國立清華大學腦與心智第五講(焦傳金教授)

學習&記憶2012/10/162012/10/16Atkinson

and

Shiffrin

modal

model

of

memory2012/10/16記憶包含四個步驟：登錄、儲存、提取和遺忘2012/10/16Baddeley

and

Hitch

model

of

working

memory同時下45盤棋的西洋棋選手2012/10/16The

magic

number

of

7

(George

Miller,

1950s)bit

vs.

chunkShort-term

memory

capacity2012/10/16EXJPHQUMS

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RIOYKFLNZRYIOZKLNF2012/10/16ECarHouseWithoutReduction2012/10/16A

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CadHours

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Happy

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HippoWashing

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Weights

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Reduction

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Reductive

RetaliateRefinance2012/10/16A

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Reductive

RetaliateRefinance2012/10/16Digit

span

for

amnesic

patients

and

control

subjects2012/10/16短期記憶：Repeat

to

remember長期記憶：Remember

to

repeatNeural

basis

of

human

memory2012/10/16This

portrait

of

Henry

Gustav

Molaison,

or

H.M.,

wastaken

shortly

before

he

underwent

the

experimental

surgerythat

would

destroy

his

ability

to

form

long-term

memories.2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16/NOVA

–

how

memory

works?HM

performed

poorly

on

memory

for

short

stories,

word

lists,

pictures,and

a

wide

range

of

other

materials

(Scoville

and

Milner,

1957).Four

aspects

of

HM’s

mental

capacity

that

influence

the

modernresearch

on

memory

systems1.

Cognitive

abilities

(perception,

abstract

thinking,

reasoning,intelligence

IQ)

other

than

memory

were

intact.2.

The

ability

to

maintain

information

online

(working

memory)

wasintact.3.

The

childhood

memories

were

intact.4.

The

ability

to

acquire

new

motor

skill

learning

(tracing

the

outline

of

a

star

when

viewing

the

paper

only

through

a

mirror)

was

intact.2012/10/16Amnesia

was

characterized

by

an

impairment

indeclarative

memory

and

that

procedural

memorywas

left

intact

(Cohen

and

Squire,

1980).2012/10/162012/10/16The

hypothesized

structure

of

human

memory2012/10/16沒有記憶的人

(BBC

brain

story)2012/10/16According

to

Tulving,

animals

like

his

cat

have

no

episodic

memory,

although

they

have

knowledge

of

many

thingsEpisodic

memory

depends

primarily

on

the

hippocampal

componentof

the

larger

system,

whereas

semantic

memory

depends

primarilyon

the

underlying

cortices.2012/10/162012/10/16語意癡呆癥

(BBC

brain

story)Neural

basis

of

human

memory2012/10/162012/10/16短期記憶：Repeat

to

remember長期記憶：Remember

to

repeat2012/10/16重復加強記憶Massive

learning

vs.

Spaced

learning假如你只有一個星期可以準備期末考，只有讀這個單元十次的時間，那你一定要把時間間隔開來。在一個星期中十個不同的時間重復看這個單元，而不是一次把這個單元看十遍。2012/10/16人類的記憶不像是「錄音機」，而像是「食物調(diào)理機」2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16登錄的形式2012/10/16AirplaneJumpLaughTallTractorGreenAppleZeroWeatherPastelQuicklyOceanNicelyCountertop2012/10/16解碼1.

在學習時，訊息登錄得越仔細，記憶就越強。2.

記憶痕跡儲存在大腦最初接觸到和處理這個訊息的同一個地方。3.

假如能重復原始登錄時的情境，提取的效果會最好。StriatumspecificHippocampusspecificMemory

of

habits,

actions,

and

outcomes2012/10/16?

The

BLA

is

important

foracquiring

an

aversion

to

the

tone.?

The

central

nucleus

isimportant

for

producing

fearfulresponses

in

general.A

range

of

fear-related

behaviors,including

automatic

and

motorresponses

(e.g.,

changes

in

heartrate,

blood

pressure,

sweating,hormone

release,

and

alternationsin

startle

response).2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16AplysiaSiphon-gill

withdraw

reflexTail-siphon

withdraw

reflex2012/10/162012/10/16Cells

that

fire

together,

wire

togetherWhen

an

axon

of

cell

A

is

near

enough

to

excite

a

cell

Band

repeatedly

or

persistently

takes

part

in

firing

it,some

growth

process

or

metabolic

change

takes

placein

one

or

both

cells

such

that

A’s

efficiency,

as

one

ofthe

cells

firing

B,

is

increased.

(Hebb,

1949)Donald

Hebb2012/10/162012/10/16記憶拼圖Memento2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16好書分享2012/10/16透視記憶

Memory--From

mind

to

Molecules作者：史奎爾&肯戴爾譯者：洪蘭出版：2001/9/15出版社：遠流出版本書為美國精神病學、神經(jīng)科學、心理學教授史奎爾（Larry

R.

Squire）及二○○○年因研究海蝸牛機制而獲諾貝爾生醫(yī)獎得主肯戴爾（Eric

R.Kandel）第一本有關記憶研究的革命性發(fā)現(xiàn)與看法，除了了解記憶是如何作用，并從分子生物學的領域中探究大腦的記憶系統(tǒng)與認知記憶儲存機制，從而尋求研發(fā)治療因年齡而造成記憶衰退的藥物，以及減緩阿茲海默癥病情惡化的治療法，對于未來神經(jīng)學和精神病學在醫(yī)學上的研究和臨床治療，將有莫大