高級中學(xué)英語語法通霸句子結(jié)構(gòu)成分分析主語謂語賓語定語狀語補(bǔ)語

高中英語語法通霸1.句子結(jié)構(gòu)成分分析

主語謂語賓語定語狀語補(bǔ)語定語sa?i考點(diǎn)精講精煉英語的句子成分主要有六種：即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。（可以熟記為：主謂賓，定狀補(bǔ)）除了這六種主要成分之外，還有“表語”和“同位語”的說法。但表語和系動(dòng)詞一起作謂語，因此劃分成分時(shí)，劃分在謂語上。同位語分為主語同位語和賓語同位語，屬于主語或賓語的一部分。考點(diǎn)1.劃分句子成分時(shí)的常用符號(hào)英語中劃分句子成分的符號(hào)主語 在下面畫直線謂語 在下面畫曲線賓語 在下面畫雙橫線定語在下面畫虛線（一行點(diǎn)使我們想到一排釘子，“釘”諧音為“定語”的“定”）狀語下面為短橫線（短橫線使我們想到短木樁，木樁撞（狀）鐘）補(bǔ)語 上一短橫，下一短橫（下一短橫好像是為了彌補(bǔ)上面短橫間的空隙）同位語上下雙曲線（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）考點(diǎn)1.主語主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首，通常由名詞性的詞來充當(dāng)。可以作主語的詞性或語法結(jié)構(gòu)：1.名詞2.代詞 3.數(shù)詞4.不定式5.動(dòng)名詞 6.主語從句等表示。7.名詞化的形容詞（如therich）在英語中，形容詞、副詞和介詞短語是不能作主語的。如果它們在句首時(shí)，句子可能是倒裝句，真正的主語在后面。Onthedeskaresomebooks.（主語是books，所以用are）Downjumpstheboy.（主語是theboy，所以用jumps）Gonearethedays.（主語是thedays，所以用are）練習(xí)1.在下面句子的主語下面畫橫線，并說出由什么充當(dāng)。Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.WhenwearegoingtohaveEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue.Therecomesthebus.Beyondthevillageliesasmallvillage.Nowcomesyourturn.考點(diǎn)2.謂語謂語由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語的構(gòu)成如下:A.簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.B.復(fù)合謂語：①由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.Mysisteriscryingoverthere.Ihavebeenwaitingforyouallthetime.Iwouldstayathomeallday.Hashecomeback?Hedidn'tattendthemeetingyesterday.②由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語。如：Wearestudents.Yourideasoundsgreat.考點(diǎn)3.表語表語多是形容詞，用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。練習(xí)2.畫出下列句中的表語，并說明由什么充當(dāng)。OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.Isityours?Theweatherhasturnedcold.Thespeechisexciting.Threetimessevenistwenty-one.HisjobistoteachEnglish.Hishobby(愛好)isplayingfootball.Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.考點(diǎn)4.賓語賓語由名詞性的詞充當(dāng)，表示動(dòng)作的對象或承受者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。賓語分為動(dòng)詞賓語和介詞賓語。練習(xí)3.畫出下列句中的賓語,并說明由什么充當(dāng)。Theyplantedmanytreesyesterday.(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?)Ihavefive.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.Iwantedtobuyacar.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.考點(diǎn)5.賓語補(bǔ)足語賓語補(bǔ)足語和賓語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。換句話說，在意思上，賓語相當(dāng)于賓補(bǔ)的主語。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等）+賓語+賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。練習(xí)4.用下劃線畫出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語，并指出是什么詞充當(dāng)，同時(shí)體會(huì)賓補(bǔ)和賓語之間的邏輯關(guān)系。HisfathernamedhimDongming.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.Letthefreshairin.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.Wesawherenteringtheroom.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.考點(diǎn)6.主補(bǔ)對主語的補(bǔ)充。含有賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子在變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，賓語作主語時(shí)，原來的賓補(bǔ)就成了主語補(bǔ)足語。Hewaselectedmonitor.Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.考點(diǎn)7.定語定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用“……的”表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。在英語中，許多情況下，定語是放在所修飾詞后面的，這點(diǎn)與漢語習(xí)慣不同，也是許多同學(xué)不能讀懂長句的主要原因。定語后置常見的有以下幾種情況：A.副詞用作定語一般要后置。Peoplethereareveryfriendly.（那兒的人們）Hedidn’tlikethemandownstairs.（樓下的那個(gè)人）B.形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。單個(gè)形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾詞之前，而形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。Thenextmanisascientist.Themannexttomeisascientist.（我旁邊的那個(gè)人）C.介詞短語作定語時(shí)要后置。TheboyunderthetreeisTom.（樹下的那個(gè)男孩）ThetallestboyinourclassisJohn.（我們班最高的那個(gè)男孩）D.現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式作定語常后置。Ihavesomethingtosay.（直譯：我有要說的話）Theboycryingoverthereismyclassmate.（在那邊哭的那個(gè)男孩）Thehousebuiltlastyearisimpressive.（去年建的那座房子）練習(xí)5.