詞組對應(yīng)。1、asoftdrug2、softintelligence3、softmoney4、softdrink5、softfire6、softwater1.毒性較輕的麻醉劑；軟性麻醉毒品2.非百分之百可靠的，不充分的情報3.紙幣4.軟飲料5.文火6.軟水(不含礦物鹽類而易溶解肥皂的水)B.Thepossiblecollocationoftheword(詞的搭配能力方面)：英語和漢語在詞的搭配能力方面有很大的差異。英語的搭配能力比漢語強(qiáng)。cut(wheat,finger-nails,cake)（英譯漢時須考慮譯文中詞的搭配必須符合漢語的習(xí)慣)C.Thewordorder(詞序方面)：英、漢語句子中主要成分主語、謂語動詞、賓語或表語的詞序基本上是一致的。但是各種定語的位置和各種狀語的次序在英、漢語中則有同有異，變化較多，所以英漢詞序的比較主要指定語、狀語位置異同的比較。Thepressureisalmostasheavyonstudentswhojustwanttograduateandgetajob.對于那些只想畢業(yè)后找份工作的學(xué)生來說,壓力也一樣不小。ComparisonofChineseandEnglishonsentencestructure（句式對比）p.381.HypotacticvsParatactic(形合與意合)/(主從結(jié)構(gòu)與并列結(jié)構(gòu))（前一個詞指英語，后一個詞指漢語）Englishhypotactic

ChineseparatacticAsE.A.Nidapointsoutinhis“TranslatingMeaning”,…sofarasEnglishandChineseareconcerned,themostimportantdifferencelinguisticallyisthecontrastbetweenhypotaxisandparataxis.漢語重句子意義，不重句子的外表形式，結(jié)構(gòu)松散，有大量的流散型句子（流水句），句式呈散珠式的鋪排，邏輯性不強(qiáng)，只注重句子意義的表達(dá)，常以名詞為核心，可以缺損主語、動詞、連接詞等，看似無序，但形散神聚，節(jié)奏感強(qiáng)，很多情況下要靠聽者（讀者）通過語境悟出字里行間的含義；英語相反，重句子結(jié)構(gòu)與形式，以動詞為核心，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密緊湊，邏輯性強(qiáng)。Hypotaxis:Thedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclausesarrangedwithconnectives.E.g.:Ishalldespairifyoudon’tcome.(TheAmericanHeritageDictionary,p.649)Parataxis:Thearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.E.g.:Therainfell;theriverflooded;thehouseswerewashedaway.(TheworldBookDictionary,p.1513)

1）漢語句子多成分殘缺，語義模糊,靠讀者悟出字里行間的含義:枯藤老樹昏鴉,小橋流水人家,古道西風(fēng)瘦馬。夕陽西下，斷腸人在天涯。

AutumnThoughtsWitheredvines,oldentree,eveningcrows;Tinybridge,flowingbrook,hamlet(小村)homes;Ancientroad,windfromwest,bonyhorse;Thesunissetting,Brokenman,farfromhome,roamandroams.(tr.趙甄陶)

AutumnCrowshoveringoverrugged(不平的)oldtreeswreathed(環(huán)繞)withrottenvine——thedayisaboutdone.Yonder(遠(yuǎn)處)isatinybridgeoverasparklingstream,andonthefarbank,aprettylittlevillage.Butthetravelerhastogoondownthisancientroad,thewestwindmoaning,hisbonyhorsegroaning,Trudging(跋涉)towardsthesinkingsun,fartherandfartherawayfromhome.(tr.翁顯良)2）漢語句子多無主語(zerosubject)：要吃有吃，要穿有穿。Wehaveenoughtoeatandsufficienttoputon.不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？Ihavemadeproposals,butinvain;Ihavemadeattempts,butwithoutsuccess.不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？Ifyouhavenevertastedthebitternessofgall,howcanyouknowthesweetnessofhoney?不到長城非好漢。He

who

has

never

been

to

the

Great

Wall

is

not

a

true

man玩火自焚

。

Whoeverplayswithfirewillperishbyfire.3）無謂語動詞：天高云淡。Theskyishighandthecloudsarepale.房間干干凈凈。Theroomisneatandtidy.這箱子八十磅。Thisboxweighseightypounds.他上海人。HeisfromShanghai.我兒子二十歲。Mysonis20yearsold.3）無賓語：電影很有趣，我一定要去看。Thefilmisinteresting.I’llgoandseeit.蛇在冬天藏起來。Snakeshidethemselvesinwinter.4）無連接詞：（因為）他不老實，（所以）我們不相信他。Becauseheisnothonest,wecan’ttrusthim.

