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中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)
Neuroimaging
of
theCentralNervousSystem
學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容:顱腦、脊髓、血管1.不同成像技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)和臨床應(yīng)用2.正常影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)3.基本病變影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)4.影像新技術(shù)不同成像技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)和臨床應(yīng)用1.X線圖像的特點(diǎn)2.CT圖像的特點(diǎn)3.MR圖像的特點(diǎn)4.DSA檢查正常影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)顱腦頭顱X線平片
顱骨最基本的影像學(xué)檢查方法顯示顱骨骨質(zhì)改變,是診斷顱骨骨折和骨縫分離的有效方法特點(diǎn)局限性
僅提示病變存在,但不能確診臨床表現(xiàn)明顯但無異常發(fā)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)體層攝影(CT)
CT圖像的特點(diǎn)局限性
斷層圖像不利于器官結(jié)構(gòu)和病灶的整體顯示
CT檢查對疾病的定性診斷仍有一定限度
CT檢查使用X線,具有輻射性損傷
是目前常用的影像學(xué)檢查方法常規(guī)CT圖像采用橫斷層圖像,克服了普通X線檢查各種組織結(jié)構(gòu)重疊干擾的影響分辨率高,對比度強(qiáng)大腦:額葉顳葉頂葉枕葉
基底節(jié)丘腦幕上
小腦:半球、蚓部腦干:中腦延髓橋腦幕下
腦實(shí)質(zhì)雙側(cè)腦室第三腦室第四腦室腦室系統(tǒng)
鞍上池環(huán)池橋小腦池枕大池外側(cè)裂池大腦縱裂池腦池系統(tǒng)腦室腦池系統(tǒng)磁共振成像(MRI)優(yōu)勢:
組織分辨率高任意平面成像多種參數(shù)、序列成像
缺點(diǎn):
掃描時(shí)間長
MRI對鈣化不敏感個(gè)別患者有幽閉恐懼癥,MRI檢查有禁忌癥
X-Plain
顱高壓征:顱縫增寬,腦回壓跡增深顱骨:破壞,增生蝶鞍:擴(kuò)大、吸收、變形鈣化:DSA顱內(nèi)占位使血管移位腦血管形態(tài)改變計(jì)算機(jī)體層攝影(CT)密度異常:低密度、等密度、高密度、混雜密度增強(qiáng)特征:不強(qiáng)化、輕中度強(qiáng)化、明顯強(qiáng)化腦結(jié)構(gòu)改變:占位效應(yīng)腦萎縮腦水腫、腦積水顱骨改變:骨質(zhì)破壞、增生、吸收、骨折1)低密度病變:2)等密度病變:3)高密度病變4)混雜密度病變腦水腫腦梗塞、腦軟化腦腫瘤炎性病變慢性血腫腦腫瘤腦梗塞的等密度期顱內(nèi)血腫的等密度期
(亞急性出血)顱內(nèi)血腫鈣化腫瘤炎性肉芽腫腦腫瘤(顱咽管瘤、惡性膠質(zhì)瘤、畸胎瘤)出血性腦梗塞炎性病變1)低密度病變:腦水腫腦梗塞、腦軟化腦腫瘤炎性病變慢性血腫顱內(nèi)疾病的平掃基本CT征象2)等密度病變:腦腫瘤腦梗塞的等密度期顱內(nèi)血腫的等密度期
(亞急性出血)顱內(nèi)疾病的平掃基本CT征象4)混雜密度病變腦腫瘤(顱咽管瘤、惡性膠質(zhì)瘤、畸胎瘤)出血性腦梗塞炎性病變顱內(nèi)疾病的平掃基本CT征象磁共振成像(MRI)MRI通過磁共振信號的變化反應(yīng)信息人體不同器官的正常組織與病理組織的T1和T2是相對恒定的,而且它們之間有一定的差別,這種組織間馳豫時(shí)間上的差別,是MRI成像基礎(chǔ)基本病變信號特征T1WI
T2WI腫塊依據(jù)腫塊內(nèi)部成分不同信號不一囊腫低信號高信號水腫低信號高信號
出血急性3天內(nèi)等,略低亞急性3d-2w周圍高向中部推進(jìn)慢性2w以上高信號,環(huán)周含鐵血黃素低信號環(huán)梗死略低/低信號高信號增強(qiáng)檢查CT:對比劑:含碘非離子型造影劑劑量:50-100ml注射速率:1-2ml/sec注射方式:人工手推或高壓器注射MRI:對比劑:順磁性造影劑:Gd-DTPA劑量:15-30ml注射速率:
1-2ml/sec注射方式:人工手推或高壓器注射脊髓和椎管內(nèi)病變脊髓檢查方法以矢狀面為主,輔以橫斷面和冠狀面,確定病變的三維關(guān)系,方法有平掃和增強(qiáng)掃描影像觀察與分析
正常脊髓灰質(zhì)、白質(zhì)與腦脊液信號特點(diǎn)與顱內(nèi)腦實(shí)質(zhì)與腦脊液信號一致
脊髓基本病變脊髓外形異常:脊髓增粗、萎縮脊髓密度(信號)異常:局限性、彌漫性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔形態(tài)異常:
可分為出血性和非出血性損傷,MRI可直觀地顯示脊髓損傷的部位、范圍、類型和程度
脊髓水腫:T1WI等、低信號,T2WI高信號出血:T1WI和T2WI均為高信號
脊髓軟化、囊變、空洞:
T1WI低信號,T2WI高信號
