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UnitThree
CulturalDifferences(II)
SectionAReadingSkillsSectionBTextSectionCFastReadingSectionDCaseStudySectionECheerYouUpTrainingObjectivesTofigureout
neworunfamiliarwordsbymeansofaffixes.
2.TogetsomeideasaboutdifferentthinkingpatternsbetweenEastandWest.
3.Toknowtheimportanceofnonverbalcommunication.
SectionAReadingSkills
I.Learningaffixesandrootswillenableustofigureoutmanynewwordsinourreading.ManyEnglishwordsarecreatedfromarootwordtowhichprefixesandsuffixeshavebeenadded.Theuseofcontextualaidsandfamiliaritywithaffixesandrootsaretwoaidsforpromotingunknownandunfamiliarwords.Learningprefixes,roots,andsuffixeswillenableustofigureoutmanynewwordsinourreading.
GuessingNewandUnfamiliarWords(3)返回
II.PrefixAprefixisaddedtothebeginningofawordanditcausesachangeinthemeaningofthatword.UnandirarecommonnegativeprefixesinEnglish,occurringinhundredsofwords.Forexample,theprefixun,whenaddedtoawordlikecooperative,givesthewordacompletelyoppositemeaning,unwillingtoworkwithotherpeople.EnglishcontainsalargenumberofLatinandGreekprefixesreferringtonumbers.Don’tworryabouttryingtorememberwhichlanguagetheyoriginatedin,becausemanyofthesameprefixesarefoundinbothlanguages.HerearesomeoftheothercommonLatinandGreekprefixesindicatingnumbers.half:
semi-hemi-;
one:
uni-;
two:
bi-;
three:
tri-;ten:
deca-;
onehundred:
cent-;
onethousand:
milleIII.SuffixesBesidestheprefix,thereisalsothesuffix.Suffixesareaddedtotheendsofwords.Althoughtheydonotaffectthebasicmeaningofaword,suffixesfrequentlyalteritspartofspeech.Probably90percentofEnglishadverbsareformedbyaddingthesuffix-lytoanadjectiveroot.Adverbstellus“inwhatmanner”.Adverbsmodifyordescribeverbs,adjectives,otheradverbs,andoccasionallyanentiresentence.Adjectivesmodifynouns.Whenyouread,ofcourse,youdonotneedtoworryaboutidentifyingwhatparticularpartofspeechanadverbmodifies,onlythewordthatitdescribes.Forexample,theverb‘care’,canbecomeanadjective,‘careful’,anditcanalsobecomeanadverb,‘carefully’,whensuffixesareadded.
IV.Thefollowingarecommonprefixes,pleasememorizethem.PrefixMeaningExamplead-toortowardadjoinbi-twobicyclecom-,con-togetherorwithcompatriot,consolidatede-downfromdescend,dia-throughorarounddiagramdis-apartdiscountil-notillegalin-notinvisibleinter-betweenoramonginternationalir-notirreverentmono-onemonopoly
PrefixMeaningExamplepost-afterpostgraduatepre-beforepredestinedpro-fororforwardprofoundre-againreplacesemi-halfsemicirclesub-beloworundersomething;substandardonepartofalargethingsubbranchsuper-oversupermantrans-acrosstranscontinentaltri-threetriangleun-notunnaturalV.Thefollowingarethecommonsuffixes,pleasememorizethem.SuffixMeaningExample-ablecapableofbeingmanageable-anpersonwho…..musician-ancestateofbeingresemblance-antpersonwho…..accountant-eepersonwho…..employee-erpersonwho…..writer-istpersonwho…..artist-enmadeofwooden-encestateofqualityindifference-ionstateofbeingconfusion-istpersonwho…..chemist-iverelatingtomassive-lesswithoutmotionless-mentstateofbeingimprovement-orpersonwho…..investor-warddirectionorcoursebackwardSuffixMeaningExampleTaskExplaintheunderlinedwords.
