英語詩歌分類知識分享

英語詩歌分類3、素體詩(無韻體詩)（BlankVerse）：五音步抑揚格，不押韻詩體。theunrhymediambicpentameterline

WilliamWordsworth:ThereWasaBoy

TherewasaBoy;yeknewhimwell,yecliffs

AndislandsofWinander!manyatime,

Atevening,whentheearlieststarsbegan

Tomovealongtheedgesofthehills,

Risingorsetting,wouldhestandalone,

Beneaththetrees,orbytheglimmeringlake;

Andthere,withfingersinterwoven,bothhands

Pressedcloselypalmtopalmandtohismouth

Uplifted,he,asthroughaninstrument,

Blewmimichootingstothesilentowls

Thattheymightanswerhim.—Andtheywouldshout

Acrossthewateryvale,andshoutagain,

Responsivetohiscall,—withquiveringpeals,

Andlonghalloos,andscreams,andechoesloud

Redoubledandredoubled;concoursewild

Ofjocunddin!And,whentherecameapause

Ofsilencesuchasbaffledhisbestskill:

Then,sometimes,inthatsilence,whilehehung

Listening,agentleshockofmildsurprise

Hascarriedfarintohisheartthevoice

Ofmountain-torrents;orthevisiblescene

Wouldenterunawaresintohismind

Withallitssolemnimagery,itsrocks,

Itswoods,andthatuncertainheavenreceived

Intothebosomofthesteadylake.

Thisboywastakenfromhismates,anddied

Inchildhood,erehewasfulltwelveyearsold.

Pre-eminentinbeautyisthevale

Wherehewasbornandbred:thechurchyardhangs

Uponaslopeabovethevillage-school;

Andthroughthatchurchyardwhenmywayhasled

Onsummer-evenings,Ibelievethatthere

Alonghalf-hourtogetherIhavestood

Mute—lookingatthegraveinwhichhelies!4、自由詩（FreeVerse）自由詩（FreeVerse）:現(xiàn)代詩中常見的體式，長短不同的詩行存在于同一首詩中，不講究押韻與格律，只注重詩歌所表達的意象和傳遞的情感。美國詩人WaltWhitman的<<草葉集>>（LeavesofGrass）中，就采用此格式。

SongofMyself

Icelebratemyself,andsingmyself,

AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume,

Foreveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou.

Iloafeandinvitemysoul,

Ilearnandloafeatmyeaseobservingaspearofsummergrass.

Mytongue,everyatomofmyblood,form’dfromthissoil,thisair,

Bornhereofparentsbornherefromparentsthesame,andtheirparentsthesame,

I,nowthirtysevenyearsoldinperfecthealthbegin,

Hopingtoceasenottilldeath.

Creedsandschoolsinabeyance,

Retiringbackawhilesufficedatwhattheyare,butneverforgotten.

Iharborforgoodorbad,Ipermittospeakateveryhazard.

Naturewithoutcheckwithoriginalenergy.

Notes:aspearof:apieceofschool:學說，流派hazard:chance

abeyance:theconditionofnotbeinginuseforacertaintime

惠特曼（WaltWhitman,1819-1892），美國詩人。此詩選自其巨著<<草葉集>>。本文是SongofMyself一詩的第一部分，采用自由詩體，語言接近當時的美國口語。

5、Epicpoetryitisalongversenarrativeonaserioussubject,toldinaformalandelevatedstyle,andcenteredonaheroicorquasi-divinefigureonwhoseactionsdependsthefateofatribe,anation,orthehumanrace.史詩是敘述英雄傳說和重大歷史事件的敘事長詩。一種莊嚴的文學體裁，內(nèi)容為民間傳說或歌頌英雄功績的長篇敘事詩，它涉及的主題可以包括歷史事件、民族、宗教或傳說史詩史詩一般分作兩種，一種為“傳統(tǒng)史詩”或“原始史詩”，主要是以口頭流傳的形式世代相傳，隨著時間而增添情節(jié)，最后被整理、加工，以文字記載成為一部統(tǒng)一的作品。這類史詩的代表有荷馬的史詩作品《伊利亞特》和《奧德賽》。另一種為文學作家以特定的觀念目的有意識地編寫而成的“文學史詩”，這類史詩的代表有維吉爾的《埃涅阿斯紀》和約翰·彌爾頓的《失樂園》。6、英雄雙韻體(HeroicCouplet),

therhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter

是一種英國古典詩體，由喬叟首創(chuàng)。由十音節(jié)雙韻詩體演化而來，每行五個音步,每個音步有兩個音節(jié),第一個是輕音,第二個是重音.句式均衡、整齊、準確、簡潔、考究。舉例拿四行詩的押韻方式為例，有abab型，有abcb型，有abba型，有aabb型，還有aaab型。第四種（aabb型）實際上是雙行押韻，英語稱之為couplet,如果每行五音步，則稱之為“英雄雙押韻”(heroiccouplet)；TheCanterburyTales---GeneralPrologueAssoonasAprilpiercestotherootThedroughtofMarch,andbatheseachbudandshootThrougheveryveinofsapwithgentleshowersFromwhoseengenderingliquorspringtheflowers;WhenzephyrshavebreathedsoftlyallaboutInspiringeverywoodandfieldtosprout,AndinthezodiactheyouthfulsunHisjourneyhalfwaythroughtheRamhasrun;WhenlittlebirdsarebusywiththeirsongWhosleepwithopeneyesthewholenightlongLifestirstheirheartsandtingleinthemso,Thenoffaspilgrimspeoplelongtogo,AndpalmerstosetoutfordistantstrandsAndforeignshrinesrenownedinmanylands.AndspeciallyinEnglandpeoplerideToCanterburyfromeverycountrysideTovisittheretheblessedmartyredsaintWhogavethemstrengthwhentheyweresickandfaint.7、Balladsandpopularballads大眾民謠Definitionoftheballad:Aballad,flourishedinthe15thcentury,isastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.PopularBalladsBalladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoraltransmission.Literatureofthecommonpeople.flourishedinthe15thcentury,printeduntilthe18thand19th.ThebestknownoftheearliestcollectionswasBishopThomasPercy’s“ReliquesofAncientEnglishPoetry”.英國民謠（EnglishBallad），起源于中世紀末期，即12、13世紀，興盛于14、15世紀，復興于18、19世紀，是英國最古老的詩歌形式之一。它主要包括兩大部分，英格蘭民謠和蘇格蘭民謠。

GetUpandBeartheDoorItfellabouttheMartinmastime,Andagaytimeitwasthen,Whenourgoodwifegotpuddingstomake,Andshe’sboiledtheminthepan.Thewindsocoldblewsouthandnorth,Andblewintothefloor;Quothourgoodmantoourgoodwife,“Gooutandbarthedoor.”“Myhandisinmyhussyfscap,Goodman,asyemaysee;Ifitshouldnotbebarr’dthishundredyear,It’snotbebarr’dbyme.”Theymadeapaction’tweenthemtwo,Theymadeitfirmandsure,Thatthefirstwordwhoe’ershouldspeak,Shouldriseandbarthedoor.Thenbytherecametwogentlemen,Attwelveo’clockatnight,Andtheycouldneitherseehousenorhall,Norcoal,norcandlelight,“Nowwhetheristhisarichman’shouse,Orwhetherisitapoor?”Butne’erawordwouldoneofthemspeak,Forbarringofthedoor,Andfirsttheyatewhitepuddings,Andthentheyatetheblack:Tho’muchthoughtthegoodwifetoherself,Yetne’erawordshespake,Thensaidtheoneuntotheother,“Here,man,takeyemaknife;Doyoutakeofftheoldman’sbeard,AndI’llkissthegoodwife,”“Butthere’snowaterinthehouse,Andwhatshallwedothen?”“Whatailsyeatthepudding-broth,Thatboilsintothepan?”O(jiān),upthenstartedourgoodman,Anangrymanwashe;“Willyekissmywifebeforemyeye,Andscaldmewithpudding-broth?”O(jiān)’upthenstartedourgoodwife,Madethreeskipsonthefloor;“Goodman,you’vespokentheforemostword;Getupandbarthedoor.”Triplet/tercet(三韻句，三行押韻的詩節(jié)):

Triplet:aunitorgroupofthreelines,usu.rhymed.三行詩節(jié)(three-linestanza，triplet)押韻的形式多樣，如：aaa；aab，ccb；aba，bcb??

ODETOTHEWESTWIND(V)ShellyMakemethylyre,evenastheforestis:Whatifmyleavesarefallinglikeitsown!Thetumultofthymightyharmonies

Willtakefrombothadeep,autumnaltone,Sweetthoughinsadness.Bethou,Spiritfierce,Myspirit!Bethoume,impetuousone!

DrivemydeadthoughtsovertheuniverseLikewitheredleavestoquickenanewbirth!And,bytheqofthisverse,Scatter,asfromanunextinguishedhearthAshesandsparks,mywordsamongmankind!BethroughmylipstounawakenedEarthThetrumpetofaprophecy!OWind,IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?四行詩節(jié)quatrain:astanzaoffourlines可以押聯(lián)韻(coupletrhyme)aabb,也可以押套韻(interlacedrhyme)即abab；還可以押間韻(intermittentrhyme)即abcb；又可押抱韻(enclosingrhyme)即abba。Awake，awake，my1ittleboy!Thouwasthymothersonlyjoy；·Whydostthouweepinthygentlesleep?Awake!thyfatherdoestheekeep．W