脊髓萎縮:脊髓變細(xì)
脊髓損傷
腦血管成像(Cerebralvascularangiography)
DSA(digitalsubstractionangiography)CTA(computedtomographyangiography)MRA(magneticresonanceangiography)DSA(數(shù)字減影血管造影)
頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈、椎動(dòng)脈、頸外動(dòng)脈血管顯示
Vertebrobasilarartery(VA)椎基動(dòng)脈
Internalcarotidartery(ICA)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈
Extenalcorotidartery(ECA)頸外動(dòng)脈
Willis環(huán):大腦前動(dòng)脈,大腦后動(dòng)脈,前后交動(dòng)脈,
頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈末端診斷動(dòng)脈瘤、動(dòng)靜脈畸形、腫瘤血供Vertebrobasilarartery(VA)椎基動(dòng)脈
Internalcarotidartery(ICA)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈
Extenalcorotidartery(ECA)頸外動(dòng)脈
Willis環(huán):大腦前動(dòng)脈,大腦后動(dòng)脈,前后交通動(dòng)脈,頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈末端
Advantageof64sliceVCT:CTADiseasesofCNSVasculardiseases血管病變:hemorrhage,infarct(ischemicinfarct,hemorrhagicinfarct,lacunarinfarct)Infectiousdiseases
感染性病變VascularMalformality血管畸形Vasculardiseases
血管疾病AcuteIntracerebralHemorrhage
急性腦出血
臨床表現(xiàn)Clinicalfindings:
Hypertension,Vascularmalformation,Aneurysm,Hematopathy,Tumor影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)ImagingfindingsCT:Location,Density,SecondarysignsMR:Location,Signal,Secondarysigns鑒別診斷DifferentialDiagnosisEvolutionofHematomaonCT血腫在CT上的演變Acutehematoma:4hrsafterictus急性腦血腫:發(fā)病后4小時(shí)4daysafterictus發(fā)病后4天3monthsafterinitialCT首次CT后3個(gè)月EvolutionofHematomaonCT血腫在CT上的演變10405060708020301234567891011121314ISODENSEHYPERDENSEHYPODENSEDecreasingDensityofHematoma血腫密度的下降DensityComparedtoCortexTimeinDaysIntracerebralHemorrhageImagingfindingsCT:1)Location:高血壓性腦出血基底節(jié)區(qū)多見2)Density:急性期高密度,隨時(shí)間推移密度漸減低3)Secondarysigns:占位效應(yīng)明顯,可破入腦室、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔,繼發(fā)阻塞性腦積水MRI:不同的出血時(shí)間信號不同,反映血腫內(nèi)血紅蛋白、氧合血紅蛋白、脫氧血紅蛋白、正鐵血紅蛋白、含鐵血黃素的演變過程超急性期(≦6h):氧合血紅蛋白(T1WI等,T2WI高信號)急性期(7-72h):脫氧血紅蛋白(T1WI等或略低,T2WI低信號)亞急性期(3d-2W):正鐵血經(jīng)蛋白(T1WI高信號,T2WI高信號)慢性期(2W后):含鐵血黃素(T1WI低,T2WI低信號)BloodProducts血腫
AcutehematomawellseenonCT急性血腫宜用CT觀察
Subacuteandchronichematomabetter evaluatedonMRI亞急性和慢性血腫宜用MRI觀察Primary(hypertensive)bleedsoccurinthebasalganglia;forbleedsatotherlocations,huntforacause高血壓出血常在基底節(jié);其它部位的話要尋找病因BrainInfarction
腦梗塞臨床表現(xiàn)Clinicalfindings:
Thrombosis,Embolism,Hypotension,Highpour-pointstate影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)ImagingfindingsCT
