哈佛幸福課的課件

1504:

BasicPremisesThePremisesBridgebuildingVs.DivisionandseparationChangeispossibleVs.ChangeisillusiveInternalfactorsprimarilydeterminehappinessVs.HappinessisprimarilyafunctionofexternalcircumstancesHumannaturemustbeobeyedVs.HumannaturemustbeperfectedHappinessisandoughttobetheultimateendVs.HappinessshouldbeasecondarypursuitPREMISE1:

Bridgebuilding

VS.

DivisionandseparationBridgingIvoryTowerandMainStreet“Thecarefulshieldingofauniversityfromtheactivitiesoftheworldaroundusisthebestwaytochillinterestandtodefeatprogress.Celibacydoesnotsuitauniversity.Itmustmateitselfwithaction.” AlfredNorthWhiteheadTheNeedforPracticalIdealistsThedesiretomakeadifferenceFalsestereotypesGenerousHarvardiansGenerousAmericansInfluentialpositionsGoodwillandidealismnecessarybutnotsufficientPsychologyCanHelpAppliedresearchintheclassroomforincreasingself-esteembridgingmindandbodyinconflictresolutionTakingresearchseriouslyTakingresponsibility!PREMISE2:

Changeispossible

VS.

Changeisillusive“Itmaybethattryingtobehappierisasfutileastryingtobetallerandisthereforecounterproductive.”

LykkenandTellegan(1996)MinnesotaTwinStudiesChangeisPossibleCounterevidence:PeopledochangeErroroftheaverageExceptionprovestheruleDetrimentalresearchStudyingthebestGrowing-TipStatistics“Whatthiskindofresearchdesignmeansisachangeinourconceptionofstatistics,andespeciallyofsamplingtheory.WhatIamfranklyespousinghereiswhatIhavebeencalling‘growing-tipstatistics,'takingmytitlefromthefactthatitisatthegrowingtipofaplantthatthegreatestgeneticactiontakesplace...” AbrahamMaslow“Ifwewanttoknowhowfastahumanbeingcanrun,thenitisnousetoaverageoutthespeedofa‘goodsample’ofthepopulation;itisfarbettertocollectOlympicgoldmedalwinnersandseehowwelltheycando.Ifwewanttoknowthepossibilitiesforspiritualgrowth,valuegrowth,ormoraldevelopmentinhumanbeings,thenImaintainthatwecanlearnmostbystudyingourmostmoral,ethical,orsaintlypeople.OnthewholeIthinkitisfairtosaythathumanhistoryisarecordofthewaysinwhichhumannaturehasbeensoldshort.Thehighestpossibilitiesofhumannaturehavepracticallyalwaysbeenunderrated....Certainlyitseemsmoreandmoreclearthatwhatwecall‘normal’inpsychologyisreallyapsychopathologyoftheaverage,soundramaticandsowidelyspreadthatwedon’tevennoticeitordinarily.”Growing-TipStatisticsElitist?Doesn’texcludestudyingtheaverageEveryonebenefitsStudyofresilienceStudyofmeditationStudyofrelationshipsStudyofteachingStudyingOurPersonalBestDescribeorprescribe“Fewinnumberthoughtheybe,wecanlearnagreatdealaboutvaluesfromthedirectstudyofthesehighlyevolved,mostmature,psychologicallyhealthiestindividuals,andfromthestudyofthepeakmomentsofaverageindividuals,momentsinwhichtheybecometransientlyself-actualized.” AbrahamMaslowChangingtheWorld?TheCambridge-SomervilleYouthStudyAfiveyearinterventionTwice-a-monthcaseworkersvisitAcademictutoringPsychiatricattentionBoyScouts,YMCA,etc.MeasuringOutcomeRandomassignment40yearfollowupShockingresultsNodifferenceinjuvenileoffensesNodifferenceinadultoffensesNodifferenceonhealth,mortality,wellbeingSignificantdifferenceonalcoholismandjobstatus…INTHE“WRONG”DIRECTIONIsSocietalChangePossible?ExceptionprovestherulePracticalidealistsunite!“WhatIamsuggestingisManhattan-Project-typeattacksuponwhatIconsidertobethetrulyBigProblemofourtime,notonlyforpsychologybutforallhumanbeingswithanysenseofhistoricalurgency...”

