2023年暨南大學(xué)翻碩英語真題匯總

20２3年暨南大學(xué)翻碩211英語真題匯總下面是凱程考研為大家分享的２0２３年暨南大學(xué)211翻譯碩士英語真題,供大家參考,有需要的同學(xué)請保存。目前正值第一輪基礎(chǔ)復(fù)習(xí)，大家要有耐心哦。2０2３年全日制翻譯碩士專業(yè)學(xué)位研究生入學(xué)考試試題學(xué)科、專業(yè)名稱：翻譯碩士專業(yè)研究方向：英語筆譯考試科目名稱:翻譯碩士英語考試科目代碼:211考生注意：所有答案必須寫在答題紙（卷）上，寫在本試題上一律不給分。I.Voｃaｂularｙ&Grammａr(30%)Direcｔiｏｎs:Theｒｅaｒe30ｓentenｃesinthisｓection.BeneatheａchsenｔencｅtｈｅreａrefoｕrwoｒdｓorpｈｒaｓeｓｍaｒkeｄA，B,CaｎdD．CｈooｓｅｔｈeONＥａnswerthatbesｔcoｍpletesthｅsｅnｔｅｎce．MaｒkyouranswersｏnｔheＡnsｗerSheeｔ.１.Ihａveｐlannｅdtｏhavetheｍｅetiｎgtoｄay,bｕtｉthasbeeｎ＿_(dá)_＿＿_(dá)__＿＿untilｎｅｘtMｏnday.A.caｎcelｌedC.ｃalleｄoｆfB.postpｏｎｅｄD．trａnｓｆerrｅd2.Ａ__＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)___isａpeｒsoｎｗhoｃhoｏsｅｓtodieratｈerthanabandonｈisorherrelｉgiousｂｅlief．A．heroC.martyｒB.ｐaｔｒioｔD．traitｏr3.___＿_(dá)_____isthewaｙｉｎｗhichwｒittenmaterｉalisaｒｒａngedandｐreparedforprinting.A.TypoｇraphｙC.hand-wrｉｔingＢ.ｃalｌiｇrapｈｙD．tyｐｅface4._＿_(dá)__＿_(dá)＿_(dá)_isaplａcewｈereｐｅopｌｅwhoaｒeindangeｒfromotｈerpeｏpleｃangotoｂesaｆe.Ａ．ＳanctuaryC.ReｌicｓB.ParadｉｓeD.Heaｄquarter５.Sｈｅdeｃideｄtｏ__________theworldandｅnteｒedacｏnｖent.A.renounceC.ｒevivｅB.reproａchD.revenge6.Ｙoudescribeaｓitｕaｔｉonａｓa__＿＿_(dá)＿_(dá)___whenitinｖolvestwｏormorefactsorqualitiｅswhｉｃｈｓeeｍtocontrａdicteaｃhｏtｈeｒ.Ａ.conflicｔC.provisｉｏnB.ｄｉlemmaD.ｐarａdox７．Don＇ｔmａke__＿_(dá)＿_(dá)＿_(dá)_＿comｍentsoutofignoranｃｅ．Doｎ'ｔmakeｉmpropeｒｃｏmmeｎｔsbefｏreyouknoｗthewholestｏｒy.Ａ.pｒeｓuｍptuｏusC.harsｈB.qｕickD.easｙ8.Planｅtsherｅsｈowhowanｄtｏwhaｔweaｒeattａched，andthｅdeｇreeofｏur_____＿_(dá)＿＿_(dá).Ａ.weightC.ｇravｉｔyB．relatiｖitｙＤ.ｐoｓsesｓiveｎess9.Theplanefouｎdthespotａndhoveredｃloｓeｅnoughto_＿＿＿_(dá)_____ｔhatitwasacaｒ.A．exａmineＣ.ensuｒeB.verifyD.teｓtify１0.Pickingfｌowerｓiｎthｅparkiｓabｓoｌutｅly__＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)＿_(dá)_.Ａ．a(chǎn)ｖoidedC．ｐrohibiｔeｄB.reｊectedD.rｅpellｅd11.Oｂvｉoｕｓly,theChairmaｎ'sｒemarksattheconferencewere__＿_(dá)＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)＿andｎotplanｎｅd.A．suｂstantiａlC.spoｎtａneousB.simultaｎeoｕsD.ｓynthｅtic１２．Theｐrofeｓｓor＇ｓｄｅdｉcationto_______＿_(dá)_eａrneｄhｉｍtherｅspectofboｔｈｈiscolleaｇuesandstudｅnts.A．teａchC.beingtａｕghｔＢ．bｅtaugｈｔD.tｅaching１3.Ｄｏhelpyoursｅlftoｓomefruｉt，_＿_(dá)_____＿_(dá)you?A.caｎ'tC.ｗouldｎ'ｔＢ．won'tＤ.doｎ't14．Shedidn't＿＿_(dá)_______thedoorkeytoherｌandlorduｎｔilｓhegｏtbacｋherdepｏｓiｔ.A.handinC.handoｕｔB．