如何撰寫科學(xué)論文課件

HOWTOWRITEASCIENTIFICPAPERWhatisaScientificPaper?AscientificpaperisawrittenandpublishedreportdescribingoriginalresearchresultsWritingaResearchPaperNosinglebestwayVariesfrompapertopaperWaittilldataanalyzedBackgroundreadingnottooextensivemakenotes;makenotesofnoteswritedownsentencesorpartsofthemnotduring“writingtime”WhomWritingFor?

Topleaseyourself?Referees-topersuadethetoughestoneJournal-Choosebeforewriting-Generalvs.subespecialtyjournalWhomWritingFor?Strategiestochoosethejournal:

Wheremanyofthepaperscitedwerepublished?Wheredocitedscientistspublishtheirwork?ReadtheavertisingstatementsofjournalsReadthe“scope”paragraphinthe“IforA”ReadthetableofcontentsofpotentialjournalsExamineseveralarticlesinpotentialjournalsSequence

Fixrealisticschedule(moderate)

DecisionisfinalAdherenceforeseesagoodoutcomeFigures,tracings,tablesMethodsandResultsDiscussionandIntroductionAbstractandTitleStructure

Agoodarticlehasadefinitestructure,makes itspoint,anddoesnotwasspaceandtimeThemostdifficultpartinwritingascientific paperisplanningitsstructureStructure

BiggestproblemscomefirstAscaffoldofheadingsandsubheadingsIMRAD:eachonaseparatesheet -Inthefirstdraft:randomorder,telegraphic style -Afterwards:theideasmustbenumbered andanordergeneratedSubheadings

SignpoststoreaderEveryparagraphinearlydraftsFinalversion:neveroversingle paragraphHierarchyofsub-subsMaxof3fortypographicaldistinctionWritingTools

Dictionary,well-thumbedThesaurusSynonyms,shadesofmeaningCheckeverywordPencil,pen,computerPaperbinMethodsSection

Enoughinformationforanexperienced investigatortorepeatyourworkAvoidtiresomedetailCut-and-pastefrompreviousworkof theauthor(s),notsomebodyelse’sItisthefirstsectionofthepaperin whichsubheadingsshouldbeused

ResultsSection

Refertodata(Fig.X,TableY)Don’trepeatnumbersinTablesCanstatenumbersfromFiguresif precisionisrequiredAlotofnumbers,makeTableIntroduction2-3paragraphs,<450wordsFirstparagraph

IntroducebroadareaSecondparagraphExplicitrationale?Lastparagraph -HypothesisDiscussionSection

Firstparagraph

Statemajorfindings

ParaphraseabstractLastparagraph

“Insummary…”(2-3sentences)“Inconclusion…”(biggestmensage, returntoIntro,avoidspeculation, avoid“needmorework”

DiscussionSection

Middleparagraphs

BaseeachonamajorresultAlwaysfocusonyourresultsNeverdiscusspriorworkwithout referencetoyourworkReferTablesandFiguresAbstract

PréciswritingInformative,notdescriptiveSomenumbers,butnotinexcessDeterminesifpaperwillbereadIsdistributedfreelyindatabasesTitle

Maxinfoinleastwords<12words<100charactersThetitleisalabelShouldalmostnevercontainabbreviationsQuestion:easiertounderstand,more impactStateresultsFigures

DobeforewritingRedraw,redraw,pruneclutterLeastnon-data-inkMax4lines,allsolidNocaptionReduceto1columninjournalReducedxeroxcopytocheckoutOriginalshouldbe<3xfinalFigures

Axes

Minimizetickmarks

Don’tnumbereachtickLettering

Uniform,lowercaseMinimize,avoidboldAfterreduction,2-3mmhighLegend

GivesmessageTables

Singleunit,understoodwithouttextPrune,prune:columns,linesExceed1sheet:redrawAvoidnarrow/broad;rotateall90oNoaddedvertical/horizontallinesIfsmall:movedatatotextOfWriting

Atassignedtime:write(notread)Don’twaitforthemusesAcraft,notanart:practiceIdeascomewhilewritingReadgoodwriters,especiallynon-medicalMomentum

FixascheduleMonitorprogressWritebyabiologicalclockOnepageaweek:tortureSkiptroublespotsWriter’sblock:unacceptableConcentration

NeedstretchofseveralhoursWhentimeisshort:prepare, reviseAvoiddistractions:phone,beeperLocation-

Veryboringarea-NothingtodistractFirstDraft

WriteasquicklyaspossibleAsifthinkingoutloudGeteverythingdownIgnorespelling,grammar,styleSkiptroublesomewordsCorrectandrewriteonlywhenthe wholetextisonpaperDonotsplitthemanuscriptamongthe co-authorsGoodWriting

Content,accuracyClarityPrecisionLogicOrderofpresentationClarity

ClearExact

Ambiguity,inconsistencyWoolywordsConcise

LeastwordsShortwordsOnewordvsmanySimplifyamajorityof=mostatthepresenttime=nowgiveriseto=causeinsomecases=sometimesisdefinedas=isitisbelievedthat=Ithinkonthebasisof=bypooledtogether=pooledsubsequentto=afterwiththeresultthat=sothatUseandMisuseofEnglish

Tense

Previouslypublishedwork:presenttenseYourownwork:pasttenseVoice

ActivemorepreciseandlesswordythanpassiveNametheagent,even“I”or“we”SingularsandpluralsUseandMisuseofEnglish

PunctuationHyphensPile-upsofnounsorphrasesNumbersBadWriting

Wordsdon’tdojusticetoyour ideasIfmultiplemistakesinspelling andsyntax,reviewersuspects similarsloppinessinthelabStyle

Clear,orderlypresentationReadscomfortablySciencevsliterature

Writing

Reshape,refine,tightenupJugglewords,changesentencesaroundStrengthentransitionbetweensentencesChecknarrativeflowAfterseveraldraftsaskforasecond opinionWriting:Clutter

AllfirstdrafshavetoomanywordsSuccessivedrafts:prunevigorouslyStripeverysentenceLookforexcessiveadverbs,adjectivesWritingimprovesinproportionto deletionofunnecessarywordsWriting:

AbbreviationsandAcronyms

Likedbyauthors,hatedbyreadersReadingshouldnotrequireaglossaryUnwieldywordoccurring>10timesWriting:Sentences

OnlyoneideainasentenceKeepshort:<20wordsVarylengthLongsentences:greaterrisk ofgrammaticalerrorWriting:Paragraph

TheunitofthoughtinagroupofsentencesSubheadingovereachoneinearlydraftsNottoolongsolidblockofprinting(<125 words)Longparagraph:badWriting:NarrativeFlow

TellingastoryReaderfollowsfromstarttoendWritingissequential:logicistheglueSentencesholdhandsSmoothtransitionsEverystepisinevitableRewriting

SecretofwritingisrewritingSecretofrewritingisre-thinkingTyping

CleanWidemargins(2.5cm)OnonesideofthesheetonlyAdherencetothestyleofthejournalProofread,proofread,proofreadAuthorship

DecidedasearlyaspossibleShouldincludepersonswho:Candefendtheintellectualcontent,including dataandconclusionsMustbewillingtoconcedepubliclyanyerrorsInthecaseoffraudbewillingtostatepublicly thenatureandextent,andaccountforits occurrenceAuthorship:Criteria

Allthefollowingcriteriashouldbemet:

Generateatleastpartoftheintellectual content(conceptionordesign,data analysisandinterpretation)Drafting,reviewingorrevisingcriticallyfor importantintellectualcontentFinalapprovaloftheversiontobepublishedAuthorship:Order

SomejournalsusethealphabeticalorderMostofthemassumeanorderbasedoneach author’simportancetothestudyThefirstauthorisprimarilyresponsiblefor collectingandanalyzingdata,andwritingThelastone,anestablishedinvestigator, assumestheoverallresponsibilityforthestudyThemiddleauthorsarelistedaccordingtotheir orderofimportancetothestudyAuthorship:ResponsibilitiesTheauthorsmustcomplywiththefollowingruleswhensubmittingthemanuscriptforpublication:

Themanuscriptisnotunderconsiderationelsewhereandthe researchwillnotbesubmittedelsewhereuntilafinaldecision hasbeenmadebythejournalThemanuscriptisatrustful,origi