人不犯我，我不犯人。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.

說是說了，沒有結(jié)果。Ihavemadeproposals,buttheyprovedfutile.

抓住了主要矛盾，一切問題就可以迎刃而解。Oncetheprincipalcontradictionisgrasped,allproblemscanbereadilysolved.他不來，我不去。Ifhewon’tcomehere,I’llnotgothere.

聰明一世，糊涂一時。Smartasarule,butthistimeafool.有飯大家吃。Leteverybodysharethefoodifthereisany.不到黃河心不死。Untilallisover,ambitionneverdie.燕子去了，有再來的時候；楊柳枯了，有再青的時候；桃花謝了，有再開的時候。(朱自清《匆匆》)Swallowsmayhavegone，butthereisatimeofreturn；willowtreesmayhavediedback，butthereisatimeofregreening；peachblossomsmayhavefallen，buttheywillbloomagain．5）邏輯矛盾的表達(dá)：曬衣服曬太陽tosunone’sclothestobaskinthesun吃蘋果吃食堂toeatanappletohaveone’smealsinthecanteen打掃房間打掃衛(wèi)生

tocleanaroomtodosomecleaning恢復(fù)健康恢復(fù)疲勞

torecoverone’shealthtogetrefreshed扶貧

poverty

reduction

/poverty

alleviation

6）多余的詞語：不必要的浪費(fèi)unnecessarywaste不切實際的幻想unpracticalillusion,fancy,fantasy毫無根據(jù)的毀謗slander他所擔(dān)任的工作hiswork用鼻子聞了一下takeasmellat腦子里想了想thinkover“徹底粉碎”completelysmash“smash”本意就是breakcompletely，已經(jīng)包含了“徹底”的意思，加上completely語氣反而弱化。“完全征服"completelyconquer“conquer”不可能是partly。“極為可恥"extremelyshameless，“shameless”已是最高級。“偉大的歷史性轉(zhuǎn)變"Thisisagreathistoricchange。在英語里，historic已經(jīng)包含了great的意思。2.ComplexvsSimplex（復(fù)雜句式與簡單句式）AsEnglishishypotactic,moreoftenthannot,syntacticdevicesareemployedintheformationofsentences.Innormalwritingspeopleusemuchmorecomplexsentencesthansimpleones.TheEnglishcomplexsentencesareoftenlikechainswithclauseslinkingclauses.Ontheotherhand,theChinesesentencesorclausestendtobeshortandsimpleinstructure.Theyareflowingandsimplexwithoneclausefollowingtheotherratherinaline.英語多長句、復(fù)雜句，漢語多短句、流水句。英語句子猶如大樹，在主干上派生出許多枝條來，所以長句多，復(fù)合句多；漢語句子猶如竹子，一節(jié)節(jié)連起來，因此，漢語短句多、流水句多。英語是語法句，句式繁雜，但主從有序，邏輯性強(qiáng)；漢語是語義句，句式簡潔，但結(jié)構(gòu)松散，邏輯性差。

翻譯要點(diǎn)：化英語長句為漢語的短句。Themoonissofarfromtheearththatevenifhugetreesweregrowingonthemountainsandelephantswerewalkingabout,wecouldnotseethemthroughthemostpowerfultelescopeswhichhaveyetbeeninvented.(treestructure)月球離地球非常遙遠(yuǎn)，即使那邊山上長著大樹，有大象在移動，我們用當(dāng)今發(fā)明的最高倍率的望遠(yuǎn)鏡，也不能看見它們。(bamboostructure)一個英國人，不會說中國話，有一次在中國旅行。AnEnglishmanwhocouldnotspeakChinesewasoncetravelinginChina.我有個問題弄不懂，想請教你，你能回答嗎？CanyouansweraquestionwhichIwanttoaskandwhichispuzzlingme?蒲松齡生活在清朝，貪官污吏肆虐，真正有才華的人得不到重用。PuSonglinglivedinatimewhenmostoftheQingofficialsweresounjustandcorruptthattruetalentswithoutmoneytopayabribecouldneverhopetobegiventheopportunitytodemonstratetheirlearning.3.

