WSUD規(guī)劃體系水敏性海綿城市設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容豐富

WSUDSTUDY澳大利亞行政區(qū)劃澳大利亞規(guī)劃體系以堪培拉為例堪培拉政策規(guī)劃分區(qū)政策規(guī)劃專項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)政策規(guī)劃重點(diǎn)地段政策規(guī)劃地塊政策規(guī)劃堪培拉開發(fā)規(guī)劃分區(qū)開發(fā)規(guī)劃專項(xiàng)開發(fā)規(guī)劃重點(diǎn)地段開發(fā)規(guī)劃地塊開發(fā)規(guī)劃澳大利亞規(guī)劃體系政策國家級州級環(huán)境政策國家生態(tài)可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略DepartmentoftheEnvironmentandHeritage我們的環(huán)境，我們的未來，可持續(xù)行動(dòng)申明（2006）水政策全國水動(dòng)議CouncilofAustraliaGovernments,2004國家水安全計(jì)劃PrimeMinisterofAustralia,2007共同保護(hù)我們未來的水（2004）可持續(xù)水戰(zhàn)略中心區(qū)域行動(dòng)（2055）城市規(guī)劃政策可持續(xù)城市計(jì)劃2003墨爾本2030規(guī)劃立法聯(lián)邦環(huán)境及生物多樣性保護(hù)法（1999）水法（2007）環(huán)境保護(hù)法（1970）水法（1989）集水及土地及保護(hù)法（1994）規(guī)劃與環(huán)境法（1987）環(huán)境影響法（1978）以墨爾本為例澳大利亞規(guī)劃體系聯(lián)邦政府州政府地方政府處理全國所有事物自治權(quán)\立法權(quán)\規(guī)劃立法權(quán)權(quán)力各不相同可編制城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃、管理地區(qū)和修建公共設(shè)施、建筑監(jiān)督等權(quán)力通過聯(lián)邦政府和州政府制定戰(zhàn)略性規(guī)劃并將規(guī)劃目標(biāo)層層分解，為地方規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)做出宏觀指導(dǎo)。澳大利亞WSUD規(guī)劃體系WSUD是在保持城市人類發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上，恢復(fù)自然的水循環(huán)過程。強(qiáng)調(diào)通過城市規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)的整體分析方法來減少對自然水循環(huán)的負(fù)面影響和保護(hù)水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的健康。將雨洪管理、供水、污水管理一體化，兼顧景觀和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。雨水收集和匯水區(qū)管理蒸發(fā)降雨供水港灣和海洋維護(hù)暴雨管理水道維護(hù)污水處理中水回用WhatWSUDachievesFromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)WhatWSUDachievesFromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)WhatWSUDachievesTheStatusofWaterSensitiveUrbanDesignSchemesinSouthAustraliaGoyderInstituteforWaterResearchTechnicalReportSeriesNo.13/11,Adelaide,SouthAustraliaBMPLIDSUDSWSUD主要差異比較較名稱特點(diǎn)最佳管理作業(yè)措施BMP針對面源污染問題，關(guān)注水質(zhì)，技術(shù)性強(qiáng)低影響開發(fā)LID從源頭上對小區(qū)域或保護(hù)天然的水文進(jìn)行控制，技術(shù)性強(qiáng)可持續(xù)排水系統(tǒng)SUDS通過分級排放思想來控制雨水徑流量、減少徑流污染以及增加環(huán)境舒適性水敏性城市設(shè)計(jì)WSUD從城市開發(fā)尺度上，通過整合城市空間設(shè)計(jì)和綜合水資源管理的手段實(shí)現(xiàn)雨水的綜合利用BMPLIDSUDSWSUD主要差異比較較澳大利亞WSUD規(guī)劃體系發(fā)展展與演變發(fā)展階段確保城市水供應(yīng)（WaterSupplyCity）城市管網(wǎng)建設(shè)階段（Sewered

City）城市水資源保護(hù)（WaterwaysCity）城市水資源保護(hù)階段（Waterways）水循環(huán)綜合利用階段（Water-CycleCity）水敏感友好型城市（WaterSensitiveCity）管理目標(biāo)保證城市充足的水源供應(yīng)，大概時(shí)間十九世紀(jì)初基于公共健康保護(hù)的城市排水建設(shè)保證城市高效排除污水，保護(hù)城市不受洪水破壞注重城市環(huán)境保護(hù)和舒適性實(shí)現(xiàn)生物多樣性，保護(hù)包括水在內(nèi)的自然資源保護(hù)自然資源，適應(yīng)氣候變化，建設(shè)更舒適、多功能有活力的水生態(tài)城市主要實(shí)現(xiàn)手段堤壩和管道等硬件設(shè)施十九世紀(jì)九十年代前，詞啊用合流制排污系統(tǒng)，其后發(fā)展出了分流制排污系統(tǒng)快速排除雨水的各種措施，如管道建設(shè)、河道渠化水變成了城市重要的視覺和休閑要素，建設(shè)污水處理設(shè)施，力求減少水體污染。