modernlinguistics,現(xiàn)代語言學,構詞法

Couldyouexpressthem

inEnglish?Pigtaildog’sear書頁的折角Cat’spawsomeonewhoisusedbysomeoneelsetoachievesomethingbad:貓爪（被利用的人）Q.Whenwillalionsettleforalion'sshare?A.Itdependsonwhich"lion'sshare"you'retalkingabout,saysMarkDavidsoninRight,Wrong,andRisky.Thephraseiscommonlyusedtomean"thelargestportion,"suchaswhenTheFinancialTimesstatedthat"amere30ofEgypt's300bookpublishersreceivethelion'sshareoftheindustry'sprofit."ⅠCompoundingDefinitionFormationFeaturesphonologicalfeaturesemanticfeatureChineseCounterpart

1.DefinitionCompoundreferstothosewordsthatconsistofmorethanonelexicalmorpheme,ortwoormorewordsjoinedtogethertoformsinglenewword.Incompounds,thelexicalmorphemescanbeofdifferentwordclasses.2.Formation

AdjectiveNounVerbAdjectivebittersweetpoorhousewhitewashNounheadstronghomeworkspoonfeedVerb\pickpocketsleepwalkTakeover?Compoundsarevariouslyspelledwiththehyphen,spaces,ornothingbetweentheindividualwords.Spellingdoesnottelluswhatsequenceofwordsconstituteacompound;whetheracompoundisspelledwithaspacebetweenthetwowords,withahyphen,orwithnoseparationatalldependsontheidiosyncrasiesoftheparticularcompound:blackbird,gold-tail,andclothmothsolid,hyphenated,andopen3.1PhonologicalFeatureCompound

a'blackhorse

a'bluebird

a'fathead

a'hothouseFreephrase

ablack'horse

ablue'bird

afat'head

ahot'houseInanactualcompound,thefirstwordisusuallystressed(pronouncedlouderandhigherinpitch),andinanon-compoundphrasethesecondwordisusuallystressed.Redcoatredcoat3.2SemanticFeatureThecompound’smeaningsdonotsimplyfollowthe“1+1Principle”.ThemeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitspartsManycompoundstendtohavesensesthatarenotwhollypredictablefromtheconstituentelements:darkroom

Jack-in-a-box

roomusedforphotographicprocessingatoyconsistingofaclown-likepuppetthatspringsoutofaboxwhenthelidisactivated.Aboathouseisahouseforboats,acathouse?Amagnifyingglassisaglassthatmagnifies,alookingglass?Peanutoilandoliveoilareoilsmadefromsomething,babyoil?1年半前…Ayearandahalfago…

1.Americancloth

2.Britishwarm

3.Turkishdelight

4.Spanishathelete

5.Chinesecopy

6.Frenchleave

7.Indianmeal

8.Dutchtreat美產(chǎn)布料

英國式的暖日

土耳其式狂歡

西班牙運動員

中國版本法式告別

印度大餐

荷蘭招待方式彩色油布

厚呢短大衣

土耳其軟糖

吹牛者

山寨

不辭而別

玉米粥

AA制Readthefollowingcompounds,andthenguesstheirmeanings4現(xiàn)代漢語復合式聯(lián)合型偏正型補充型動賓型主謂型4.1聯(lián)合型（并列型）AB:A、B并列，A、B的語義關系。由兩個意義相同、相近、相關或相反的詞根并列組合而成的，這兩個詞根的前后順序一般不能隨意調換，如“買賣”不能說成“賣買”，也有少量可對調的，如“互相”也可說成“相互”。

舉例：1、兩詞根意義并列，可互相說明，準確表達含義。

例如：途徑價值關閉治理富強2、兩詞根結合后產(chǎn)生了新的意義。

例如：聰明眉目骨肉方圓始終3、兩詞根意結合后，只有一個詞根的意項在起主要作用。

例如：國家人物忘記沒有質量4.2偏正型AB：前偏后正，A修飾B。前一詞根對后一根起修飾限制作用。如：高山小說漢字公牛紅色傾銷飛奔4.3補充型后一詞根補充說明前一詞根。舉例：1、前一詞根表示動作，后一詞根表示動作的結果。例如：說服打倒延長改進合成推廣2、前一詞根表示事物，后一詞根表示事物的單位。例如：人員牛只羊群花朵船只房間4.4動賓型支配型：前一詞根表示動作、行為，后一詞根表示動作行為所支配的對象。例如司法管家掃地投資

動員拔河掛鉤4.5主謂型陳述型

前一詞根表示被陳述的事物，后一詞根是陳述前一詞根的。

例如：

眼熟嘴饞肉麻心慌

自動民主海嘯ableablyabilityunabledisableenableⅡDerivation/AffixationDefinitionAffixprefixinfixsuffixChineseCounterparts

1.Definition

Derivationisdonebyaddingaffixestoaroot.