MR:Ischemicinfarct;Hemorrhagicinfarct;Lacunarinfarct鑒別診斷DifferentialDiagnosis左側(cè)大腦前動(dòng)脈閉塞致左側(cè)額上回腦梗塞:CT平掃示左側(cè)額上回長條狀低密度區(qū)(↑),邊界較清,輕度占位表現(xiàn)
左側(cè)枕葉大腦后動(dòng)脈梗塞:CT平掃示左側(cè)枕葉低密度區(qū),未見明顯占位表現(xiàn)
左側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈梗塞:CT平掃示左顳頂葉大片低密度區(qū),邊界清晰,密度與腦脊液相似,左側(cè)腦室擴(kuò)大,中線結(jié)構(gòu)無移位。
右側(cè)額后頂前出血性腦梗塞:CT平掃示右額頂葉大片低密度區(qū)內(nèi)散在不規(guī)則高密度出血灶
Foggingeffect模糊效應(yīng):缺血性腦梗塞2-3周時(shí)病灶變?yōu)榈让芏榷豢梢奓acunarbraininfarction腔隙性腦梗塞:深部髓質(zhì)小動(dòng)脈閉塞所致,大小約10-15mm,好發(fā)于基底節(jié)、丘腦、小腦和腦干。Hemorrhagictransformationafterinfarction出血性腦梗塞:CT示在低密度腦梗塞灶內(nèi),出現(xiàn)不規(guī)則斑點(diǎn)、片狀高密度出血灶。CerebralinfarctionimagingfindingsCT:24h內(nèi),CT可無陽性發(fā)現(xiàn),或顯示腦溝回模糊;動(dòng)脈致密征;島帶征。24h后,與閉塞血管供血區(qū)一致,同時(shí)累及皮層和髓質(zhì),呈底在外的三角形或楔形低密度,邊緣不清,常并發(fā)腦水腫,病灶大時(shí)可出現(xiàn)輕度占位效應(yīng)。4-6周,邊緣清楚、近于腦脊液密度的囊腔,1個(gè)月后可出現(xiàn)腦萎縮。出血性腦梗塞:扇形低密度梗塞區(qū)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)不規(guī)則高密度出血斑。腔隙性梗塞:好發(fā)于基底節(jié)區(qū),因小的終末動(dòng)脈閉塞所致,表現(xiàn)為直徑小于15mm低密度灶,邊緣清楚。MRI:較早發(fā)現(xiàn)病變Subcorticalarterioscleroticencephalopathy
Bingswanger’sdisease
皮層下動(dòng)脈硬化性腦病臨床表現(xiàn)Clinicalfindings影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)ImagingfindingsCTMR鑒別診斷DifferentialDiagnosisInfectiousdiseases
感染性疾病Pathogens:Bacterium,Virus,Fungi,ParasitePathology:Meningitis,Encephalitis,VeininflammationBrainabscess
腦膿腫臨床表現(xiàn)Clinicalfindings:Otogenic,Blood-borne,Traumatic,Cryptogenic影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)ImagingfindingsCT
MR鑒別診斷DifferentialDiagnosisBrainabscessImagingfindingonCTCT1、急性炎癥期:平掃大片低密度灶,邊界模糊,伴占位效應(yīng),增強(qiáng)無強(qiáng)化2、化膿壞死期:平掃低密度區(qū)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)更低密度壞死灶,增強(qiáng)呈不均勻強(qiáng)化3、膿腫形成期:平掃見等密度環(huán),內(nèi)為低密度膿腫并可有氣泡影;增強(qiáng)呈環(huán)形強(qiáng)化,其壁完整、光滑、均勻,或多房分隔BrainabscessImagingfindingonMRMR1、膿腔呈長T1和長T2異常信號2、增強(qiáng)呈薄壁環(huán)形強(qiáng)化,內(nèi)外壁光滑Tuberculosis,CNS臨床表現(xiàn)Clinicalfindings影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)ImagingfindingsCTMR鑒別診斷DifferentialDiagnosisTuberculousmeningistisandencephalitisImagingfindingsCT平掃:1、早期無異常發(fā)現(xiàn)2、腦底池炎性滲出表現(xiàn)為腦底池密度升高3、腦內(nèi)結(jié)核:腦內(nèi)以基底節(jié)區(qū)多見呈低或等密度灶4、腦積水增強(qiáng):腦膜增厚強(qiáng)化,結(jié)核球呈結(jié)節(jié)狀或環(huán)形強(qiáng)化TuberculousmeningistisandencephalitisImagingfindingsMR平掃:1、腦底池T1WI信號升高,T2WI信號更高,抑水T2WI顯示病灶更清楚,高信號2、腦內(nèi)結(jié)核球T1WI呈略低信號,T2WI呈低、等或略高混雜信號,周圍水腫輕3、腦積水增強(qiáng):腦膜明顯增厚強(qiáng)化,結(jié)核球呈結(jié)節(jié)狀強(qiáng)化或環(huán)狀強(qiáng)化cerebralcysticercosisimagingfinding分型:腦實(shí)質(zhì)型;腦室型、腦膜型、混合型CT:腦內(nèi)多發(fā)低密度小囊,囊腔內(nèi)可見致密小點(diǎn)狀囊蟲頭節(jié),囊蟲死亡后呈高密度點(diǎn)狀鈣化MR:腦內(nèi)多發(fā)小囊,小囊主體呈長T1長T2信號,其內(nèi)偏心結(jié)節(jié)呈短T1和長T2信號增強(qiáng):囊壁與頭節(jié)可輕度強(qiáng)化VascularDeformality血管畸形Aneurysm血管瘤臨床表現(xiàn)Clinicalfindings:headache