結(jié)合非點(diǎn)源污染問題的研究，運(yùn)用濕地和生物過濾方式減少水污染采用水綜合利用途徑，包括水資源保護(hù)，多種水供應(yīng)方式（凈水、雨水、海水、污水等不同水質(zhì)用于飲用水、灌溉、工業(yè)、日常等多種用途）同時(shí)多利益相關(guān)者、多專業(yè)多途徑共同尋找解決辦法結(jié)合綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施（GreenInfrastructure）建設(shè)，結(jié)合城市形態(tài)、生態(tài)技術(shù)、自然要素等多元化的手段階段參與者機(jī)構(gòu)之間的聯(lián)結(jié)（以及戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)）聯(lián)系制度壓力（2011—）雨水質(zhì)量控制實(shí)踐創(chuàng)新小環(huán)境形成—雨水收集小環(huán)境參與者：研究者當(dāng)代政府部門開發(fā)商及顧問制度參與者：政客水務(wù)局環(huán)保機(jī)構(gòu)水利用機(jī)構(gòu)（科研）水敏感城市水研究中心（新成立的）研究城市水管理的社會(huì)—技術(shù)解決方案、教育培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃等等（政策）內(nèi)閣咨詢委員會(huì)，為如何實(shí)現(xiàn)政策目標(biāo)提供獨(dú)立咨詢（新職業(yè)構(gòu)建）清潔水計(jì)劃（重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目）實(shí)驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行中，“水敏感城市”新研究課題，政策溝通渠道建立起科研與生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐、政策、提供就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)、重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目之間的聯(lián)系1960s-19891990-19951996-19992000-20032004-20102011-發(fā)展前期起步階段加速發(fā)展階段段穩(wěn)定階段前期期大背景出現(xiàn)技術(shù)革新小環(huán)環(huán)境出現(xiàn)&議題明確關(guān)系系開始建立小環(huán)境形成&對議題形成共共識小環(huán)境擴(kuò)散&知識傳播政策&實(shí)踐拓展&議題深入（新新的創(chuàng)新小環(huán)環(huán)境出現(xiàn)）雨水質(zhì)量控制制實(shí)踐&創(chuàng)新小環(huán)境形形成——雨水收集澳大利亞WSUD規(guī)劃體系發(fā)展展與演變澳大利亞WSUD規(guī)劃體系層級級規(guī)劃階段規(guī)模規(guī)劃內(nèi)容水管理內(nèi)容案例使用面積大小1.國家層面Regional區(qū)域策劃區(qū)域結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)劃確定水資源的環(huán)境需求，提出戰(zhàn)略排水規(guī)劃等關(guān)鍵性的策略2006年國家政府頒布的《國家水質(zhì)量管理策略》等>300ha2.州層面District地方規(guī)劃策略地區(qū)計(jì)劃修正案地區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)劃提出滿足可持續(xù)水循環(huán)的地區(qū)和區(qū)域管理目標(biāo)，進(jìn)行地表水和地下水分析，分析規(guī)劃錢的土地利用性質(zhì)確定潛在的污染可能性，確定關(guān)鍵性的藍(lán)色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施2004年新南威爾士州政府頒布的《西悉尼WSUD技術(shù)指引》等>300ha3.地方層面Local局部規(guī)劃方案局部結(jié)構(gòu)的計(jì)劃大綱發(fā)展計(jì)劃確定地區(qū)的水目標(biāo)、場地的綜合分析（主要分析內(nèi)容包括：現(xiàn)存的和人工的水廊道，地區(qū)的自然條件分析，水資源的社會(huì)、文化價(jià)值，現(xiàn)狀水污染水平，水文分析）地方政府的法律指引<300ha4.小區(qū)層面Subdivision地區(qū)詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)遵守區(qū)域水管理策略匯總的目標(biāo)，綜合的區(qū)域分析，利用相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)減少城市水污染、保護(hù)水資源，保護(hù)水系廊道、濕地等的生態(tài)社會(huì)價(jià)值，水資源的存儲和資源的重復(fù)利用，確定具體布局和位置并提出實(shí)施措施2003年德國斯圖加特Hohlgrabenacker小區(qū)住宅設(shè)計(jì)指引<20ha5.開發(fā)Development開發(fā)申請建筑許可證履行上層次的水保護(hù)策略，并采用定期監(jiān)測的手段定期對開發(fā)區(qū)域進(jìn)行監(jiān)測。評價(jià)體系保障EssayAHolisticApproachtoAddressingWSUDCapacityIssuesinLocalGovernment澳大利亞WSUD規(guī)劃體系層級級WaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-TechnicalDesignGuidelinesforSouthEastQueenslandBrisbanceCityCouncil&MeretonBayWaterways&CatchmentsParnership&AustralianGovernment澳大利亞WSUD規(guī)劃體系層級級WaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-TechnicalDesignGuidelinesforSouthEastQueenslandBrisbanceCityCouncil&MeretonBayWaterways&CatchmentsParnership&AustralianGovernment澳大利亞WSUD規(guī)劃體系層級級澳大利亞WSUD規(guī)劃體系Theadoptionofnationalguidelinesprovidesasharednationalobjective,whileallowingflexibilityofresponsetodifferentcircumstancesatregionalandlocallevels.ApplicationoftheseguidelinesmayvarybetweenStates/Territories,dependingonlocalwatermanagementandotherarrangements.AspectsofWSUDaddressedintheseGuidelinesareregulatedbyStates/TerritoriesandarenotcontrolledbytheAustralianGovernment.StateorLocaljurisdictionsmayusetheirownlegislativeandregulatorytoolstorefinetheseGuidelinesintotheirownlocallyspecificmaterial.RelevantState/Territoryregulations,standardsorguidelines,wheretheyexist,shouldbeconsultedtoensurethatanylocalrequirementsaremet.WhereState/Territoryguidelinesdifferfromthisdocument,theState/Territoryguidelineshouldbefollowedorthelocalplanningorregulatoryagencyconsultedtoclarifyappropriaterequirements.State/TerritoryregulatoryframeworkswhichmayberelevanttoWSUDcouldinclude:Planningapprovals;Waterresourceallocation;Naturalresourcemanagement,includingworksinwatercoursesorriparianzones;Publichealth;Pollutioncontrol;Damsafety.EvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguideWSUD經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)環(huán)環(huán)境效益經(jīng)濟(jì)效益社會(huì)與環(huán)境效益節(jié)約資本成本：減少管道和排水溝投資成本水文平衡：通過儲存、滲透和蒸發(fā)的自然過程，達(dá)到自然水溫的平衡節(jié)約建設(shè)成本：通過生態(tài)的清潔過濾作用減少基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的成本保護(hù)生態(tài)敏感區(qū)：在城市發(fā)展中保護(hù)生態(tài)敏感區(qū)節(jié)約水質(zhì)成本：通過保留和修復(fù)水系，幫助減少優(yōu)化水質(zhì)的成本修復(fù)水系：恢復(fù)和增加城市的水系節(jié)約開發(fā)商成本：減少開發(fā)商對排水設(shè)施的投資降低影響：減少城市開發(fā)對自然環(huán)境的影響增加自然棲息地：增加生物多樣性和郊區(qū)型大地景觀提升市場價(jià)值：整合水功能、臨街的睡眠，打造公共開放空間網(wǎng)絡(luò)，完善生態(tài)體系，提升人居環(huán)境，以獲得更多的認(rèn)同和更大的市場補(bǔ)充地下水與城市和居住區(qū)景觀系統(tǒng)融合提升資源利用：雖然可能會(huì)提高居住區(qū)的建設(shè)成本，但可利用水道為社區(qū)提供更多的休閑康體設(shè)施，提供更多的公共開放空間高質(zhì)量的城市面貌聯(lián)系：能夠通過開放空間體系聯(lián)系各個(gè)社區(qū)節(jié)點(diǎn)ObjectivesEvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguidePrinciples1.Incorporatewaterresourcesasearlyaspossibleinthelanduseplanningprocess;2.Addresswaterresourceissuesatthecatchmentandsub-catchmentlevel;3.Ensurewatermanagementplanningisprecautionary,andrecognisesintergenerationalequity,conservationofbiodiversityandecologicalintegrity;4.Recognisewaterasavaluableresourceandensureitsprotection,conservationandreuse.5.Recognisetheneedforsite-specificsolutionsandimplementappropriatenonstructuralandstructuralsolutions;6.Protectecologicalandhydrologicalintegrity;7.Integrategoodscienceandcommunityvaluesindecisionmaking;andEnsureequitablecostsharing.WaterSensitiveUrbanDesignTechnicalManualGreaterAdelaideRegionProjectTeamFromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)澳大利亞水敏敏感性城市設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)及啟示—王思思Process澳大利亞WSUD規(guī)劃體系操作作階段操作階段概要1.可行性研究建設(shè)方：提交雨洪管理總體計(jì)劃水務(wù)局：審查目標(biāo)：總體規(guī)劃要從源頭上避免和控制城市發(fā)展對水環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響，如城市洪澇災(zāi)害，受納水體水質(zhì)，并符合區(qū)域長期規(guī)劃2.初步設(shè)計(jì)3.詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)4.