1.Amanagerwithpoorhumanrelationsskillsmayhavetroublegettingalongwithsubordinates,causevaluableemployeestoquitortransfer,andcontributetopoormorale.subordinate:someonewhohaslesspowerorauthoritythansomeoneelsetransfer:movetoanotherjob2.Wheneverpeople
intentionally
communicate,entionally:inanintentionalmannerunconscious:notconscious;lackingawarenessandthecapacityforsensoryperceptionasifasleepordeadprediction:astatementmadeaboutthefuture3.Anothercommonlymisused
conceptisthatofcommunication“breakdown.”Socialandinterpersonalinteractionsamongindividualscreatetheinformalorganization,whichhasagreatdealofpower.misuse:applytoawrongthinginterpersonal:occurringamongorinvolvingseveralpeopleinteraction:amutualorreciprocalaction4.Inferringfromdemographicdataislessdesirablethanhavingdirectanswerstoquestionsbutissometimestheonlyalternative.demographic:oforrelatingtodemographydesirable:worthhavingorseekingorachieving5.Ifyourpurposeistocreateinteractionamongourlisteners,arrangethechairsinacircleorsemicircle
oraroundatable.semicircle:aplanefigurewiththeshapeofhalfacircle
SectionBText
DifferentThinkingPatternsbetweenEastandWestBeforeyouread,pleasethinkabouttwoquestions.DoyouknowsomethingaboutthedifferencesbetweentheEastandtheWest?2.Biculturalpeople,likethoseinHongKongwithitsBritishandChinesehistory,showthinkingpatternsintermediatebetweenEastandWest.Canyouguessthemeaningofthewordbicultural?返回.ReadingSpeedEvaluationYourPerformance
About80wpmExcellentAbout70wpmAverageAbout60wpmYouneedtodomorepractice.ReadingEvaluation
344wordsSuggestedReadingTime:5minutes
ThethinkingprocessesofAsiansandWesternersdiffergreatly.YouaskaJapaneseandaBritishtodecidewhichtwo―ofapanda,amonkeyandabanana―gotogether.TheJapaneseselectsthemonkeyandthebanana;theBriton,thepandaandthemonkey.AstheMonkey-Pandaexampleshows,Westernerstypicallyseecategories(animals)whileAsianstypicallyseerelationships(monkeyseatbananas).Suchdifferencesinthinkingcaninfluencebusinessrelationships.
DifferentThinkingPatternsbetweenEastandWest
Divergent1
East-Westthinkinghasproducedsomebusinessconflicts.Inthe1970s,JapanesebusinessmenwhosignedacontracttobuysugarfromAustraliafor$160atonaskedtonegotiateafterworldpricesdropped.TheAussies2
refused.TotheAsians,changingcircumstancesmeantchangesinagreements;totheWesterners,adealwasadeal.Westernerspaymoreattentiontothe
focal3
object,whileAsiansthinkmorebroadlyabouttheoverallsurroundings.ThesegeneralizationsseemtoholdeventhoughEasternandWesterncountrieseachrepresentmanydifferentculturesandtraditions.
Anotherstriking4
East-Westdifferencecentersondrawinginferences.Imaginealinegraph5
describeseconomicgrowth.ResearchersaskedcollegestudentsinbothAnnArborandBeijingwhethertheythoughtthegrowthratewouldgoup,godown,orstaythesame.TheAmericansweremorelikelytopredictacontinuedrisethanweretheChinesewhosawtrendsaslikelyto
reverse6.
Westernerspreferabstract7
universalprinciples;EastAsianspreferrulesappropriatetoasituation.Forexample,whenresearchersintheNetherlands8
askedpeoplewhattodoaboutanemployeewhoseworkhasbeenbadforayearafter15yearsofgoodservice,morethan75%ofAmericansandCanadianssaidtolether/himgo;only20%ofSingaporeansandKoreansagreed.
Themoreculturaldiversityandthinkingstylesinaworkforce,thelikelieritistoseeproblemsclearlyandsolvethem.AsianslivingintheWestandWesternersinAsiaoftenfindthattheirthinkingpatternsaresimilar.Biculturalpeople,likethoseinHongKongwithitsBritishandChinesehistory,showthinkingpatternsintermediatebetweenEastandWest.
FromWallStreetJournal,March28,2003
Note:AnnArbor安阿伯市(美國密歇根州)SomeUsefulWebsitesaboutDifferentMinsets...30K2008-4-2649K2008-1-281.divergent[dai'v?:d??nt]adj.
different
e.g.
Wehavedivergentopinionsontheagreement.
2.Aussie[?'si]n.
anativeorinhabitantofAustralia
e.g.TheyareAussies.3.focal:['f?uk?l]
adj.
atacenterofactivity,interest,ect..
e.g.Reducingunemploymentisthefocal
pointofthegovernment'splans.NewwordsandexpressionsReadthroughthenewwordsandexpressions,andthenwritedowntheequivalentinChinese.
1.差異,分歧
2.
澳洲人
3.焦點的
4.striking['straiki?]
n.attractingattention
e.g.
Iwasattractedbythestriking
idea.
5.graph[grɑ:f]n.
diagramconsistingofalineorlinesshowingthevariationoftwoquantities.e.g.
Lookattherisinggraphofpollutionstatistics.