ｈａnddownD.haｎdｏｖeｒ１５．You＿＿＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)＿_(dá)_meaｎythｉngaｂouｔiｔ.Ithinｋitwasnoｎeofmybusｉness.A.neｅdn＇thavetｏldC.neeｄn＇ｔtellB.ｍuｓｔn'thaｖetｏｌdD.mｕｓtn'ｔteｌｌ16.Ｊｉｍｗasreallｙruｄｅｔoeveｒyoneｉｎｍｙpartylａｓｔｎighｔ.Ｉtreａlly＿_(dá)＿＿_(dá)＿_(dá)＿＿＿me＿＿_(dá)__＿_(dá)＿_(dá)_.Ａ.put…oｖｅｒC.put…ｏffB.put…downＤ.ｐut…uｐ17.Pleasefeelfreetｏｖisiｔｍeｗhenｅvｅｒ_＿_(dá)___＿_(dá)__.A．ｙouａｒecoｎvｅｎientC.yｏuwiｌlbeconvenｉenｔＢ.itisconveniｅntｔoyｏuD．itｗilｌｂeconvenienttoｙou18．Iｈavebeenｒeallｙ＿_(dá)＿_(dá)＿＿_(dá)__＿withｔｈeｃuｒrentsituationinｔhａt(yī)counｔryｂecausｅmｙｃoｕｓinｗａstｒavｅｌｉngthｅre.A.wｏrryingＣ．conｃｅrnedＢ.inｖｏｌvedD.regｒetfｕl１9.Laｎguagebelongｓtoeachmemｂeｒoftｈesｏcietｙ,ｔothehoｕsewife＿_(dá)＿_(dá)＿_(dá)____tｏtｈepresiｄeｎt．A.asfａrasC.aslonｇasB．ａｓｍｕｃhaｓD．ｔｈｅsameaｓ20.Fａｔcanｎotcｈａｎgeintoｍｕｓcle＿_(dá)___＿＿_(dá)__mｕsclechaｎgesｉｎｔofａct.A.ａnｙmoｒethanC.ｎoｌｅsｓthａnB．nｏｍoretｈanＤ．muchmｏｒｅｔhaｎ21.Ｗｈｉledrivingalongｔhetｒｅａcheｒｏusrｏａd,＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)__＿＿_(dá).A.myrｉghｔreartirｅbloｗnouｔC.myrｉghtreaｒｔireｂlowsｏuｔB．IhadｍyｒigｈtｒeａrｔireblowｏutＤ．Iｈadａblowoｕｔonmyｒigｈtrearｔiｒe22．Ourfｒieｎdｓsaｉdthａｔtｈeｙｗoulｄn'tmind__＿_(dá)＿_(dá)___＿.A.havｅalittleｌightmusｉｃＣ.theｙhavealittlelightmusicB.tohavｅａliｔtlelightmｕsicD.havingaｌiｔtlelighｔmusｉc２３．_＿_(dá)＿_(dá)____＿ｆｏｒｈisｈelp,I'ｄneｖerhaveｂeenａｂleｔoachｉｅvesｕchaｓｕcｃess.Ａ．ＩｆitwerenｏｔＣ.IｆIhaｄnotbeenＢ.HadiｔnotbeｅnD.Hadiｔnot24.Withoutｆacts,ｏｎecａｎｎotformaworthwhｉlｅopinion,ｆorheneedsｔｏhavefａcｔuａlkｎowlｅdge＿_(dá)__＿_(dá)__＿_(dá)histhiｎkiｎｇ.Ａ.toｂaseｏnwhichＣ.ｕｐoｎwhicｈtｏbasｅＢ.wｈichtoｂebａｓｅdoｎD.whicｈtｏbａsｅｕpon25.Scｉｅncｅaｎdcoｍｍonｓenseｏｆferｗａｙstominimｉzｅｔheriskof＿_(dá)___＿_(dá)___climateｃhanｇｅ．A.devaｓtatiｎgＣ.ｄemolishingB.ｍounｔｉｎgD．wrecking2６．Yｏｕmaymeｒelｙbｅ＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)__yｏurowｎmiseryandunhappinessbyｃompariｎgyourseｌftｏothers.Ａ.lｅgiｔimiｚｉnｇC.oｐtｉmｉzinｇＢ．valiｄaｔｉｎgD．duplicating27.Ｔhestormleftmanypａrｔsoftｈｅｉslandunderwaｔｅranddesｔrｏyeｄthouｓａndsofartifacts___＿_(dá)＿_(dá)__＿fromａrcｈaeoｌogｉｃaldigs.A.ｒｅcovereｄC．eｘpｌoitｅdB.ｒｅtrievedD.ｒeｃtifieｄ28.CｈｉneｓeｓpecialenvoyＺhanｇYesuimetＭalaｙsia'sNａjibｏｎＷｅdｎeｓdayandｃaｌlｅdfｏr"_____＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)eｆfｏrｔｓ"toｆindthepｌanｅ.A.ｆiｔfuｌC．evｅrlaｓtingB.ｕｎrｅｍｉttingD.sporadiｃ29．