施工圖設(shè)計(jì)建設(shè)方及受咨詢設(shè)計(jì)公司：按要求將工程報(bào)告、設(shè)計(jì)圖紙、計(jì)算書、甚至數(shù)學(xué)模型提交水務(wù)局備案，并與政府主管部門（流域管理局\水務(wù)局\當(dāng)?shù)卣?guī)劃基建部門\環(huán)保部門）保持密切聯(lián)系5.審核主管部門：發(fā)放許可文件（高難度工程會(huì)要求建設(shè)方聘請第三方咨詢公司）6.施工前建設(shè)方：制定場地控制方案及相應(yīng)設(shè)施以進(jìn)行施工期雨洪管理7.施工期間水務(wù)局：對場地排入周邊河道水體的雨洪所可能攜帶的沖刷泥沙和施工機(jī)械泄漏油污等進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格監(jiān)管備注1：對與主管部部門的監(jiān)督，，政府要求遵遵循相應(yīng)法規(guī)規(guī)和技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)。建設(shè)方對對主管部門的的監(jiān)管不當(dāng)或或失職行為可可提出行政申申訴，甚至啟啟動(dòng)法律起訴訴。備注2：舊城改造工工程中，由于于受限于狹窄窄空間，當(dāng)建建設(shè)的設(shè)計(jì)方方案不能容納納足夠的WSUD的工程設(shè)施時(shí)時(shí)，建設(shè)方要要向水務(wù)局提提出申請，經(jīng)經(jīng)審批后，建建設(shè)方可交付付一定補(bǔ)償金金后得到豁免免，補(bǔ)償金最最終將由水務(wù)務(wù)局用于相應(yīng)應(yīng)流域下的雨雨洪設(shè)施建設(shè)設(shè)投資，以保保證流域整體體水量水質(zhì)標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。HowWSUDachievesitsaimsFromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)CityofMebourneWSUDGuidelines–ApplyingtheModelWSUDGuidelinesAnInitativeoftheInnerMelbourneActionPlanHowWSUDachievesitsaimsDecentralisedWaterMasterPlanWSUD&StormwaterInfrastructureReportCityofSydneyHowWSUDachievesitsaimsMelbourneWater.CityofMelbourneWSUDGuidelines.2008.HowWSUDachievesitsaimsProcessFromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)ProcessEssayAHolisticApproachtoAddressingWSUDCapacityIssuesinLocalGovernmentEvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguideProcessWaterSensitiveUrbanDesignTechnicalManualGreaterAdelaideRegionProcessWaterSensitiveUrbanDesignGuidelinesMelbourneWaterVictoriaProcessWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-TechnicalDesignGuidelinesforSouthEastQueenslandBrisbanceCityCouncil&MeretonBayWaterways&CatchmentsParnership&AustralianGovernmentProcessWaterSensitiveUrbanDesignGuidelinesSouthEasternCouncilsProcessWaterSensitiveUrbanDesignGuidelinesSouthEasternCouncilsProcess1.UnderstandthemostrecentWSUDpolicyandregulations理解最新的WSUD政策及規(guī)范2.Indentifyregionallyandlocallysignificantecosystemsandunderstandthesite’scontextinrelationtotheprotectionand/orenhancementoftheseecosystems,particularlyriparianandwetlandecosystemsassociatedwithwaterwaycorridors.確定區(qū)域以及及當(dāng)?shù)刂匾牡纳鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)并并理解與保護(hù)護(hù)或者改善這這些生態(tài)系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)相關(guān)的場地地場景，尤其其是與水系廊廊道聯(lián)系的水水邊及濕地生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)3.Indentifyenvironmentalvaluesandwaterqualityobjectivesforkeyreceivingwaterswithin,anddownstreamof,thedevelopment.確定與對核心心接收水域內(nèi)內(nèi)及發(fā)展下游游的環(huán)境價(jià)值值以及水的質(zhì)質(zhì)量目標(biāo)4.Establishecologicalconditionandmanagementrequirementsforkeyreceivingwaterswithin,anddownstreamof,thesite.為接收水域內(nèi)內(nèi)及場地下游游建立生態(tài)條條件和管理要要求FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Process5.Establishthesite’’sexistinghydrologiccycleanditsregionalcontext.