影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)ImagingfindingsCT:1)Directsigns:nothrombosis;partofthrombosis;totallythrombosis2)Secondarysigns:subarachnoidhemorrhage,hematoma,hydrocephalus,encephaledema,infarctMR:DSA鑒別診斷DifferentialDiagnosisBrainArteriovenousMalformations腦動(dòng)靜脈畸形臨床表現(xiàn)Clinicalfindings影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)ImagingfindingsCTMRDSA鑒別診斷DifferentialDiagnosisTraumaticBrainInjury-CTTraumaticBrainInjury-ClinicalFeaturesSignsandSymptomsofheadinjurycanincludeanycombinationofthefollowing:
loseconsciousnessVomitingSeizure
WeaknessHeadacheInabilitytospeakAmnesia健忘癥
●●●●●●
CNStraumaClinicalFeatures
-consciousnessNoLossofconsciousness(L.O.C)(SDH,EDH?,NotDAI彌漫性軸索損傷)Awakeatthescene,DelayedLOC(SDH,EDH,Swelling,NotDAI)TransientLOC-Wake-up-DelayedLOC(“Classic”lucidintervalfor
EDH)ContinuousLOCFollowingImpact(“Classic”shearing/DiffuseAxonalinjury
DAI彌漫性軸索損傷)
Immediateunenhanced
headCTscanistheprocedureofchoicefordiagnosisheadinjury
Computedtomography
(CT):
itisquick,accurate,andwidelyavailableHeadCTscancanshowlocation,volume,effectofthelesionsofintracranialinjuries.ClassificationofHeadInjury:
-centripetalapproachousidetoinsideExtracerebralinjury:
★Scalp-hematoma頭皮血腫★Calvarium-skullfracture顱骨骨折★Epiduralhematoma(EDH)硬膜外血腫
★Subduralhematoma(SDH)硬膜下血腫
★Subarachnoidhemorrhage(SAH)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血
Intracerebralinjury:
★Braincontusion(edema,hemorrhage)腦挫傷
★Intraventricular-hemorrhage(腦室出血)
★1.Skullfracture
★2.Epiduralhematoma★3.EpiduralHematoma★4.SubduralEffusion
★5.
Subarachnoidhemorrhage★6.
CerebralCorticalContusion★7.
Diffuseaxonalinjury
★8.
SequelaeofHeadInjury閉合性腦損傷的機(jī)制沖擊傷
作用力接觸力慣性力原因直接碰撞減速或加速運(yùn)動(dòng)腦損傷范圍局部多處彌散性受傷時(shí)頭部狀態(tài)固定不動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)中對沖傷1.Skullfracture骨折部位形態(tài)與外界關(guān)系顱蓋骨折顱底骨折線性骨折凹陷性骨折粉碎性骨折開放性骨折閉合性骨折分類
Linearfracture
線型骨折:
AxialCTisnotgoodforlinearfracture
Shouldcarefullytoidentifythefractureline
Depressionfracture
凹陷型骨折:
Amoreseriousfracture