Accordiｎgtostateeｍployｍeｎtdata,constrｕctionｉsbyfａrtｈｅfasｔestgｒowｉngｉｎdｕsｔryinｔhesｔate,__＿＿_(dá)__＿_(dá)_soｍejobloｓseｓiｎｔheseｃｔoｒｌａsｔmoｎth.Ａ.tｈerｅfｏｒeＣ.neverthelｅssＢ．ｗｈｅreｂyD.nｏtwithｓｔanding３０.Mｏsｔtinyhｏusesare＿_(dá)__＿_(dá)____fｏrmiｄdle-cｌaｓsanｄweａltｈyfａｍilieｓwhｏmadeaｃonsciouｓdecｉsｉonto"bｕildbｅｔｔer,nｏtbigｇer＂.A．ａdｄresｓedＣ.taｉlｏrｅdB.reｃｏncilｅdＤ.ｗeｉｇhed[page]ＩＩ.ReadinｇＣｏmprｅｈｅｎsiｏｎ（4０%）Ｄirections:Thｉspａｒtconsiｓｔsoftwosecｔiｏns.IｎＳeｃtiｏnA,therearｅthｒeeｐassagｅsfollowｅdbyａｔotalof15ｍulｔiple-choiｃequesｔioｎs.IｎSecｔioｎB,theｒeisoｎeｐassagｅfｏｌｌｏｗeｄbyatotalof5short-ａｎswerｑｕeｓｔｉons.ＲeadｔhｅpasｓagesaｎdtｈeｎｍａrｋorwritedｏwnｙourａｎswersｏｎｔheＡnswerSｈeet.SectionＡMｕｌｔｉple-ChoiceＱｕestionｓ(3０%)Passａge1Ｑuesｔｉｏns31tｏ3５arebaｓｅｄonthｅfollowingpａssage:Thｅmajoriｔyofsuccessfuｌｓeｎiｏｒmaｎagｅrsｄｏnoｔcloselyｆolｌowtheclassｉcalrationａlｍｏdeloffiｒstclaｒifyinggoａls,assｅssｉｎgtheproblem，ｆｏrmuｌａt(yī)ingoptｉonｓ,esｔiｍatinｇlｉkelihｏodｓofｓucｃess,maｋingadecision,andonlythentakiｎgａctiontｏimplｅｍｅｎｔtheｄｅciｓiｏｎ.Ｒather,ｉntheｉrｄay-by-daytaｃtｉcａlmaneｕvers,thｅseｓeｎiorexecｕtiveｓrｅlｙｏnwｈａt(yī)isvａguelyｔeｒmed"intｕｉtｉon"ｔoｍanagｅaｎetworkｏfinterrelatedprｏblemｓtｈatreｑuiｒｅthｅmtodｅalwithaｍbｉｇuity,ｉｎcoｎｓｉｓｔency,noｖelｔｙ,anｄsｕrpriｓｅ；anｄｔoinｔｅｇrateａctionintｏtｈepｒｏcｅssofthｉnkiｎg．Generationｓofwｒitersonmanaｇeｍenthaverecｏgnｉzｅdthaｔsｏmｅpｒacticinｇmanａgersｒelyheavilｙｏｎintｕition．Ｉngeｎｅｒａｌ，however,suｃhwriｔerｓｄisｐｌａyａｐooｒｇｒａspoｆwhaｔintｕitioｎiｓ．Sｏmesｅｅitastheopposiｔeofrationａｌity;otherｓｖiｅwitａsａnexcuseforcaｐrｉcioｕsｎess.Ｉｓｅnbｅrｇ'ｓrｅceｎtreｓeａrｃhonthecｏgｎitivｅprocesｓesｏfseniorｍaｎagersrｅvｅａｌｓthatｍaｎaｇｅrs＇intuitionｉsｎeitherofthese.Rａt(yī)her,senｉｏrmａnagersusｅinｔuitｉｏninaｔｌeaｓtfiveｄistinｃtｗaｙs.Fiｒst,ｔheｙｉnｔuiｔiｖｅlysｅnｓewheｎａproblemexists.Seconｄ,manaｇersrelｙonｉnｔuｉｔiontｏperｆormwｅll-ｌｅarnedbehaviorpａt(yī)ｔｅｒｎsrapidly．Thisiｎｔｕitioｎｉsｎotaｒbitraｒyorirｒatiｏnal,ｂutisｂａｓedｏnyeａｒsofpaｉnsｔakinｇpｒactｉceａndhandｓ-oneｘpｅrｉeｎceｔｈａt(yī)bｕilｄskｉｌls.Aｔhirｄfuｎｃｔｉoｎofiｎtｕｉtiｏnistｏsｙｎｔｈesizｅiｓｏlａｔedbitsofdataandpractｉceiｎｔｏａnintegratｅdpicturｅ,ofteninan"Ahａ!"experieｎce．Ｆoｕrth,sｏｍｅmaｎaｇｅrsuseintuｉtionａｓacheckoｎtｈeresｕlｔsofｍoreratiｏｎalａnalｙsｉs.Mｏsｔsｅnｉorexecuｔivｅsarefａmiｌｉarwｉththefoｒmaｌdｅcisionanalysｉｓｍodelｓandｔoolｓ,ａndthosewhousesucｈsystemaｔｉcmethodsforreａchiｎｇｄeciｓioｎsarｅoccaｓionallｙｌeeryofsoｌｕtｉonsｓuｇgesteｄbｙtheｓemethodｓwhiｃhrｕncounteｒｔotｈeirsenｓｅｏfthｅcorrectcoｕrｓeofactiｏn.Fｉnallｙ,mａｎagerｓcanusｅiｎｔuｉtｉonｔobｙpassin-ｄepｔhaｎａlysiｓａndmoｖｅｒaｐiｄlytoengｅndｅrapｌauｓibｌesolution.Usedｉnｔhiswaｙ,intuitｉonｉsａnaｌmostｉnｓtａnｔaneｏusｃognitivｅpｒｏcessinｗhicｈamａnagerｒeｃｏgnizesｆamｉliarpatternｓ．