建立場地現(xiàn)有有水循環(huán)及其其區(qū)域環(huán)境6.Understandtheregionalandlocalintegratedwatercycleinfrastructurecontext.理解區(qū)域及當(dāng)當(dāng)?shù)鼐C合水循循環(huán)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施施環(huán)境7.Understandthecurrentandfuturefloodingriskon,anddownstreamof,thesite.理解場地及場場地下游的當(dāng)當(dāng)前及未來洪洪水風(fēng)險(xiǎn)8.Understandthesiteterrainandsoils.理解場地地形形及土壤9.PrepareapreliminaryWSUDopportunitiesandconstraintsoverlay.準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)預(yù)備備的WSUD機(jī)遇與限制的的疊加FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Process10.Deteminewaterconservationobjectives.決定水資源保保護(hù)目標(biāo)11.Determinewastewaterminimisationobjectives.決定污水最小小化目標(biāo)12.Deteminestormwatermanagementobjectives.決定雨水管理理目標(biāo)13.ConfirmWSUDdesignobjectiveswithlocalcouncil.與當(dāng)?shù)刈h會(huì)確確認(rèn)WSUD設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Process14.Integratetheconceptualdesignprocess.綜合概念設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)流程15.Undertakedetailedsiteanalysis.著手場地設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)的細(xì)節(jié)16.Undertakequantitativemodelling.著手定量化模模型17.Preparefinalconceptualsitelayoutandpresenttothelocalcouncilatapre-lodgementmeeting.準(zhǔn)備最終場地地概念布局并并在預(yù)提會(huì)議議上向當(dāng)?shù)刈h議會(huì)展示FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)ProcessEssayAHolisticApproachtoAddressingWSUDCapacityIssuesinLocalGovernmentProcessStrategies1.WaterConservation水體保護(hù)2.WastewaterMinimisation污水最小化3.StormwaterManagement暴雨雨水管理FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Strategies1.WaterConservation水體保護(hù)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Strategies1.WaterConservation水體保護(hù)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Strategies1.WaterConservation水體保護(hù)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Strategies1.WaterConservation水體保護(hù)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Strategies1.WaterConservation水體保護(hù)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Strategies2.WastewaterMinimisation污水最小化FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Strategies3.StormwaterManagement暴雨雨水管理FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Strategies3.StormwaterManagement暴雨雨水管理FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Strategies3.StormwaterManagement暴雨雨水管理FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Strategies3.StormwaterManagement暴雨雨水管理FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Strategies3.StormwaterManagement暴雨雨水管理FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Strategies3.StormwaterManagement暴雨雨水管理FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Strategies3.StormwaterManagement暴雨雨水管理FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Strategies3.StormwaterManagement暴雨雨水管理FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)Strategies3.StormwaterManagement暴雨雨水管理FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)WSUD中的最佳規(guī)劃實(shí)踐踐是指場地評估和和土地利用規(guī)劃,由于土地利用規(guī)劃劃將改變場地的排排水方式和水質(zhì),因此它對雨水管理理技術(shù)措施的選擇擇和設(shè)計(jì)具有重要要影響。