口頭翻譯下列句子，用下劃線標(biāo)出定語部分，留意定語的位置，并說明定語是由什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)。TheletteronthedeskisforMr.Wu.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishismother.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.Shecarriedabasketfullofeggs.It’sabookworthnomorethanonedollar.It’sacityfarfromthecoast.Hehasmoneyenoughtobuyacar.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.Therearelotsofplacesofinterestneedingrepairinginourcity.Tigersbelongingtomeat-eatinganimalsfeedonmeat.AboycallinghimselfJohnwantedtoseeyou.Hepickedupawalletlyingonthegroundonthewaybackhome.Therearemanyclothestobewashed.MostofthesingersinvitedtothepartywerefromAmerica.Thenthegreatdaycamewhenhewastomarchpastthepalaceintheteam.考點(diǎn)8.狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫作狀語。Hewritescarefully.Hewalksslowly.（認(rèn)真地寫，慢慢地走，修飾動(dòng)詞用副詞，作狀語）Thismaterialisenvironmentallyfriendly.（修飾形容詞用副詞，作狀語）Herunsveryslowly.（修飾副詞slowly,因此very是副詞，作狀語）Unfortunately,helostallofhismoney.（修飾整個(gè)句子用副詞，作狀語）A.幾個(gè)并列狀語的先后順序：方式一地點(diǎn)一時(shí)間一個(gè)句中有幾個(gè)并列狀語時(shí)，其順序較靈活，但一般是：方式一地點(diǎn)一時(shí)間。如：Ifoundalostpenoutsideourschoolyesterdaymorning.Hewaswalkingslowlyoutsidetheparkatthatmoment.■B.英語中時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語的排列一般是從小到大先寫時(shí)間，再寫上/下午，再寫星期幾，再寫幾月幾號(hào)。最后寫幾幾年。Iinvitedhimtowatchamovieat5p.m.onThursday,August28th,2015.Iwasbornat6a.m.,March16,2000.Helivesat1120GreenStreet,London.C.頻度副詞often,always,usually,sometimes,never等在句中要放在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前。Youcannevertellwhathewilldo.Heisoftenlate.Heisalwayshelpingothers.Heoftencamelate.D.狀語按意義分類在句子成分中，主語、謂語、賓語、定語、表語、補(bǔ)語都比較好辨認(rèn)，如果這幾個(gè)成分都不是，那很可能就是狀語了。因此，狀語的種類很多，可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步等。練習(xí)6.指出下列畫線部分屬于什么狀語。.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?.Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor..Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain..Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare..Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand..Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder..Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness..Theboyneedsapenverymuch..Theboyreallyneedsapen..Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately..Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold..Iamtallerthanheis..Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train..OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom..Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen.考點(diǎn)9.同位語同位語是在名詞或代詞之后的并列名詞或代詞，對前者加以說明，近乎于后置定語。如：Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位語，都是指同一批“學(xué)生”)It’sgoodtousstudents.練習(xí)7.畫出下列句中的同位語。Theyoungman,mybrother,worksintheoffice.OurEnglishteacher,Mrs.Wang,oftenhelpsuswithstudy.They,somerailwayworkers,arebusyrepairingthetrain.*綜合應(yīng)用能力提升I.單句改錯(cuò)根據(jù)所學(xué)主語相關(guān)內(nèi)容，改正下列句中的錯(cuò)誤。Beyondthemountainslieasmallvillage.GoneisthedayswhenIhadtogotoschoolonfoot.Playbasketballismyfavoritesport.GiveupEnglishisnotanoption.Bydoingpart-timejobscanhelpthemgainsocialexperience.Withoutafriendwillfeellonely.II.語法填空(每空至多填三詞)Theyplanned (take)twodaysoffnextweek.Hepracticed (speak)Englisheveryday.Here (be)yourbooks.Onthewall (hang)twopictures.寫作技能提升注意句子主語的形式。在我看來，早睡早起將對我們的健康有好處。(inmyopinion,getupearly,gotobedearly,doalotofgoodto,ourhealth)他這次考試不及格使他不高興。(hefailedtheexam,make,upset)在那兩座高樓之間，矗立著我們教學(xué)樓。(betweenthetwotallbuildings,stand,teachingbuilding)我們現(xiàn)在正在學(xué)的知識(shí)對我們將來的生活和工作都很有幫助。(whatwearelearningnow,beofgreathelpto,ourlifeandwork,inthefuture)用形容詞作后置定語。你認(rèn)識(shí)Tom旁邊的那個(gè)人嗎？(know,nextto)盡早把他送到距你家最近的醫(yī)院。(send…to,nearestto,assoonaspossible)我們有一個(gè)能容下3000學(xué)生用餐的餐廳。(dininghall,largeenough,hold)注意狀語的順序。那時(shí)他正在教室內(nèi)認(rèn)真地寫作業(yè)。(dohishomework,intheclassroom,carefully,atthatmoment)上周日我們在校園內(nèi)栽了很多樹。(plantlotsoftrees,intheschoolyard)他昨天在演講比賽中表現(xiàn)得異常優(yōu)秀。(performincrediblywell,speechcontest)D.