Oneoｆtheimｐliｃatｉonsｏfthｅiｎtｕｉtivestyleofexecuｔｉｖｅmaｎageｍentisthat"thｉnking"isinｓｅpaｒableｆroｍacｔiｎg．Sincemaｎagerｓoften＂kｎow＂ｗhａｔisriｇhtbeｆoreｔheycananalyzeaｎdeｘplaｉｎit,theyfｒequeｎtlｙaｃｔfiｒｓtandexplａinlatｅr．Ａnａlyｓiｓiｓiｎｅxtricaｂlytieｄtoaｃｔioninｔhｉｎｋiｎｇ/actiｎgcycleｓ,inｗhiｃhmanaｇeｒｓdeｖeｌoptｈｏugｈtｓaｂoｕttheｉrcｏmpａniesaｎｄorgａnizatiｏnsnotｂyaｎａlyzｉngaproblematicsiｔuationａndthｅnacｔing，butbyactingａnｄａｎaｌyｚiｎgｉnclｏsｅconcert.Ｇｉventhegreaｔuｎcerｔａｉntyｏfmaｎyofｔhemaｎaｇemｅｎtiｓsuｅsthａt(yī)thｅｙface,seniｏrmanaｇersoｆteninsｔｉgａｔeａcourseofａｃtionsimplytoleａｒnmoreaｂoｕｔａnissue．Ｔheyｔheｎusetherｅsuｌtsofｔｈeactiontoｄevelopaｍｏrｅcomｐleteundｅｒsｔａndiｎgoftheissｕe．Oneｉmpliｃａｔｉoｎofthinｋing/actｉｎgcycｌesisthatactioniｓoftｅnpａrtofdｅfinｉngｔhｅpｒoblｅｍ，nｏｔjｕstofimplementiｎgthｅsoｌutiｏn.(４5３worｄs)3１.Ａccorｄｉnｇtothepaｓsage,seniormａnagｅrsｕseinｔuiｔioｎｉnallｏｆtｈeｆoｌlｏwingwaysEXCEPTto__________．A.spｅｅdupthecｒeatｉｏnｏfasolｕtｉｏntoａpｒｏbｌｅmB.idｅｎtｉｆyａproblemC.bringtoｇｅthｅｒdｉspaｒatefａctsＤ.stipulateｃlｅargoaｌs3２.Wｈichoｆｔheｆｏlｌowinｇdoｅsｔhｅpaｓｓagｅsuggestaboutｔhe"wrｉtersoｎmａｎａgｅmeｎt"mentiｏｎediｎｐaragraph２?Ａ．Ｔhｅｙhavｅｍｉsｕｎdersｔoodｈｏwmanａgersusｅintuitionｉnmakinｇｂusｉｎessdeciｓioｎs．B.Tｈeyｈaｖenｏtbaseｄｔheiranalyseｓonasuｆficiｅntlylargｅsａmpｌeofacｔualmanageｒs．Ｃ．Theyhaｖereliedindrawiｎgｔheirconclｕsionsｏｎwｈａt(yī)managersｓayratherｔｈaｎｏｎwhａt(yī)manａgersｄo.D．Tｈeyhaveｃriticizeｄmaｎagersfornｏtfollowingtｈｅclassicaｌrａt(yī)ｉonalmodｅlofｄeｃiｓionanａlｙsis．33.Whichｏftｈeｆolloｗｉngbｅstｅxeｍpliｆiｅｓ"an'Ａha!'eｘｐeriｅnce＂（pａrａ.3）asitisprｅsentedinｔｈｅpasｓage？A.Amａnagｅｒｒiskstａkiｎganactiｏnwhosｅoutｃｏmeisunprｅdｉctablｅtｏdiｓcoverｗhetheｒｔheａcｔiｏｎchanｇestheprobｌemaｔhanｄ.B.Amanａgerperfoｒmswell-learｎeｄandfａmiliaｒbehaｖiｏｒpaｔternsｉncｒeａｔiveanｄuncharacteristicｗaystoｓolvｅaprobｌeｍ.C．Ａmanagｅｒsudｄenlyconnｅctssｅemingｌyunｒeｌatedfaｃtsａndｅxperienceｓｔocreateapatteｒｎrｅｌevanttothepｒoｂｌemａt(yī)ｈand.D．Aｍanagｅrraｐidlyidenｔiｆｉeｓthemｅthodｏlogｙusedtocoｍpiledａt(yī)ayiｅldedｂｙｓystematicanalysｉｓ.34.Accorｄｉnｇｔｏtheｐasｓａge,thｅclassicalmodelofdecisionanalysｉsiｎcludeｓallofthefolloｗinｇEXCEPT__＿_(dá)__＿＿_(dá)_．A.evａlｕaｔionｏｆａpｒoｂlemＢ.creatiｏnofｐossiblｅsolutｉonｓtoaproblemC.estａｂlishmentｏｆcleargoａlstobereachedbｙtｈedeｃｉsｉoｎD.aｃtiｏｎuｎｄeｒtａkenｉnordeｒtodisｃoｖｅrｍｏrｅｉｎfoｒmationaboutapｒoｂlem35.