DownwarddisplacementoftheskullbonespressesdirectlyonbraintissueandcausedtheinjuryCTisimportantforthefractureandother
associatedintracraniallesionsBonewindowtoevaluatefracture
Skullfracture骨折CT骨窗觀察
線形骨折的臨床表現(xiàn)累及眶頂和篩骨:鼻出血眶周廣泛淤血斑,“熊貓眼”征廣泛球結(jié)膜下淤血斑、腦膜、骨膜均破裂:腦脊液鼻漏篩板或視神經(jīng)管骨折:嗅神經(jīng)或視神經(jīng)損傷累及蝶骨:鼻出血,腦脊液鼻漏累及顳骨巖部:腦脊液耳漏、VII/VIII腦神經(jīng)損傷蝶骨、顳骨內(nèi)側(cè)部損傷:垂體/II-VI腦神經(jīng)損傷累及頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈海綿竇部:頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈—海綿竇瘺累及破裂孔或頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈管:致命性鼻出血、耳出血累及顳骨巖部后外側(cè):Battle征,乳突部皮下淤血累及枕骨基底部:枕下腫脹、皮下淤血斑枕骨大孔或巖尖后緣附近骨折:IX-XII腦神經(jīng)損傷顱底部線形骨折顱蓋部發(fā)生率高顱前窩骨折顱中窩骨折顱后窩骨折顱前窩骨折累及眶頂和篩骨,可伴有鼻出血、眶周廣泛淤血(稱“眼鏡”征或“熊貓眼”征)以及廣泛球結(jié)膜下淤血。如硬腦膜及骨膜均破裂,則伴有腦脊液鼻漏,腦脊液經(jīng)額竇或篩竇由鼻孔流出。若骨折線通過篩板或視神經(jīng)管,可合并嗅神經(jīng)或視神經(jīng)損傷。顱中窩骨折顱底骨折發(fā)生在顱中窩,如累及蝶骨,可有鼻出血或合并腦脊液鼻漏,腦脊液經(jīng)蝶竇由鼻孔流出。如累及顳骨巖部,硬腦膜、骨膜及鼓膜均破裂時(shí),則合并腦脊液耳漏,腦脊液經(jīng)中耳由外耳道流出;如鼓膜完整,腦脊液則經(jīng)咽鼓管流向鼻咽部而被誤認(rèn)為鼻漏。骨折時(shí)常合并有第Ⅶ、Ⅷ腦神經(jīng)損傷。如骨折線通過蝶骨和顳骨的內(nèi)側(cè)面,尚能傷及垂體或第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、V、Ⅵ腦神經(jīng)。如骨折傷及頸動(dòng)脈海綿竇段,可因頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈—海綿竇瘺的形成而出現(xiàn)搏動(dòng)性突眼及顱內(nèi)雜音。破裂孔或頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈管處的破裂,可發(fā)生致命性鼻出血或耳出血。顱后窩骨折骨折線通過顳骨巖部后外側(cè)時(shí),多在傷后數(shù)小時(shí)至2日內(nèi)出現(xiàn)乳突部皮下淤血(稱Battle征巴特耳征)。骨折線通過枕骨鱗部和基底部,可在傷后數(shù)小時(shí)出現(xiàn)枕下部頭皮腫脹,骨折線尚可經(jīng)過顳骨巖部向前達(dá)顱中窩底。骨折線累及斜坡時(shí),可于咽后壁出現(xiàn)黏膜下淤血。枕骨大孔或巖骨后部骨折,可合并后組腦神經(jīng)(Ⅸ~Ⅻ)損傷癥狀。WhatisEpiduralhematoma?硬膜外血腫
EDHisatraumaticaccumulationofbloodbetweentheinnertableoftheskullandthestripped-offduralmembrane.
WhatisSubduralhematoma?硬膜下血腫
SDHisaformoftraumaticbraininjuryinwhichbloodgatherswithintheinnermeningeallayerofthedura.dura
2Epiduralhematoma
(硬膜外血腫)
DirecttraumatocraniumFracture(90%)-Laceration(撕裂)
ofMeningealA.andV.Locationis66%temporo-parietal(顳頂部)Temporal
Bone(70-80%)lucidinterval(中間清醒期40%pts)Mortality(死亡率)of15-30%硬腦膜外血腫病人意識變化的典型特征是:昏迷一清醒一再昏迷,即意識障礙有"中間清醒期",傷后有短暫的原發(fā)性昏迷,在血腫位形成前意識恢復(fù),當(dāng)血腫形成增大,顱內(nèi)壓增高可出現(xiàn)再次昏迷硬膜外血腫(EDH):顱內(nèi)血腫積聚于顱骨與硬膜之間Epiduralhematoma-CT1.Smoothlymarginated,lenticular透鏡狀,orbiconvex
雙凸homogenoushyperdense高密度lesion
2.Rarelycrossesthesuturelinebecausetheduraisattachedmorefirmlytotheskullatsutures(縫).3.Frequentincidenceofassociatedskullfracture(90%)-
fractureline
AcuteEpiduralHematomaThehematomastillcontainsuncoagulatedblood,orstillhasactivebleeding.