Incontrasttocompound,aderivationalwordconsistsofatleastafreemorphemeandaboundmorpheme(derivationalmorpheme/affix).e.g.pure+ify=purify,whichmeans“tomakepure”purify+cation=purification,whichmeans“theprocessofmakingpure”

2.Affixes/DerivationalMorphemes

Derivationalmorphemeshaveclearsemanticcontent.Inthissensetheyarelikecontentwords,exceptthattheyarenotwords.Aswehaveseen,whenaderivationalmorphemeisaddedtoabase,itaddsmeaning.Thederivedwordmayalsobeofadifferentgrammaticalclassthantheoriginalword,asshownbysuffixessuchas–ableand–ly.Whenaverbissuffixedwith–able,theresultisanadjective,asindesire+able,adore+able.Whenthesuffix–enisaddedtoanadjective,averbisderived,asindark+en.Onemayformanounfromanadjective,asinsweet+ie.3.1PrefixPrefixesmodifythelexicalmeaningoftheroot.Theydonotgenerallyaltertheword-classoftheroot;fair–unfairisatypicalexample.However,withfurtherinvestigation,ithasbeenfoundthattherequiteanumberofprefixesincurrentEnglishwhichdoconverttoadifferentword-classincomparisonwiththeiroriginalbases.Be-adj.→v.belittle,becalmDe-n.→v.deform,debugEn-n.→v.unleash,unearthAnti-n.→adj.anti-war,anti-aircraftInter-n.→er-state,inter-laboratoryPost-n.→adj.postwar,postliberationPre-n→adj.precalculusBriefdescriptionofsomeproductiveprefixesinmodernEnglish.Ⅰanti.(Greek,against)A.Meaninga.against:antipolitical,antitraditionalb.unlike:anti-art,antiheroc.belongingtothehypotheticalworldconsistingofantimatter:antineutron,antiquarkB.Functiona.affixedtoNtoformN:antipopeb.affixedtoNtoformAdj.:antiwarc.affixedtoAdj.toformAdj.:antisocialⅡde-(Latin,off/from)A.Meaninga.toundowhathasbeendone,reverseanactionorprocess:decolonize,desegregate,deacidify,denationalizeb.toremove:defog,delocalize,denuclearizeB.Functiona.affixedtoV.toformV.:decolourize,decentralizeb.affixedtoN.toformN.:debugⅢmini-(French,“miniature”,popularizedbytheBritishMotorCorporation’sMiniMinor,acarproducedin1960)A.Meaninga.ofverysmallsizeorimportance:minibus,minipark,ministateb.reachingwellabovetheknee:miniskirtB.FunctionprefixedtoN.toformN.:minibike,minidresswordclasshasoftenbeenchangedNounsuffixesAdjectivesuffixesVerbsuffixesAdverbsuffixes

3.2Suffix

3.2.1NounSuffixa.Theformednounreferstoapersonorthing-ster/-eergangster,youngster,profiteer-er/-or/-ardriver,villager,stranger, Londoner,actor,beggar-ee(passive)trainee,examinee-ess(female)lioness,waitress-ant/-entinhabitant,resident-ese/-an/-ianChinese,American,physician-istsocialist,violinist-cratdemocrat,bureaucratb.theformednounreferstoabstractness(status,condition,domain,state,system)-hoodboyhood,neighborhood-shipfriendship,dictatorship-domfreedom,stardom-ocracydemocracy-ryslavery,nunnery,machinery-ance/-enceimportance,confidence-itysincerity,maturity-nessconsciousness,carelessness-ics/-logystatistics,psychology-surepressure-turemixture,texture-ismDarwinism,formalism-ageshortage,drainage-ydifficulty,victoryc.theformednounreferstoanact-ion/-tion/-sion/-ssion

invitation,decision,permission-ment

movement,achievement-al

refusal,dismissal-ing

building,drivingd.theformednounreferstosmallness-en kitten-et(te) cigaret(te),kitchenet(te)-ling duckling-let piglet,booklet-eme morpheme,phoneme-on electron,neutrone.theformednounreferstoaplace-arylibrary-eryrefinery,nunnery-oryfactory,dormitory-iumauditorium,solarium-ful(affirmative)careful,useful-less(negative)careless,useless-lyfriendly,cowardly-ysunny,hairy-enwoolen,wooden-likechildlike-ish(like,about,somewhat)childish,girlish,yellowish-esque(like)picturesque-(i)anDarwinian,American-eseJapanese-istsocialist,capitalist3.2.2AdjectiveSuffix-al