Ａccordｉnｇtothepａssage，wｈiｃhoftｈefolｌｏｗingwouldmoｓtpｒobablｙｂｅoneｍajordifｆeｒenceiｎbehaｖiorbｅtｗeenManagerＸ,whousesiｎtuitiｏnｔｏｒeachdecisions,andManagｅrY，whouseｓonlｙformaｌdecisionanａlysis?A.MａnaｇerXanaｌyｚesfiｒｓtａnｄthｅnaｃｔs；ＭａnagerYdoｅsnot.B.MａｎａgｅrXcｈecksｐossibleｓoluｔionstｏａｐrｏｂlembyｓysｔemａt(yī)icaｎalysis;MａｎａｇerYｄｏeｓｎoｔ.C.ＭａnagerXtａｋｅsacｔionｉｎordeｒtoaｒriveatthesolｕtioｎtoaproｂlem；MaｎａgeｒYdoｅｓnｏｔ.D.MａnaｇｅrＹｄrawsonyeａrsofhands-oneｘperienｃeincreaｔingasolutiｏntoaproblem;MaｎagｅrXｄoesnｏt．Passage2Quesｔｉonｓ３6tｏ40arebasｅdonthefｏllowinｇｐassaｇｅ:Ａftereｖidｅｎcｅwasobtａinｅdiｎthe1９20sthattｈｅｕｎｉverseiｓexpａnding，iｔbeｃamereaｓonabletoask:Wilｌtheｕnｉverｓｅcｏnｔinuetoexｐaｎｄindefiｎiｔｅly,oｒisthereenｏugｈmassinitfortheｍutualattractioｎofiｔｓconsｔiｔｕｅntstｏbringtｈisexｐansiontｏahalt?Itcanｂｅcaｌｃuｌａt(yī)edthatthｅｃｒitｉcaldensitｙoｆmatteｒneedｅdtoｂrａｋethｅexpansioｎand"clｏse"theｕniverseiseqｕivalｅnｔtｏthreehydｒogeｎatomspercubicmeter.Ｂutthedenｓｉtyofthｅｏbserｖableｕnｉverse—ｌuminouｓmaｔｔerinthefｏｒmofgａｌａxieｓ—cｏｍesｔｏoｎlｙａfrａctiｏnoｆｔhis.Iｆthｅｅxpａnsionｏftｈeunivｅrseisｔｏstoｐ,ｔｈereｍusｔbeｅｎoughinvｉｓiblemａｔterintheuｎｉveｒｓetoｅｘceedtheluｍinoｕsｍａｔｔeｒｉｎdeｎｓitybyaｆactｏrofｒouｇｈly70.Ｏurcontｒibutiｏnｔotheseaｒｃhforthis"missｉngmａt(yī)tｅr"ｈaｓbeｅntoｓtudytheroｔatｉonalvelocｉtyｏfgalaxiesａｔvarｉｏｕｓdiｓtancesfromthｅircenｔerｏfｒotation.Iｔｈasｂｅenknownfｏrsomeｔｉｍetｈatoutsｉｄethebrｉｇhｔnｕcleusｏｆtypicａlsｐirａlgａlaｘyluminosityfalｌsｏffraｐidlywithdiｓtancｅfｒｏmtｈecenter.Ifｌｕminositｙｗereａt(yī)rｕeiｎdiｃａt(yī)oｒofmasｓ,mostoｆthｅmassｗｏuldｂeconｃentratedtowardthecｅnter.Ｏutsidethenucｌeustherotationalveｌｏｃiｔywouｌddｅcreasegｅｏｍｅｔricallywiｔｈdisｔanceｆｒomtｈｅceｎｔer,ｉnconfｏｒmityｗｉｔhKepler＇slaw．Ｉnsteaｄwehavefouｎdthaｔｔhｅrｏtationalvｅlｏｃityinspirａlgalaxiｅｓeitherremａｉnｓｃoｎstａntwithｉｎcreａsiｎgdisｔaｎcefromthecenｔeroriｎｃreaｓesslｉghtly.Tｈisuｎexｐｅcｔｅdresultiｎｄiｃａt(yī)ｅsｔｈaｔtheｆaｌloffiｎlｕｍiｎousｍassｗｉｔhｄisｔanｃefrｏmthecentｅｒiｓｂalanｃeｄｂｙａnincreasｅiｎnonｌuminousmａｓs.Ourfinｄingssuggeｓｔｔhａｔａsmuchaｓ９0pｅrｃenｔofthemａsｓoｆtｈeuniverseｉｓnotradiatｉngａt(yī)ａnｙwａvelｅngthｗithｅnoｕghｉnｔensｉtytobedeｔeｃtedonthｅEarｔｈ．Suchdarｋmaｔtercｏuｌｄbeintheforｍofexｔreｍelydｉmstａrsoｆloｗｍasｓ,ｏflargeｐlaｎｅtslikeJupiter,ｏrｏfｂlａckｈoleｓ,eitheｒsmallｏｒmasｓiｖe.Whileithaｓnoｔyeｔbｅendeterｍinedwhｅｔherthismａssｉsｓｕfficieｎｔtoclｏｓｅtheuniverｓe,somephysicistｓcoｎｓｉderiｔｓigniｆicaｎtｔｈatｅｓtｉmatｅsａreconvergingonthecriticalvaｌue.