血腫包含不凝血或活動(dòng)出血Round,stream-likefillingdefectsmaybeseeninthehemotoma
血腫內(nèi)可見圓形密度減低影.3EpiduralHematoma
硬膜下血腫
ScoureofbloodLaceration(撕裂)ofCortical(腦皮層血管)AA.andVV.(Direct:penetratinginjury)(直接穿透傷)Bridging(Cortical)Veins(橋靜脈)
Duralsinus(靜脈竇)LargeContusions(Direct/indirect:PulpedBrain硬膜下血腫(SDH):
顱內(nèi)出血積聚于硬腦膜和蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔之間SubduralHematoma
硬膜下血腫
PresentationSignificantheadtrauma,butchronicsubdural-onlyminororremotehistoryoftraumaBilateralin20%adults(commoninelderly),80-85%bilateralininfantsExtensionintointerhemisphericfissure
(縱裂),tentorial(小腦幕)marginsBraininjuryin50%;ComplexInjury(DAI)Skullfractureinonly1%
SubduralHematoma
-CT1.Sickle-shape
(鐮刀型)or
newlunar
shape
(新月型)2.Extendspastthesutures3.AcuteSDH-HyperdenseSubacuteSDH-Isodense(1-2weeks)ChronicSDH–Hypordense4.Braininjuryin50%;ComplexInjury(DAI);5.Skullfractureinonly1%AcuteSubduralHematoma急性硬膜下血腫Thehematomamayextendingintothesubduralspaceoftentorialregion.血腫可以延伸到小腦幕區(qū).
AcuteSubduralHematomaThehematomamayextendingintotheinterhemisphericfissure
血腫延伸至大腦鐮部.ChronicSubduralHematoma
慢性硬膜下血腫Shape:Semilunar,fusiform,Ovalshape外形:半月形、紡錘形、橢圓形.Density:HyperdenseIsodenseHypodenseMixeddensity密度:高密度、等密度、低密度、混雜密度IsodenseChronicsubduralhematoma等密度慢性硬膜下血腫.Hyperintensityofchronicsubduralhematoma高密度慢性硬膜下血腫
(T1/T2均為高信號)
.等密度硬膜下血腫雙側(cè)腦室對稱變小,體部呈長條狀兩側(cè)側(cè)腦室前角內(nèi)聚,夾角變小,呈“兔耳征”腦白質(zhì)變窄塌陷皮層腦溝消失
MembraneHematoma
EpiduralAcute
BiconvexUnilateralSkullFracture90%
Limitedbysutures
DirecttraumatocraniumLaceration(撕裂)of
MeningealArtery
lucidinterval(中間清醒期40%pts)
SubduralAcutetoChronic
Newlunarshape
Bilateral
Fracture+/-1%CrosssuturesContrecoupInjury對沖傷
Laceration(撕裂)ofBridgingVeins(橋靜脈)4.SubduralEffusion硬膜下積液SubduralEffusion硬膜下積液
Occurredinagedpatientorinfant發(fā)生在老人及幼兒.Developedseveraldayslaterafteraheadinjury外傷幾天后形成Oftenbilateral常雙側(cè)Spontaneouslyresorbed自發(fā)吸收.Craniotomy,V-Pshunt,meningitisalsomaycausesubduraleffusion
穿顱術(shù)、VP、腦膜炎也可發(fā)生.5.
Subarachnoidhemorrhage
(蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血)
SubarachnoidhemorrhageThesensitivityofCThasbeenreportedtorangefrom85to100%.Highdensitylesionwasdemonstratedincerebralcisterns(Subarachnoidspaceovercerebralconvexity,Suprasellacistem(鞍上池),interpeduncularcistern(腳間池),pontinecistern,cisternofthelateralfissure(側(cè)裂池)byplainCTscanComputedtomography(CT)isthemethodofchoicetodetectacutesubarachnoidhemorrhage(SAH).
Linearhighdensityinthesubarachnoidspaces(sulci,fissures,cistems)OftenassociateswithotherintracerebralorextracerebrallesionsMaycausehydrocephalus
Subarachnoidhemorrhage(SAH,蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血)-CT
Subarachnoidhemorrhage-MRIMagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)usingFLAIRsequencesshowsacomparablesensitivityinacuteSAHevenbesuperiortoCT.(hyperintenseonT2FLAIR)InsubacuteSAH,startingfromday5afterthesuspectedhemorrhage,thesensitivityofMRIisclearlysuperiortoCT.(hyperintenseonT1WIandT2WI)
縱裂池、腦溝SAH
SAH一引起交通性腦積水.