Top-heavy/Lion-headvsEnd-weight/Peacock-tail（頭重與尾重句型）在表達(dá)多層邏輯思維時，英語往往是判斷或結(jié)論、表態(tài)等在前，事實或描寫等在后，即重心在前；InanEnglishsentence,theshorterelementsusuallygobeforelongeronesinarrangementorder,andthewholesentencelookslikeapyramid.ThatalsoexplainswhytherearesomanyinvertedsentencesinEnglish.漢語則是由因到果、由假設(shè)到推論、由事實到結(jié)論，按事情發(fā)生的先后順序進(jìn)行描述,重心在最后。

ThearrangementofaChinesesentenceseemsquitetheopposite,soitlookslikeaninvertedpyramidortriangle.Nothinghashappenedsinceweparted。我們別后沒發(fā)生什么事情.他因為病了，所以沒來上課。Hedidn’tcometoschoolbecausehewasill.Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune,mustbeinwantofawife.一條舉世公認(rèn)的真理，那就是，凡有錢的單身漢，總想娶位太太。凡是有錢的單身漢，總想娶位太太，這是一條舉世公認(rèn)的真理。（更符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣）Soccerisadifficultsport.（1）Aplayermustbeabletorunsteadilywithoutrest.（2）Sometimesaplayermusthittheballwithhisorherhead.（3）Playersmustbewillingtobangintoandbebangedintobyothers.（4）Theymustputupwithachingfeetandsoremuscles.足球運(yùn)動員必須能不停地奔跑，有時得用頭頂球，撞別人或被別人撞，必須忍受雙腳和肌肉疼痛，所以說，足球運(yùn)動是一項難度大運(yùn)動。4.StaticvsDynamic(靜態(tài)與動態(tài))EnglishtendstouselessverbsthanChinese.InasimpleEnglishsentenceorinanEnglishclause,onlyoneverbisusedasthepredicateofthesentenceorclause.InaChinesesentence,anumberofverbscanbeusedasitspredicateatthesametime,sowemaysaythattheChineseisrather“dynamic”whiletheEnglishis“static”.AmasteryofChineseandEnglishisessentialforE-CorC-Etranslation.做英漢/漢英翻譯必須掌握好漢語與英語。Engineeringdesignisadecision-makingprocessusedforthedevelopmentofengineeringforwhichthereisahumanneed.工程設(shè)計是為發(fā)展人類所需工程而作決定的過程。再走幾步就到實驗大樓了。Afewstepswillbringyoutothelaboratorybuilding./Walkafewstepsandyouwillreachthelabbuilding.我國科學(xué)研究發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)是理論聯(lián)系實際。Thedevelopmentofscientificresearchinourcountryischaracterizedbythecombination/linkoftheorywithpractice.5.ImpersonalvsPersonal(InanimatevsAnimate)

（物稱與人稱）英語多用非人稱主語impersonalsubject(又叫無靈主語inanimatesubject)，漢語多用人稱主語personalsubject（又叫有靈主語animatesubject）。（原因：漢人重人/人倫，西方重物/自然）InanEnglishsentence,thechoiceofitssubjectoftenfallsontheinanimateorthethingthatisnotliving.Forexample,itwouldbepreferabletosay“Thereareeightpeopleinhisfamily.”than“Hehaseightpeopleinhisfamily.”ThisspecialfeatureofEnglishisespeciallyshowninwritingsinformalstylesuchasnewsreportsorscientificessays.Ontheotherhand,weChinesetendtopickupanimatethingsorpersonstofunctionasthesubjectofasentence.

Thereisatouchofroughpoetryabouthim.他這人還有那么點(diǎn)詩意呢。Themorningsungreetedusaswecameoutondeck.登上甲板，我們便看見了一輪旭日。又過了幾個月，我看見他們手上戴了戒指Monthslater,ringsappearedglisteringontheirfingers.黃昏到來，他仍在街上徘徊。Duskfoundhimwanderinginthestreet.他想起了母親，才鼓足干勁繼續(xù)干下去。Thethoughtofhismothergavehimthestrengthtogoondoingit.我突然產(chǎn)生了一個可怕的想法。Aterriblethoughtsuddenlystruckme.她獨(dú)處時感到一種特別的安寧。Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.