（３51ｗｏrdｓ)３6.Tｈeｐaｓsaｇeiｓｐrimaｒｉlyｃoncernedwｉｔh________＿_(dá).Ａ.defenｄingacontｒoversiａlaｐproacｈB.ｃrｉtｉcizinｇaｎaccｅptedｖiewC.suｍmariｚinｇｒeseａrcｈfｉndｉngsＤ．contｒaｓtｉnｇcｏmpeｔingtheories3７.Theautｈorｓ'studｙｉndｉcａt(yī)esthat,incoｍｐarisonｗiththeｏｕterｍostrｅgｉｏｎｓofatｙpicalｓpiraｌgalaxy,theregｉｏnjusｔｏuｔsidethｅnuclｅuscａnbeｃhａrａcterizｅdaｓｈａving____＿_(dá)____.A.ｈigｈｅrrotatｉｏnalｖｅlｏｃitｙanｄhｉgheｒluminosiｔyＢ.loｗｅrroｔationaｌｖｅｌoｃiｔyａｎｄhiｇherlumｉnｏｓｉtyC.lｏｗerroｔationalvｅlocitｙａｎdlowerluminosiｔyD.ｓｉmilarroｔａt(yī)ioｎaｌvｅｌｏcityａndhigｈｅrlumiｎosiｔy３８.Tｈeautｈｏrs'sｕggestionｔhaｔ＂aｓmｕcｈas90perｃentｏfthｅｍassofthｅｕｎiveｒseisnｏtrａdiatiｎｇatａnyｗaｖｅｌenｇthwithenoｕgｈinteｎｓitytoｂeｄｅｔｅｃtedontheEarth"（pａrａ.4）ｗoulｄｂemosｔweaｋenedｉｆ_______＿_(dá)_werediscoveｒeｄtobetｒｕｅ.A.Ｓｐｉralgalａxｉeｓarｅleｓｓcommonｔhａntyｐｅsｏfｇａｌａxｉesthaｔcoｎtainｌittlｅnonlｕmiｎｏusｍａt(yī)ter.B．Ｌuｍinousandnｏnluｍiｎｏusｍaｔｔeｒarｅcoｍｐosedｏftheｓameｂasiceｌemｅnts．C.Tｈebrigｈtnuｃleuｓofaｔyｐicalｓpiralｇａlaxyalｓｏcontａinsｓomenｏnｌuminousmatｔer.D.Thedｅnsityoｆｔheobservabｌeunｉｖersｅisｇreａｔｅrthanｍｏstprevioｕsesｔimａｔeshａvesｕgｇｅsteｄ.３9.Itｃａｎbeｉnｆerredfromｔhepaｓsagｅｔhatifｔheｄensｉtyofｔheuniversewereeｑuiｖaｌenttoｓiｇnｉficantlylｅsｓthａntｈｒeehydrｏgenaｔｏmspercubｉｃmeteｒ,__＿_(dá)＿_(dá)＿_(dá)＿_(dá)wouldbetrueasａcoｎseqｕｅnce．A.Luｍｉnｏsiｔywouｌdbｅatrueｉndicatorofmass．B.Ｄifferｅｎtreｇiｏnsｉnspirａlgalａxieswouldrotatｅattｈｅsamevｅlｏcｉty.C.Theuniverｓewouldcontinuetｏeｘpandindefinitely.D．Tｈedｅnｓiｔｙoftｈeinvisiｂlｅｍatterintheuniversｅwｏuｌｄhａveｔobｅmoｒeｔhan70tｉｍesｔhedeｎsiｔyｏfｔheｌumiｎoｕsmaｔteｒ.40.Tｈeａuｔhｏrｓｐroposeallofｔｈefｏｌlowingａspｏssibｌycontriｂutingtothe＂mｉssinｇmaｔｔer＂inspirａlgalaxｉesEXＣEPＴ_______＿_(dá)＿.A.masｓiveｂlackholesB.sｍallblaｃkholｅｓC.smａlｌ,dimstarsD.ｍassiveｓtａrsPａssaｇe3Qｕestiｏns４1tｏ45arｅｂaseｄonthefollｏwｉｎgｐassagｅ:ＪonClark'ｓsｔudyoftheｅffectoｆthｅmｏdｅrniｚａt(yī)ionofatelｅphoneｅｘchaｎgｅonexｃhａngemａinｔenaｎceworkanｄworｋｅrsisａsolidcｏｎtriｂutｉｏnｔoａdebatｅthaｔeｎcｏmpaｓsｅstwolivｅlyｉｓsuesｉｎthehistｏryaｎｄsoｃioｌogyoftechｎolｏgｙ:technoｌogicａldeｔerｍinｉsmandsocｉalconｓtructｉvism.Ｃｌａrkｍａkeｓthepoiｎtthatthｅcharacteristｉcsofatechnｏlogyhaｖeadｅcisｉｖｅiｎｆluｅnｃeｏnjobskiｌlsａndwoｒkｏｒganizaｔion.Ｐutmorｅｓtroｎgｌy,tｅchｎologycanbeaprimａｒｙdetｅｒminantofｓocialandｍaｎagｅrialｏｒganｉｚａt(yī)iｏｎ.Cｌarkbelｉeveｓtｈispossibiｌiｔyｈasbeｅnoｂscuredbytherecｅnｔsociolｏgiｃａlfaｓhion，eｘeｍｐｌｉfiｅdｂyＢravermaｎ'sanalｙsisthａt(yī)emphasｉzesthewaymachiｎeryｒeｆleｃtssociａlchoｉces．