英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌分類知識(shí)分享

英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌分類3、素體詩(shī)(無(wú)韻體詩(shī))（BlankVerse）：五音步抑揚(yáng)格，不押韻詩(shī)體。theunrhymediambicpentameterline

WilliamWordsworth:ThereWasaBoy

TherewasaBoy;yeknewhimwell,yecliffs

AndislandsofWinander!manyatime,

Atevening,whentheearlieststarsbegan

Tomovealongtheedgesofthehills,

Risingorsetting,wouldhestandalone,

Beneaththetrees,orbytheglimmeringlake;

Andthere,withfingersinterwoven,bothhands

Pressedcloselypalmtopalmandtohismouth

Uplifted,he,asthroughaninstrument,

Blewmimichootingstothesilentowls

Thattheymightanswerhim.—Andtheywouldshout

Acrossthewateryvale,andshoutagain,

Responsivetohiscall,—withquiveringpeals,

Andlonghalloos,andscreams,andechoesloud

Redoubledandredoubled;concoursewild

Ofjocunddin!And,whentherecameapause

Ofsilencesuchasbaffledhisbestskill:

Then,sometimes,inthatsilence,whilehehung

Listening,agentleshockofmildsurprise

Hascarriedfarintohisheartthevoice

Ofmountain-torrents;orthevisiblescene

Wouldenterunawaresintohismind

Withallitssolemnimagery,itsrocks,

Itswoods,andthatuncertainheavenreceived

Intothebosomofthesteadylake.

Thisboywastakenfromhismates,anddied

Inchildhood,erehewasfulltwelveyearsold.

Pre-eminentinbeautyisthevale

Wherehewasbornandbred:thechurchyardhangs

Uponaslopeabovethevillage-school;

Andthroughthatchurchyardwhenmywayhasled

Onsummer-evenings,Ibelievethatthere

Alonghalf-hourtogetherIhavestood

Mute—lookingatthegraveinwhichhelies!4、自由詩(shī)（FreeVerse）自由詩(shī)（FreeVerse）:現(xiàn)代詩(shī)中常見(jiàn)的體式，長(zhǎng)短不同的詩(shī)行存在于同一首詩(shī)中，不講究押韻與格律，只注重詩(shī)歌所表達(dá)的意象和傳遞的情感。美國(guó)詩(shī)人WaltWhitman的<<草葉集>>（LeavesofGrass）中，就采用此格式。

SongofMyself

Icelebratemyself,andsingmyself,

AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume,

Foreveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou.

Iloafeandinvitemysoul,

Ilearnandloafeatmyeaseobservingaspearofsummergrass.

Mytongue,everyatomofmyblood,form’dfromthissoil,thisair,

Bornhereofparentsbornherefromparentsthesame,andtheirparentsthesame,

I,nowthirtysevenyearsoldinperfecthealthbegin,

Hopingtoceasenottilldeath.

Creedsandschoolsinabeyance,

Retiringbackawhilesufficedatwhattheyare,butneverforgotten.

Iharborforgoodorbad,Ipermittospeakateveryhazard.

Naturewithoutcheckwithoriginalenergy.

Notes:aspearof:apieceofschool:學(xué)說(shuō)，流派hazard:chance

abeyance:theconditionofnotbeinginuseforacertaintime

惠特曼（WaltWhitman,1819-1892），美國(guó)詩(shī)人。此詩(shī)選自其巨著<<草葉集>>。本文是SongofMyself一詩(shī)的第一部分，采用自由詩(shī)體，語(yǔ)言接近當(dāng)時(shí)的美國(guó)口語(yǔ)。

5、Epicpoetryitisalongversenarrativeonaserioussubject,toldinaformalandelevatedstyle,andcenteredonaheroicorquasi-divinefigureonwhoseactionsdependsthefateofatribe,anation,orthehumanrace.史詩(shī)是敘述英雄傳說(shuō)和重大歷史事件的敘事長(zhǎng)詩(shī)。一種莊嚴(yán)的文學(xué)體裁，內(nèi)容為民間傳說(shuō)或歌頌英雄功績(jī)的長(zhǎng)篇敘事詩(shī)，它涉及的主題可以包括歷史事件、民族、宗教或傳說(shuō)史詩(shī)史詩(shī)一般分作兩種，一種為“傳統(tǒng)史詩(shī)”或“原始史詩(shī)”，主要是以口頭流傳的形式世代相傳，隨著時(shí)間而增添情節(jié)，最后被整理、加工，以文字記載成為一部統(tǒng)一的作品。這類史詩(shī)的代表有荷馬的史詩(shī)作品《伊利亞特》和《奧德賽》。另一種為文學(xué)作家以特定的觀念目的有意識(shí)地編寫(xiě)而成的“文學(xué)史詩(shī)”，這類史詩(shī)的代表有維吉爾的《埃涅阿斯紀(jì)》和約翰·彌爾頓的《失樂(lè)園》。6、英雄雙韻體(HeroicCouplet),

therhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter

是一種英國(guó)古典詩(shī)體，由喬叟首創(chuàng)。由十音節(jié)雙韻詩(shī)體演化而來(lái)，每行五個(gè)音步,每個(gè)音步有兩個(gè)音節(jié),第一個(gè)是輕音,第二個(gè)是重音.句式均衡、整齊、準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔、考究。舉例拿四行詩(shī)的押韻方式為例，有abab型，有abcb型，有abba型，有aabb型，還有aaab型。第四種（aabb型）實(shí)際上是雙行押韻，英語(yǔ)稱之為couplet,如果每行五音步，則稱之為“英雄雙押韻”(heroiccouplet)；TheCanterburyTales---GeneralPrologueAssoonasAprilpiercestotherootThedroughtofMarch,andbatheseachbudandshootThrougheveryveinofsapwithgentleshowersFromwhoseengenderingliquorspringtheflowers;WhenzephyrshavebreathedsoftlyallaboutInspiringeverywoodandfieldtosprout,AndinthezodiactheyouthfulsunHisjourneyhalfwaythroughtheRamhasrun;WhenlittlebirdsarebusywiththeirsongWhosleepwithopeneyesthewholenightlongLifestirstheirheartsandtingleinthemso,Thenoffaspilgrimspeoplelongtogo,AndpalmerstosetoutfordistantstrandsAndforeignshrinesrenownedinmanylands.AndspeciallyinEnglandpeoplerideToCanterburyfromeverycountrysideTovisittheretheblessedmartyredsaintWhogavethemstrengthwhentheyweresickandfaint.7、Balladsandpopularballads大眾民謠Definitionoftheballad:Aballad,flourishedinthe15thcentury,isastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.PopularBalladsBalladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoraltransmission.Literatureofthecommonpeople.flourishedinthe15thcentury,printeduntilthe18thand19th.ThebestknownoftheearliestcollectionswasBishopThomasPercy’s“ReliquesofAncientEnglishPoetry”.英國(guó)民謠（EnglishBallad），起源于中世紀(jì)末期，即12、13世紀(jì)，興盛于14、15世紀(jì)，復(fù)興于18、19世紀(jì)，是英國(guó)最古老的詩(shī)歌形式之一。它主要包括兩大部分，英格蘭民謠和蘇格蘭民謠。

GetUpandBeartheDoorItfellabouttheMartinmastime,Andagaytimeitwasthen,Whenourgoodwifegotpuddingstomake,Andshe’sboiledtheminthepan.Thewindsocoldblewsouthandnorth,Andblewintothefloor;Quothourgoodmantoourgoodwife,“Gooutandbarthedoor.”“Myhandisinmyhussyfscap,Goodman,asyemaysee;Ifitshouldnotbebarr’dthishundredyear,It’snotbebarr’dbyme.”Theymadeapaction’tweenthemtwo,Theymadeitfirmandsure,Thatthefirstwordwhoe’ershouldspeak,Shouldriseandbarthedoor.Thenbytherecametwogentlemen,Attwelveo’clockatnight,Andtheycouldneitherseehousenorhall,Norcoal,norcandlelight,“Nowwhetheristhisarichman’shouse,Orwhetherisitapoor?”Butne’erawordwouldoneofthemspeak,Forbarringofthedoor,Andfirsttheyatewhitepuddings,Andthentheyatetheblack:Tho’muchthoughtthegoodwifetoherself,Yetne’erawordshespake,Thensaidtheoneuntotheother,“Here,man,takeyemaknife;Doyoutakeofftheoldman’sbeard,AndI’llkissthegoodwife,”“Butthere’snowaterinthehouse,Andwhatshallwedothen?”“Whatailsyeatthepudding-broth,Thatboilsintothepan?”O(jiān),upthenstartedourgoodman,Anangrymanwashe;“Willyekissmywifebeforemyeye,Andscaldmewithpudding-broth?”O(jiān)’upthenstartedourgoodwife,Madethreeskipsonthefloor;“Goodman,you’vespokentheforemostword;Getupandbarthedoor.”Triplet/tercet(三韻句，三行押韻的詩(shī)節(jié)):

Triplet:aunitorgroupofthreelines,usu.rhymed.三行詩(shī)節(jié)(three-linestanza，triplet)押韻的形式多樣，如：aaa；aab，ccb；aba，bcb??

ODETOTHEWESTWIND(V)ShellyMakemethylyre,evenastheforestis:Whatifmyleavesarefallinglikeitsown!Thetumultofthymightyharmonies

Willtakefrombothadeep,autumnaltone,Sweetthoughinsadness.Bethou,Spiritfierce,Myspirit!Bethoume,impetuousone!

DrivemydeadthoughtsovertheuniverseLikewitheredleavestoquickenanewbirth!And,bytheqofthisverse,Scatter,asfromanunextinguishedhearthAshesandsparks,mywordsamongmankind!BethroughmylipstounawakenedEarthThetrumpetofaprophecy!OWind,IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?四行詩(shī)節(jié)quatrain:astanzaoffourlines可以押聯(lián)韻(coupletrhyme)aabb,也可以押套韻(interlacedrhyme)即abab；還可以押間韻(intermittentrhyme)即abcb；又可押抱韻(enclosingrhyme)即abba。Awake，awake，my1ittleboy!Thouwasthymothersonlyjoy；·Whydostthouweepinthygentlesleep?Awake!thyfatherdoestheekeep．W