2001年中國成功加入世貿(mào)。Theyear2001sawChina’sentryintoWTO.他（徐霞客）……發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多奇山秀景；他常常選擇不同的時間和季節(jié)多次重游各地名山……Therewardforhisworkwasthediscoveryofmanyfantasticallybeautifulscenes.Famousmountainsinvariousplaceswouldfindhimcomingbackforrevisitsduringdifferentseasons.Revision:因為天氣太糟，我們未能成行。a.*Becauseofthepoorweather,wedidnotgo.b.Badweatherpreventedusfromgoing.一個小學(xué)女生失蹤了，教師們非常擔(dān)憂。a.*Aschoolgirldisappeared,andalltheteacherswereverymuchworriedabouther.b.Thedisappearanceofaschoolgirlworriedalltheteachers.他通曉多種不常用的外國語，這使我們感到驚訝。a.*Heisfamiliarwithmanyrarelyusedlanguages;wefeelsurprisedaboutthefact.b.Hisfamiliaritywithmanyrarelyusedlanguagessurprisedusall.6.Passive&Active（被動與主動）PassivesofvariousformsarefrequentlyusedinEnglish.Bycontrast,activeformsareoftenusedinChinese.必須找到新的能源。Newsourcesofenergymustbefound.這個問題正在研究。Theproblemisnowbeingstudied.據(jù)估計，今年的股市將會上揚(yáng)。Itisestimatedthatthestockmarketwillbeontherise.一匹馬騎兩個人。Twopersonsrodeonehorse.飯做好了。Themealhasbeencooked.7.Substitutive&Repetitive(替代與重復(fù))RepetitionofwordsinEnglishisgenerallymoreorlessabnormalandobjectionableexceptthatitisrhetoricalorsignificant.Toavoidrepetition,Englishoftenemployssubstitution,ellipsis,variation,andsomeotherdevices.英語忌重復(fù)，漢語喜重復(fù)（漢語通過重復(fù)，形成音韻上的美學(xué)節(jié)奏，英語主張言貴簡潔Brevityisthesoulofwit）。他喜歡跳舞，我也喜歡跳舞。HelikesdancingandsodoI.(替代)我們的民族將再也不是被人欺負(fù)的民族了。Ourswillnolongerbeanationsubjecttoinsultandhumiliation.(替代)我們能夠去掉不不良作風(fēng)，保持優(yōu)良作風(fēng)。Wecangetridofabadstyleandkeepthegood.(省略)我們要相信群眾，依賴群眾。Wemusthavefaithinandrelyonthemasses.(省略)我們的政策，不光要使領(lǐng)導(dǎo)知道，干部知道，還要使廣大群眾知道。Ourpolicymustbemadeknownnotonlytotheleadersandtothecadresbutalsotothebroadmasses.(省略)Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;writinganexactman.(省略)讀書使人充實,討論使人機(jī)智,寫作使人準(zhǔn)確.Readingexercisesone'seyes;Speaking,one'stongue;whilewriting,one'smind.

(省略)閱讀訓(xùn)練人的眼睛，說話訓(xùn)練人的口齒，寫作訓(xùn)練人的思維。John’sboughthimselfanewFord.Hepracticallylivesinthecar.（變換）約翰給自己買了一部新的福特牌汽車，他幾乎就住在這部汽車?yán)铩nelectrontubeisgenerallyusedforamplification,andvacuumtubeisanothernameforthisdevice.電子管通常用來放大，而真空管則是電子管的另一名稱。8.英語定語多后置，漢語定語多前置1）副詞：那邊那個男孩樓上的房間theboytheretheroomupstairs回家的路上onthewayhome2）形容詞：重要的事情somethingimportant

anythingnewnothingspecial完全不含水分的混合物mixturecompletelyfreeofwater

ShebelievesthateverythingfashionablecomesfromFrance.她認(rèn)為時髦的東西都是來自法國的。Whydon’twegosomewherequiet?我們干嗎不去一個安靜的地方？3）介詞短語：窗子邊的男孩theboynearthewindow

第一組的學(xué)生thepupilsinGroupOnea.SoonotherpeoplewithdifferentformsoftheChristianreligionarrivedinAmerica.b.Tradeamongcountriesallowspeopleineachcountrytousetheirenergiesindoingwhattheydobest.4）不定式短語：thebooktoread

theroomtoliveinthemeetingtobeheld5）現(xiàn)在分詞短語：thegirlsittingthere

themantalkingtoMaLiMypointisthatthefrequentcomplaintofonegenerationabouttheoneimmediatelyfollowingitisinevitable.我的觀點(diǎn)是：一代人對緊跟其后的另一代人的頻繁抱怨是不可避免的。6)過去分詞短語：theboynamedTom

computersmadeinJapan

allpartiesconcerned有關(guān)各方CarpetswoveninIranandwineproducedinFranceareexamplesofthesespecialgoods.7)定語從句：Somesongsremindusofthepeoplewelove.Videoshavechangedthewaysweplayandlistentomusic.Thesecondreasonwhynationstradewithoneanotheristhatitpaystospecialize. PragmaticComparisonofChineseandEnglishLanguage(語用對比）中國人客氣禮貌、謙虛謹(jǐn)慎、體貼關(guān)心；西方人個性直率、提倡獨(dú)立、尊重隱私。1.打招呼：一路辛苦了。*Youmustbetired./Youmusthavehadatiringjourney.Didyouhaveagoodtrip?/Didyouenjoyyourtri