ＦorBｒａveｒman,ｔheshapｅoｆatｅchnoｌｏｇｉcａｌsysｔemissｕｂordiｎatｅtｏthemａnagｅr'ｓdesｉretｏwｒestｃontｒolofthelaborｐroｃessfｒomtheworkｅｒs.Technｏlｏgiｃalｃhangeiscoｎｓtruedaｓtheoｕｔcomeofnegotiationsamｏｎｇｉnteresteｄｐarｔieswhoｓeｅktoincorporateｔｈeiｒｏｗnｉnｔerestｓinｔoｔhｅdesigｎanｄconfiguｒａｔｉonofｔhemａchｉneｒy．Tｈispositionrepreseｎｔsthenewmａinstｒeaｍcａｌｌedsociaｌconstrｕｃtivism.Thｅconsｔｒuctｉvｉstｓgaｉnａcceｐｔaｎｃｅｂymｉｓrｅpresentingteｃhnologicaｌｄetｅrmｉnisｍ:technoｌｏgicalｄeterminiｓtｓａｒｅsuｐposedtobelieve,forexａmple,ｔhatｍａchineｒyiｍpｏsｅsapproｐriａt(yī)eformsofordeｒonsocieｔy.Tｈeaｌtｅrnativeｔocｏｎstructｉvism,iｎotｈerwords,istｏviewｔｅcｈnoloｇyaｓexiｓｔｉngoutsiｄesｏciety,capａblｅofdirectlyiｎｆlｕｅncｉngsｋilｌsandｗorｋorganｉzaｔion．Ｃlarkreｆutesｔheeｘｔｒｅmeｓｏfｔheｃonｓtrucｔｉｖiｓｔsbｙboｔhtｈeｏretiｃalandempｉｒicaｌａrｇｕmenｔs.Theorｅticaｌlｙhedefines"tｅｃhnolｏgy＂inteｒmsofrelａｔiｏnｓhｉｐｓbetweensociａlandtechnicalvariａbｌes.Aｔtｅmptstoreｄuceｔhemeaningｏftｅchnolｏgyｔｏcoｌd,hａrdｍetalａrｅbouｎdtofaｉｌ,ｆｏrｍａcｈiｎeｒyｉｓｊustｓｃraｐuｎlｅssitisorgaｎizeｄｆuｎctｉonallyandsupportedbｙaｐpｒopｒiatesystemsofｏperatioｎaｎdmaintｅnａnce．AttheempirｉcallevelＣlarｋｓhｏwｓhowaｃｈaｎgeatｔhｅｔelｅphoneexchanｇefrｏmmaｉｎteｎaｎcｅ－intensｉveeｌectroｍechaｎicａlswitcheｓtoseｍielectrｏniｃswitchiｎｇsystemsaltｅrｅdworｋtasks，ｓkilｌs,tｒaｉningoｐpｏrtunｉｔies，ａdmｉnisｔratｉoｎ，andorganizａt(yī)iｏnｏｆworｋｅrs．SomechａngesClarｋaｔｔributｅsｔothepartｉｃulaｒwaymａnageｍentanｄlaboruｎｉonｓnegotｉaｔedｔhｅintｒｏducｔｉonofｔhetｅｃｈnｏloｇy,ｗhereaｓothersareｓｅeｎaｓａrisingfｒｏｍthecapａbilitｉesanｄnaｔureofthetechnologyitselｆ.TｈusClarkｈelpsａｎsｗerｔｈequｅstiｏｎ:"Wｈenissociaｌchoicｅdecｉsiｖeanｄｗｈenareｔｈｅconcrｅtecharacteristicsofteｃｈnologｙmoreimporｔant?"(36３ｗordｓ)41.Thepriｍaryｐｕｒposｅoｆtheｐassａgeｉstｏ_＿＿_(dá)______.Ａ．ａdvocateamoreposiｔｉveaｔtitｕdｅtowardtechｎoｌogicalcｈanｇeＢ.discussthｅiｍｐｌicationsｆoremplｏyeeｓｏfthｅmodeｒｎｉｚatｉｏｎｏfaｔeｌeｐhｏｎeexｃhａngeC.ｃonsiderasｕcｃessｆｕｌchalｌengeｔotheｃonstrｕctｉvistviewｏftｅchnologｉcalｃhａnｇeD.cｈallｅngｅｔhepoｓiｔioｎｏfadvocatesoftecｈnoloｇｉcａｌｄeterminｉｓm4２.Ｗhiｃhoftｈefollowingstａｔementsaｂouttｈemodernizａt(yī)ionoｆthｅtｅlｅphｏneexcｈａngｅiｓｓupporｔedｂythｅpassａge?Ａ．Thenｅwｔechnoｌogyreduceｄｔheroｌｅofｍanagersinlabornｅgotｉａt(yī)ｉｏｎs.B．Ｔhｅmoｄerｎizaｔionwasｉｍplｅmentedwithoｕtthｅcｏnsentoftｈｅemｐlｏｙeesdｉrectlyaｆfectedbyit.C．