在進(jìn)行土土地利用規(guī)劃時(shí),應(yīng)綜合考慮場地及及周邊的氣候、地地質(zhì)條件、排水形形式以及其他重要要的自然特征(濕地和殘余植被)。其次,對場地的土地承載載力進(jìn)行評估,最后制定土地利用用規(guī)劃。在規(guī)劃中中要將雨洪管理作作為重要考慮因子子,促進(jìn)雨水管理方案案的實(shí)施。例如,降低道路豎向坡度度以便于BMP技術(shù)在道路中的應(yīng)應(yīng)用,通過設(shè)計(jì)增加水體體的可達(dá)性和降低低綠地高程等。BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)澳大利亞水敏感性性城市設(shè)計(jì)及啟示示—王思思ABPPreferstoasiteassessment,planninganddesigncomponentofWSUD.ABPPisdefinedasthebestpracticalplanningapproachforachievingorcontributingtodefinedmanagementobjectivesinanurbansituation.Thisincludessiteassessmentofphysicalandnaturalattributesofthesiteandcapabilityassessment.Usingthisasabasis,thenextstepisintegratingwaterandrelatedenvironmentalmanagementobjectivesintositeplanninganddesign.BPPsmaybeimplementedatthestrategicleveloratthedesignlevel.Atthestrategiclevel,BPPscanincludethedecisiontocreateaforeshorereserve,makeprovisionforarterialinfrastructureortoincludewatersensitivepolicyprovisionsordesignguidelinesintownplanningschemes.Atthedesignlevel,BPPsrefertospecificdesignapproaches.BPPscanbeappliedatawiderangeofscaleswithinaWSUDproject.SomeexamplesofBPPsinclude:Theidentificationandprotectionoflandtoallowforanintegratedstormwatersystem,incorporatingstoragelocations,drainageandoverflowlinesanddischargepoints;Theidentificationofdevelopableandnon-developableareas;Theidentificationandprotectionofpublicopenspacenetworksincludingremnantvegetation,naturaldrainagelines,recreational,culturalandenvironmentalfeatures;andBPPs(BestPlanningPractices)EvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguideBPPs(BestPlanningPractices)1.PublicOpenSpaceNetworks公共開放空間網(wǎng)絡(luò)絡(luò)2.HousingLayout住宅布局3.RoadLayout道路布局4.Streetscapes街道景觀EvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguideTheidentificationofoptionsfortheuseofwater-conservingmeasuresatthedesignlevelfor:Roadlayout;BuildingDesign(e.g.encouragementofgreenroofs);Internalservices;Housinglayout;andStreetscape(includingregulatedself-supplyoptions)AnumberofplanninganddesigntoolsbasedonBPPprincipleshavebeendevelopedwhichrelatetothefollowing:Publicopenspacenetworks;Housinglayout;Roadlayout;andStreetscape.BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)1.PublicOpenSpaceNetworks公共開放空間網(wǎng)絡(luò)絡(luò)EvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguideWSUDoftenincorporatesmulti-purposedrainagecorridorsinresidentialdevelopments.Theseintegratepublicopenspacewithconservationcorridors,stormwatermanagementsystemsandrecreationfacilities,withcommensuratesocialandeconomicbenefits.Openspacebecomesmoreuseablebecauseoftheopportunitytolinkandsharespaceformultipleactivities.Vegetateddrainagecorridorscanalsoprovidebufferstripprotectionfornaturalwaterfeaturesinthedevelopment.Thedevelopmentofactiverecreationareasnexttodrainagefacilitiescanintroducesomeelementsofpublicsafetyandhealthrisk.Thisrequiresconsiderationduringthedesignphaseandcanoftenbeaddressedusingtechniquessuchassafetysignsandbarriers.Figure3-2comparesa‘conventional’designwitha‘water-sensitive’’designofaneighbourhood,incorporatingpublicopenspace(P.O.S.).BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)1.PublicOpenSpaceNetworks公共開放空間網(wǎng)絡(luò)絡(luò)EvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguideBPPs(BestPlanningPractices)2.HousingLayout住宅布局EvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguideAwatersensitivehousinglayoutintegratesresidentialblockswithdrainagefunctionandpublicopenspace.Suchhousinglayoutsoftenincludeamorecompactformofdevelopment,whichreducesimpervioussurfacesandhelpsprotectthewaterqualityandhealthofurbanwaterways.Figure3-3illustrateshowhousinglayoutcanbeadjustedtoincorporateandhighlightnaturalopenspace,waterwayanddrainagecorridors.BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)3.RoadLayout道路布局EvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguideAwatersensitiveroadlayoutincorporatesthenaturalfeaturesandtopographyofasite.Itimplementsthepracticeoflocatingroadsbesidepublicopenspaceswhereverpossible.Thisenhancesvisualandrecreationalam8nity,temporarystorage,infiltrationatorclosetosourceandwaterquality.Italsoaimstominimisetheextentofimperviousroadsurfaces.Aswithallroaddesign,roadsafetyshouldnotbecompromised.Limitationsalsoexistaccordingtothesite’stopography,andinthiscase,roadalignmentsthatallowforshallowergradesbyfollowingcontoursmaybeonepossiblemethodoffacilitatingWSUDimplementation.BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)3.RoadLayout道路布局EvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguideBPPs(BestPlanningPractices)3.RoadLayout道路布局EvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguideBPPs(BestPlanningPractices)3.RoadLayout道路布局EvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguideBPPs(BestPlanningPractices)4.Streetscape街道景觀EvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguideAwatersensitivestreetscapeintegratestheroadlayoutandvehicularandpedestrianrequirementswithstormwatermanagementneeds.Itusesdesignmeasuressuchasreducedfrontages,zerolotlines,localdetentionofstormwaterinroadreservesandmanagedlandscaping.BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)4.Streetscape街道景觀EvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguideBPPs(BestPlanningPractices)1.SteepandUndulatingSites起伏有坡度的場地地2.FlatSites平地3.MultipleUsePublicOpenSpaces多用處的公共開放放空間4.StreetLayoutandStreetscapes街道布局與街景5.SymbioticLandUseClustering共生土地利用6.IndustrialSites工業(yè)場地7.WaterscapesasPublicArt公共藝術(shù)中的水景景FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BPPs(BestPlanningPractices)BMPs(BestManagementPractices)澳大利亞亞水敏感感性城市市設(shè)計(jì)及及啟示—王思思與北美和和歐洲相相同,澳大利亞亞將雨洪洪管理的的措施和和技術(shù)手手段稱為為最佳管管理實(shí)踐踐(BestManagementPractice,以下簡稱稱BMP)。BMP通常分成成工程性性BMP(structuralBMP)和非工程程性BMP(non-structuralBMP)兩類。工工程性BMP是指運(yùn)用用各種處處理技術(shù)術(shù)和設(shè)施施來控制制雨洪過過程中出出現(xiàn)的污污染和洪洪澇問題題(見表1)。