注意頻度副詞的位置。QQ329950885我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記他那天對我講的話。(will,forget,whathetoldme,never)我經(jīng)常去那家超市。(frequently,thesupermarket)他總是幫助別人。(always,helping)我們什么時(shí)候都不能那樣對待老人。(never,treatanoldmanlikethat,should)活到老，學(xué)到老。(one,never,toooldtolearn)答案：巨^考點(diǎn)精牖壕練習(xí)1.在下面句子的主語下面畫橫線，并說出由什么充當(dāng)。Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名詞）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代詞）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（數(shù)詞）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式短語）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（動(dòng)名詞）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名詞化的形容詞）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主語從句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）Thatheisn'tathomeisnottrue.（主語從句，that不能省略）Therecomesthebus.（副詞不能作主語，本句為倒裝句，名詞thebus作主語） .Beyondthevillageliesasmallvillage.（介詞短語不能作主語，主語是后面的名詞短語）Nowcomesyourturn.（副詞不能作主語，主語是后面的名詞）練習(xí)2.畫出下列句中的表語，并說明由什么充當(dāng)。OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名詞）Isityours?（代詞）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容詞）Thespeechisexciting.（分詞/形容詞，這樣的分詞已形容詞化了）Threetimessevenistwenty-one.（數(shù)詞）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobby（愛好）isplayingfootball.（動(dòng)名詞）Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.（介詞短語）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（從句）練習(xí)3.畫出下列句中的賓語,并說明由什么充當(dāng)。Theyplanedmanytreesyesterday.（名詞）（Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?）Ihavefive.（數(shù)詞）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名詞化形容詞）Iwantedtobuyacar.（不定式短語）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（動(dòng)名詞短語）Ithinkthatheisfitforhisoffice.（賓語從句）練習(xí)4.用下劃線畫出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語，并指出是什么詞充當(dāng)。HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名詞）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容詞）Letthefreshairin.（副詞）Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短語）Wesawherentering,the,room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介詞短語）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityjsnow.（從句）Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.（過去分詞短語）練習(xí)5.口頭翻譯下列句子，用下劃線標(biāo)出定語部分，留意定語的位置，并說明定語是由什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)。TheletteronthedeskisforMr.Wu.桌子上的那封信是給吳先生的。（介詞短語作后置定語）Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishismother.懷里抱嬰兒的那個(gè)婦女是他的母親。（with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語）Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.我們需要一個(gè)比這個(gè)地方大兩倍的地方。（形容詞短語作后置定語）Shecarriedabasketfullofeggs.她提著一個(gè)裝滿雞蛋的籃子。（形容詞短語作后置定語）It,sabookworthnomorethanonedollar.那是一本僅值一美元的書。（形容詞短語作后置定語）It,sacityfarfromthecoast.它是一座距海岸很遠(yuǎn)的城市。（形容詞短語作后置定語）Hehasmoneyenoughtobuyacar.他有足夠能買一輛車的錢。（形容詞短語作后置定語）Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.樓下的那個(gè)人正在盡力睡覺。（副詞作后置定語）Therearelotsofplacesofinterestneedingrepairinginourcity.在我們城市有許多需要維修的名勝。（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語）Tigersbelongingtomeat-eatinganimalsfeedonmeat.屬于食肉動(dòng)物的老虎以肉為食。（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語）AboycallinghimselfJohnwantedtoseeyou.一個(gè)自稱為John的男孩想見你。（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語）Hepickedupawalletlyingonthegroundonthewaybackhome.在回家的路上，他撿起一個(gè)躺在路上的錢包。（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語；副詞短語作后置定語）Therearemanyclothestobewashed.有許多要洗的衣服。意譯為：有許多衣服要洗。（動(dòng)詞不定式短語作后置定語）MostofthesingersinvitedtothepartywerefromAmerica.大多數(shù)被邀請參加派對的歌手都來自美國。（過去分詞短語作后置定語）Thenthegreatdaycamewhenhewastomarchpastthepalaceintheteam.接著，他要列隊(duì)游行經(jīng)過宮殿的那一天到了。（定語從句修飾thegreatday）練習(xí)6.指出下列畫線部分屬于什么狀語。1.時(shí)間狀語2.地點(diǎn)狀語3.原因狀語4.方式狀語5.伴隨狀語6.目的狀語7.目的狀語8.程度狀語9.程度狀語10.結(jié)果狀語11.讓步狀語12.比較狀語13.條件狀語14.時(shí)間狀語；地點(diǎn)狀語15.原因狀語練習(xí)7.畫出下列句中的同位語。QQ329950885Theyoungman,mybrother,worksintheoffice.OurEnglishteacher,MrsWangoftenhelpsuswithstudy.T