AbrahamMaslowThePowerofOneHumannetworksasexponential“Allhistoryisarecordofthepowerofminorities,andofminoritiesofone.”

RalphWaldoEmerson“Neverdoubtthatasmallgroupofthoughtful,committedcitizenscanchangetheworld.Indeed,itistheonlythingthateverhas.”

MargaretMeadExponentialGrowthWeunderestimateourcapacitytoeffectchangebecauseweunderestimatethegrowthofanexponentialfunction.PREMISE3:

Internalfactorsprimarilydeterminehappiness

VS.

HappinessisprimarilyafunctionofexternalcircumstancesSubjectiveWell-BeingResearchAffectiveforecasting(DanGilbert)Happinesslevels(EdDiener)IncomematterslittleNochangeacrossgenerationsPlaceofresidenceirrelevantSubjectiveWell-BeingResearchAffectiveforecasting(DanGilbert)Happinesslevels(EdDiener)IncomematterslittleNochangeacrossgenerationsPlaceofresidenceirrelevantDemocracy/oppressionmatter!Ourreadinessandpotentialtoexperiencehappinessismostlydependentonourstateofmind,notonourstatusorthestateofourbankaccount.IsChangeIllusive?Focusontrans-formationPREMISE4:

Humannaturemustbeobeyed

VS.

HumannaturemustbeperfectedConstrained Unconstrained

Vision VisionHumannatureimmutableFlawsinevitableAcceptanceChannelnature_____________________________________________CanbeimprovedPerfectibleSolutionsexistChangenature“Naturetobecommandedmustbeobeyed”

FrancisBacon“Itisforself-perfectioningthatdestinycallsus” BenjaminConstantVisionofPsychologyHumannatureimmutable(constrained)Roleistounderstandnature……andmakebestuseofitThePermissiontobeHumanUnconditionalAcceptance

(Rogers,1961)RejectingournatureleadstounhappinessParadox:“IronicProcessing”(Wegner,1994)TheGreatDeceptionNotresignationActiveacceptanceTruetoreality“God,grantmetheserenitytoacceptthethingsIcannotchange,thecouragetochangethethingsIcanchange,andthewisdomtoknowthedifference.”

ReinholdNiebuhrPREMISE5:

Happinessisandoughttobeourultimateend

VS.

HappinessshouldbeasecondarypursuitHappinessastheHighestEnd“Happinessisthemeaningandpurposeoflife,thewholeaimandendofhumanexistence.”

Aristotle“Whetheronebelievesinreligionornot,whetheronebelievesinthisreligionorthatreligion,theverypurposeofourlifeishappiness,theverymotionofourlifeistowardshappiness.”

DalaiLama“Ifweweretoaskthequestion:‘Whatishumanlife'schiefconcern?’oneoftheanswersweshouldreceivewouldbe:‘Itishappiness.’Howtogain,howtokeep,howtorecoverhappiness,isinfactformostmenatalltimesthesecretmotiveofalltheydo,andofalltheyarewillingtoendure.”

WilliamJamesWhat’sGoodAboutPositiveEmotions?ItfeelsgoodtofeelgoodBroadenandbuild(Fredrickson,2002)“Weshouldworktocultivatepositiveemotionsinourselvesandinthosearoundusnotjustasendstatesinthemselves,butalsoasameanstoachievingpsychologicalgrowthandimprovedpsychologicalandphysicalhealthovertime...Icallthisthebroaden-and-buildtheoryofpositiveemotionsbecausepositiveemotionsappeartobroadenpeople’smomentarythought-actionrepertoiresandbuildtheirenduringpersonalresources...Throughexperiencesofpositiveemotionspeopletransformthemselves,becomingmorecreative,knowledgeable,resilient,soci