Ｔhｅmodernizaｔｉｏnhadanimpaｃtｔhａt(yī)wentｓignｉｆicanｔlｙbｅyondmaintｅnanｃerｏｕtｉｎeｓ.D.Someoｆthemaｉntenａnｃeｗorkersｆeｌtｖｉcｔiｍizeｄbytheｎeｗtｅchnolｏgｙ.43.WhiｃｈofｔhefolloｗiｎｇｍostａcｃuratelydescriｂｅsClarｋ'ｓopiｎｉoｎofBraveｒｍan'spositｉoｎ?A.Herespecｔsiｔｓwidｅ-rangingpｏpuｌariｔy.B.Hedisapprovｅsofitsｍｉsplａｃedemphasisｏnｔhｅinｆluｅncｅofmａnagers.Ｃ.Hｅadmiresｔhｅconsideｒationiｔgｉｖｅstothｅattｉtｕｄesoｆtheworkersaffectｅd.Ｄ.Heisｃonceｒｎeｄaboutｉtspotentiaｌtoiｍpedethｅimplementationofnｅwtｅcｈnｏlogies．44.Ｔｈｅinformationinthepaｓsａgｅsuｇgｅststｈａt(yī)Ｃｌａrｋbelieveｓｔｈat_＿_(dá)_______wｏuｌｄbｅtrｕｅifsｏcｉａlconsｔructiｖismhadnotgainｅdwideｓpreａdacceｐtaｎｃe.A.Busｉｎesseswouｌｄbeｍoｒeliｋelytomoｄerｎizｅwｉthoutconsideringthesocialconsequencesoｆｔheiｒactioｎｓ.B.Tｈerewouldbegrｅaｔeｒunｄersｔａnｄingofthｅｒolepｌayeｄｂyteｃhnｏlｏgyinproduｃｉnｇｓocｉａlｃhange.C.Businesseswoulｄbeｌesslｉkelytounderstandtｈeaｔtitｕdesofempｌoｙeesaffeｃtｅdbymｏdｅrnizatｉoｎ．Ｄ.Ｍoｄeｒnizａt(yī)ｉonwｏuldhaveoｃcｕrredataｓｌowerraｔe．45.Accordiｎgtothepassage,wｈichofｔhｅfolloｗinｇdidｃoｎstrｕcｔiｖiｓtsｅmpｌoytｏpromotetｈｅirargｕmenｔ?A.ＥmpiｒｉcaｌstuｄｉesｏfｂuｓinesssituaｔiｏnsinvolvinｇtechnoloｇiｃalcｈａｎgｅＢ.Citａt(yī)ionofmａnageｒssuｐｐｏrtiｖeoｆtｈeirｐositioｎC.Ｃoｎsｔructiｏnofｈyｐotｈeticaｌｓituａt(yī)ionstｈａt(yī)suｐｐｏrttheiｒvieｗＤ．Cｏnｔraｓｔｓoftheirviｅwｗithamissｔａt(yī)ｅmeｎtofａnopｐｏｓingviewＳecｔiｏｎBSｈｏrt-AnswerＱuｅstｉons(10％)Pａssage4Questions４6ｔo5０arebａseｄoｎthefolｌowiｎｇｐａsｓagｅ：InWinterｓv．ＵnitedSｔateｓ(１908),theSｕpremeCourtｈelｄｔhａt(yī)theｒｉghttouseｗatersflｏwiｎgtｈroughoradjacenttｏtheFｏrtBelｋnａpIｎdiａnＲeｓｅrvationwasreservedtoＡmericaｎI(lǐng)ndiansbytｈeｔｒｅatyｅsｔabｌisｈinｇtｈereservation．Althｏughｔhisｔrｅａt(yī)ydiｄnｏtｍentionｗatｅｒrｉｇhtｓ,ｔheＣoｕrtruledthatthefｅｄerａlgovernｍent，whenitcｒeatedthereservａｔｉon，intｅndｅdtｏdｅalｆaｉrlywithAmeｒicanIndiａnｓbyｒesｅrvinｇforthemthｅwａt(yī)eｒsｗithouｔｗhichtheiｒlandｓwouｌdhavebeenｕsｅlｅss.Laterdecｉsｉons，citingWｉｎterｓ,establishｅdｔhatcourtｓcaｎfinｄfedｅraｌrigｈtｓtoreｓerveｗａt(yī)erforpａｒｔｉcｕlarpurpoｓesif(1）theｌanｄinｑueｓtionｌｉeswitｈinａnenclａveunderexcｌｕsｉｖefｅderaljuriｓdictiｏn,(2)tｈｅｌaｎdhasｂｅeｎｆormａllywｉｔhｄrawnfromfeｄeｒalpｕbliclaｎds—i.e.,ｗiｔｈｄrawnfroｍthｅｓtoｃkｏffeｄeｒallａnｄsavailablｅforprivatｅuseundｅrfeｄerallanduselaws—anｄｓetａｓideｏrｒesｅrved,ａｎｄ（3)ｔｈecｉrcumstaｎcesreｖｅaｌｔｈegｏvernmentinｔendeｄtｏresｅrvｅｗａt(yī)eraｓweｌlaslａｎdwheｎestaｂlisｈiｎgtheresｅrvatｉoｎ.SomeAｍericanIndiａntribeshavealsoｅsｔａbｌiｓhedwａt(yī)errightsthｒougｈthecouｒｔsbaｓedontheｉrtradiｔionaldiversioｎan