交通性腦積水.2.6TraumaticSAHinthesulci,interhemisphericfissure9.10Communicatinghydrocephalus6.CerebralCorticalContusion
(腦挫傷)CerebralCorticalContusion
Presentation
Lossofconsciousness,headache,mentalstatuschangeUsuallyinasuperficialcorticallocation50%occurintemporallobe33%infrontallobe(frontalpoleandinferiorsurface)Delayedhemorrhageseenin20%7.Diffuseaxonalinjury
(彌漫性軸索損傷)Followsseveredeceleratingclosedheadtrauma,patientsaregenerallyunconsciousfromthetimeoftheeventLocationofinjuriesaretypicallyinareasoflargenumbersofparallelaxonssuchasthecorpuscallosum,internalcapsule,brainstem,basalgangliaandsubcorticalwhitematterDiffuseaxonalinjury(彌漫性軸索損傷)Usuallypunctatehyperdensitiesareseeninthecorpuscallosum,graywhiteinterfaces,androstralbrainstemTheaxonalinjuryitselfisnotvisualized,buttheassociatedmicro(andmacro)hemorrhagesinthecharacteristicdistributionareseenDiffuseaxonalinjury-CTDetectingandcharacterizingbrainstemlesions,specificallyandpredominatelynon-hemorrhagiccontusionsAppearancedependsonpresenceorabsenceofhemorrhageT1-weightedsequencesoftennormal;multiplehyperintensefociatgray-whitejunctionsandcorpuscallosumonT2WIDiffuseAxonalInjury-MRI03-5-3騎摩托車與另一摩托車相撞,入院時(shí)為淺昏迷,GCS評分6分,20天后甚至轉(zhuǎn)清,未能言語.
03-6-6言語模糊,亂語,03-6-16復(fù)查時(shí)對答正常
上圖:傷后4天MRI檢查
下圖:傷后43天復(fù)查
Soonafterheadinjury8hourlater
DelayedHemorrhage
遲發(fā)血腫Brainatrophy,duetobraincontusionCommunicatinghydrocephalus,duetoSAH,IVHEncephalomalaciaorporencephaliccyst,duetobraincontusion
腦挫裂傷所致的:腦萎縮.
交通性腦積水.
腦軟化、腦穿通囊腫.8.SequelaeofHeadInjury
腦外傷后遺癥顱腦外傷的影像診斷注意點(diǎn)1.顱腦外傷首選CT檢查,但病情與CT表現(xiàn)不符時(shí),要行MRI檢查;2.病情有變化時(shí),隨時(shí)復(fù)查CT。答案:AADA答案:CDDCB答案:ECAE顱內(nèi)腫瘤/椎管內(nèi)腫瘤影像診斷
Intracranialandintraspinaltumor
radiology腦腫瘤/椎管內(nèi)腫瘤
Intracranialandintraspinaltumor
CT:Withorwithouttumor,localizationandqualitativediagnosis
AdvantagesofMRI:Noboneartifacts,multi-dimensionalsectionsscanning,avarietyofimagingparameters。Therefore,amoreaccuratepositioningandcharacterization
ofthetumorImagingsignsofintracranialtumors
Directsigns:1)Thesiteoftumor2)Thedensity(signal)oftumor3)Thenumber,size,shapeandedgeoftumor4)TheenhancementextentandmorphologyoftumorIndirectsigns:1)Peritumoraledema2)ChangesinskullTheexpandanddamageinternalauditorycanalcanbeseeninacousticneuromaTheskullcorrespondingshowsthickeningofmeningiomas星形細(xì)胞瘤(astrocytictumors)AstrocytictumorsisthemostcommonprimaryintracerebraltumoursAstrocytomainadultsmorecommoninSupratentorial,childrenmorecommonininfratentorialcerebellarAstrocytomamainlylocatedinthewhitematter,gradingⅠ-ⅣTumorlocalizationsignsandsymptomsofintracranialhypertension,Epilepsy腦內(nèi)腫瘤直接征象1)好發(fā)部位:白質(zhì)2)密度(信號):Ⅰ級低密度,Ⅱ~Ⅳ級高低混雜密度的囊性腫塊,可有鈣化與瘤內(nèi)出血、壞死、囊變3)數(shù)目、大小、形態(tài)和邊緣:Ⅰ級邊界清楚,Ⅱ~Ⅳ級邊界不清,形態(tài)不規(guī)則4)增強(qiáng)的程度及形態(tài):Ⅰ級不強(qiáng)化,Ⅱ~Ⅳ級呈不規(guī)則環(huán)形伴壁結(jié)節(jié)強(qiáng)化間接征象1)瘤旁水腫:明顯2)顱骨變化:常無星形細(xì)胞瘤