6.reverse[ri'v?:s]v.
changetothecontrarye.g.
Hereversedthecoinandexamineditcarefully.
4.
引人注目的
5.圖表,曲線圖
6.顛倒
7.abstract['?bstr?kt]adj.general,andnotrelatedtoaparticularsituatione.g.Wemaytalkofbeautifulthings,butbeautyitselfisabstract.
8.Netherlands['nee?l?ndz]n.
e.g.
MybrotherlivesinNetherlands.7.抽象的8.荷蘭Task1ReadtheabovepassageandthenjudgewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrue(T)orFalse(F).
()1.TheBritishprefersselectingthemonkeyandthebananaaccordingtothepassage.()2.ThethinkingpatternsofAsiansandWesternersdiffergreatly.()3.Westernerspaymoreattentiontooverallsurroundings,whileAsiansthinkmoreaboutthefocal
object.()4.TotheWesterners,ifcircumstanceschange,agreementscanbechanged.()5.ThosepeopleinHongKongwithitsBritishandChinesehistoryshowthinkingpatternsintermediatebetweenEastandWest.FTFFTTask2Readthepassageagain.ArethestatementsRightorWrong?Ifthereisn’tenoughinformationtoanswer“Right”or“Wrong”,choose“Doesn’tsay”.Foreachstatement,markoneletterA,BorCinyourbook.
1.Wayofthinkingovertheworldisbasicallythesame.A.RightB.WrongC.Doesn’tsay2.DifferentEast-Westthinkinghasproducedsomebusinessconflicts.A.RightB.WrongC.Doesn’tsayCA3.Wecaninferthatthemarketerswilloperateaccordingtotheculture.RightB.WrongC.Doesn’tsay4.Culturecanbelearned.RightB.WrongC.Doesn’tsay5.TheChinesewerelikelytopredictacontinuedriseaccordingtothepassage.A.RightB.WrongC.Doesn’tsayCCBTask3Fillintheblanks.EasternmindsetWesternmindset1.see_____________2.see____________3._____________________4._________________________becauseofchangingevenifcircumstanceschangecircumstances5.payattentionto6.payattentionto___________________________________7.prefer8.prefer_________________________________________________relationshipscategories
hangetheagreements
refusetochangetheagreement
theoverallsurroundings
focalobjects
rulesappropriatetoasituationabstractuniversalprinciples
Task4Pleaseinterviewyourforeignteacher.AskabouthisorherculturalexperienceinChina.Haveyouevergotanyembarrassingexperiencewhentalkingtotheforeignersduetodifferentmindsets?ReadingSpeedEvaluationYourPerformanceAbout100wpmExcellentAbout90wpmAverageAbout80wpmYouneedtodomorepractice.SectionCFastReadingPassageOneReadingEvaluation284wordsSuggestedReadingTime:3minutes返回
SectionC
FastReading
PassageOne
Non-verbalCommunication
Directions:Pleaseguessthemeaningsoftheunderlinedwords.1.Thewayinwhichpeoplecommunicate,includingusingverbalandnon-verballanguage,directlyaffectsinternationalbusinessaffairs.2.Someexamplesofappropriateandinappropriatenonverbalbehaviorareclearandstraightforward.Nonverballanguagesplaythemostimportantroleineffectivecommunication.Eachnewgenerationistaughtnonverbalexpressionsusefulandappropriateinthatculture.Somenonverbalexpressions,especiallybodylanguages,aresimilarinallcultures.Forexample,cryingorsmilingmaybeuniversal.Butsomebodylanguagesarefarfromuniversal.Forinstance,theshrugoftheshouldermaymean“Idon’tknow”inonecultureandcontext,whileinanothercultureitmaymean“Don’tbotherme.”Misinterpretationscausefrequentproblemsininterculturalcommunicationandinternationaltransactions.BenJohnsonwroteanarticleforChinaDailyBeijingWeekendGuideinDecemberin2007.Inhisarticle,hetoldthereaderabouthisandhiscolleagues’experiencesinChina.Onedayafterrequestingscissorsusingthestandardtwo-fingermimicinarestaurantthewaitresswalkedoffobligingly(樂意)onlytoreturnwithapaperserviette.Heperformedtheactagain,sosherushedoffandpresentedhimwithapairofchopsticks.Inasupermarketaboutseveralmonthsagohetriedtomimeshavinghisfaceinordertofindoutwheretherazorblades(刀片)wereshelved.Hewasofferedasimilarproductatapharmacy.Anon-MandarinspeakingfriendofBenJohnson’stoldhimhisowntwoexperiencesatthechemist.Thefirsttimehehadabsolutelynosuccessintryingtoexplainhewasseekingreliefforaskinirritation,andonthesecond,hiseffortstobuylozenges(含片)forascorethroatwereinvain.AmericanwriterHenryDavidThoreauhaseversaid,“Inhumanintercoursethetragedybeginsnotwhenthereismisunderstandingaboutwords,butwhensilenceisnotunderstood.”
FromCommunicating(sixthedition),AnitaTaylor,ArthurC.Meyer,TeresaRosegrant,B.ThomasSamplesTaskReadtheabovepassage.UsetheinformationinthepassagetocompleteeachsentencewithatitlefromthelistA-F.MarkoneletterA,B,C,D,EorFinyourbook.Useeachletteronlyonce.Thewayinwhichpeoplecommunicatedirectlyaffectsinternationalbusinessaffairs,2.Aposture,smile,isinterpreted3.Theshrugoftheshoulder,maymean4.BenJohnsonrequestedscissorsusingthestandardtwo-finger,thewaitressgavehim5.BenJohnsonwasofferedasimilarproductatapharmacy,buthewantedtobuyA.apaperserviette
B.maybeuniversal.
C.“Don’tbotherme.”
D.therazorblades
E.includingusingverbalandnon-verballanguageE
B
CAD
PassageTwoReadingEvaluationReadingSpeedEvaluationYourPerformance
About100wpmExcellentAbout90wpmAverageAbout80wpmYouneedtodomorepractice.413wordsSuggestedReadingTime:5minutesPassageTwoTheNatureofCultureDirections:Pleaseguessthemeaningsoftheunderlinedwords.Asconsumers,weexpectthemarketers
wedealwithtooperateaccordingtothevalues,customs,laws,andritualsofourculture.2.Consumersshouldlearnfromfamilyandfriendswhatisacceptableandunacceptable.
Whatisthenatureofculture?Beforeweturntoadetaileddiscussionofthenatureofcultureitself,wewillpreviewsomeofthecomponentsofculture―values,language,myths,customs,rituals(儀式),laws,andmaterialartifacts―thatinteracttoprovidearichcontextforconsumerbehavior.Cultureencompassesallthethingsconsumersdowithoutconsciouschoicebecausetheirculture’svalues,customs,andritualsarefixedfirmlyintheirdailyhabits.Forexample,theBritishassumethatteashouldbeservedhot.TointroducethecoldicedteasthatarepopularintheUnitedStatesandelsewhere.
Asconsumers,weexpectthatthemarketerswilloperateaccordingtothevalues,customs,laws,andritualsofourculture.Forexample,capitalistvalues(資本價值)indicatethatmarketersareinbusinesstomakeaprofitbymeetingconsumer’sneeds.Consequently,wewouldexpectthatthecarwebuywillperformasadvertised,butwedonotexpectthemarketertogivethecartousforfree.Morespecifically,Americanbusinesscustomsprescribethatconsumerelectronicstores,suchasCircuitCity,willpermitcustomerstopayforaSonytelevisionwithacreditcard,andwillreplacetheproductifitdoesnotworkduringaguaranteedperiodoftime.
Consumerslearnfromfamilyandfriendsaboutwhatisacceptableandunacceptable.Consumersread,watchtelevision,andexperienceaspectsoftheirculturecontinually.Enculturation(儒化)istheprocessoflearningone’snativeculture.Bycontrast,acculturation(涵化)istheprocessoflearninganeworforeignculture.Marketerswhowishtointroduceproductsinothercountriesneedtounderstandtheprocessofacculturationsothattheycandevelopwaystohelpconsumersacceptnewcustoms.
Thechoiceofproductsconsumersbuyisultimatelydeterminedbycultureaswell.WhereasteaisthemostpopularhotbeverageinBritain,forexample,coffeeismorepopularinAmerica.Thinkofthekindofcarthatyoudriveandtoothpasteyouuse--manyofuslearnabouttheseproductsinourparents’houseswhilegrowingup.Additionally,thewaysinwhichconsumerssearchforinformationaboutproducts,buyandusethem,andevaluatetheirproductexperienceislargelycultural.YoumayhavegonegroceryshoppingwithyourparentseverySaturdaymorning.Throughexperience,consumerslearnabouttheirculturesothattheycanbuyproductsappropriatelyandeffectively.FromCulturalAnthropology,SheldonSmith,PhilipD.YoungTaskArethestatements“Right”or“Wrong”?Ifthereisn’tenoughinformationtoanswer“Right”or“Wrong”,choose“Doesn’tsay”.Foreachstatement,markonelette
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