astrocytictumorsⅠ~Ⅳgrade腦膜瘤
MeningiomaMeningiomaoriginatedfromarachnoidgranulationscapcells,connectedwiththeduraMosttumorsoccuroutsidethebrain,somecanoccureveninventricleAtypicalsitefollowedbyfrequencyofoccurrence:腦膜瘤影像特征總結(jié)腦外腫瘤直接征象1)好發(fā)部位:矢狀竇旁、腦凸面、蝶骨嵴、嗅溝、橋小腦角、大腦鐮或小腦幕2)密度(信號):CT平掃等或略高密度、常見斑點(diǎn)狀鈣化3)數(shù)目、大小、形態(tài)和邊緣:類圓形,邊界清,常以廣基底與硬膜相連,表現(xiàn)成增厚強(qiáng)化的“腦膜尾征,腦組織受壓形成”皮層扣壓征“4)增強(qiáng)的程度及形態(tài):均勻性顯著強(qiáng)化腦膜瘤影像特征總結(jié)間接征象:1)瘤旁水腫:輕或無,靜脈或靜脈竇受壓時(shí)可出現(xiàn)中或重度水腫2)顱骨變化:腦膜瘤可見相應(yīng)顱骨增厚AtypicalMeningioma1)全瘤以囊性為主2)腫瘤內(nèi)密度不均勻3)壁結(jié)節(jié)4)瘤內(nèi)有高密度出血5)腫瘤完全鈣化6)全瘤密度低,并呈不均勻強(qiáng)化7)環(huán)形強(qiáng)化8)骨化性腦膜瘤9)瘤周腦脊液樣低密度區(qū)10)酷似腦內(nèi)的腫瘤11)多發(fā)性腦膜瘤MeningiomaDifferentialdiagnosisCerebralconvexityandfalxmeningiomas:Metastases,malignantlymphoma,anaplasticastrocytomaSuprasellarregionandtheanteriorcranialfossameningiomaMiddlecranialfossameningiomaPosteriorfossameningiomaIntraventricularmeningioma垂體腺瘤(pituitaryadenoma)Clinicalsymptoms:Compressionsymptoms;EndocrinedisorderPathology:Outsidethebrain;Encapsulatedpituitaryadenomapituitarymicroadenoma:≤10mm,Limitedtotheintrasellarpituitarymacroadenoma:﹥10mmpituitarymicroadenomaDirectsigns:Abnormaldensity(orsignal)withinthepituitaryAftertreatment,thetumorshrink,higherdensityIndirectsigns
3)Pituitaryheightabnormaly4)Bulgeontheupperedgeorcollapseoftheloweredgeof
thepituitary5)Pituitarystalkdeviation垂體瘤的影像特征腦外腫瘤直接征象1)好發(fā)部位:鞍內(nèi),可穿破鞍隔突入鞍上池、侵入蝶竇、侵入兩側(cè)海綿竇2)密度(信號):CT平掃等或略高密度,易出血、壞死、囊變,偶見鈣化3)數(shù)目、大小、形態(tài)和邊緣:大于10mm為大腺瘤,啞鈴狀或葫蘆狀,有雪人征或束腰征4)增強(qiáng)的程度及形態(tài):多數(shù)均勻、少數(shù)非均勻強(qiáng)化間接征象1)瘤旁水腫:無或少2)顱骨變化:常有蝶鞍擴(kuò)大pituitaryadenomadifferentialdiagnosispituitarymicroadenoma:
Pituitarycysts,metastases,pituitaryabscess,pituitaryinfarctionpituitarymacroadenoma:
Craniopharyngioma,meningioma,epidermoidcyst,arachnoidcyst,astrocytoma,aneurysm顱咽管瘤(craniopharyngioma)Clinicalsymptoms:Childrenwithdevelopmentaldisorders,increasedintracranialpressure;Adultswithvision,visualfielddisorders,psychosisandhypopituitarismPathology:Cysticorpartiallycystic;CalcificationImagingfeaturesofcraniopharyngioma腦外腫瘤直接征象1)好發(fā)部位:鞍區(qū),鞍上多見2)密度(信號):CT平掃囊性或部分囊性為多,CT值變化較多(MRI混雜信號),含膽固醇多則低,含蛋白質(zhì)與鈣質(zhì)多則高,沿囊壁殼狀鈣化3)數(shù)目、大小、形態(tài)和邊緣:圓形或類圓形,邊清4)增強(qiáng)的程度及形態(tài):囊壁環(huán)狀強(qiáng)化,實(shí)性部分呈均勻或不均勻強(qiáng)化間接征象1)瘤旁水腫:無或少2)顱骨變化:蝶鞍可擴(kuò)大craniopharyngiomadifferentialdiagnosisCysticcraniopharyngioma:epidermalcyst,dermoidcyst,teratoma,arachnoidcystSolidcraniopharyngioma:
germinoma,astrocytoma,hamartoma
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