非工程程性的BMP是指通過過管理、、制度或或教育等等非技術(shù)術(shù)手段來來實(shí)現(xiàn)雨雨洪管理理的目標(biāo)標(biāo)[8](見表2)。在確定和和選擇合合適的工工程性最最佳管理理實(shí)踐時(shí)時(shí),可以從以以下5個(gè)方面考考慮項(xiàng)目目的目標(biāo)標(biāo):1.流量控制制。包括括洪水管管理、減減緩流速速和削減減洪峰流流量三方方面內(nèi)容容。2.水質(zhì)改善善。描述述污染物物去除的的情況。。3.處理的有有效性。。包括BMP平均徑流流減少比比例和污污染物去去除的效效率。MUSIC軟件等模模擬工具具可以提提供快速速評估的的手段。。4.設(shè)計(jì)中的的問題。。需要在在場地機(jī)機(jī)會(huì)和限限制的背背景下考考慮BMP設(shè)計(jì)的細(xì)細(xì)節(jié),例如地形形、氣候候特征和和可供建建造的土土地等。。5.成本因素素。評估估資金投投入和維維護(hù)成本本。BMPs(BestManagementPractices)EvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguideABMPreferstothestructuralandnon-structuralelementsofadesignthatperformtheprevention,collection,treatment,conveyance,storageandreusefunctionsofWSUD.ExistingtechnicalliteratureprovidesdetaileddescriptionsofBMPtechniques.ThissectionoftheGuidelinesprovidesabriefoverviewofselectedstrategiesandtheirrelativekeyfeatures.ThereaderisdirectedtothemoredetailedmanualslistedinSection7ofthisreportforgreaterdesignandperformancedetailonindividualtechniques.TherearephysicalconstraintsontheuseofmanyoftheBMPspresentedbelow,particularlytheeffluentreuse,greywaterandstormwaterBMPs(e.g.catchmentarea,soils,slopes,depthtogroundwateretc).ThereaderisreferredtotherelevantdetaileddesignguidelinespresentedinSection7formoreinformationinthisregard.Thisisanimportantissueforoptionselectionandevaluation.AlsoimportantistheongoingmaintenanceobligationswiththeimplementationofWSUDandthisshouldbeconsideredaspartoftheoverallevaluationprocess.Forconvenience,BMPshavebeengroupedintotwogenericassemblages,thesebeing‘‘potablewaterdemandreductiontechniques’and‘‘stormwatermanagementtechniques’.InmanycasesthereareoverlapsorsynergiesbetweenBMPswithinthesegroupings(e.g.rainwatertanksandstormwaterharvestingandreusewillalsoassistinmanagingstormwaterquantityandquality).Thesegroupingsdonotimplysingularityofpurpose.AppendixBprovidesamoredetaileddescriptionofselectedpracticalissuesassociatedwiththeseTechniques.BMPs(BestManagementPractices)EvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguideAPortableWaterDemandReductionTechniquesa.WaterEfficientAppliancesb.WaterEfficientFittingsc.RainwaterTanksd.ReticulatedRecycledWatere.StormwaterHarvestingandReusef.GreywaterTreatmentandReuseg.ChangingLandscapeFormh.WaterUseEducationProgramsi.AquiferStorageandRecoveryBStormwaterMaanagementTechniquesa.SedimentBasinsb.SwalesandBufferStripsc.BioretentionSwalesd.BioretentionBasinse.SandFiltersf.ConstructedWetlandsg.PondsandLakesh.InfiltrationSystemsi.AquiferStorageandRecoveryj.PorousPavementk.RetardingBasinsl.GreenRoofs/RoofGardensm.StreamandRiparianVegetationRehabilitationn.WaterQualityEducationProgramsCCostImplicationsBMPs(BestManagementPractices)EvaluatingOptionsforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign-anationalguide1.DemandManagement需求管管理2.Roofwater(Rainwater)Harvesting屋面水水/雨水收收集3.StormwaterHarvesting暴雨收收集4.WasterwaterTreatmentforRe-Use污水處處理再再利用用5.GrossPollutantCaptureDevices嚴(yán)重污污染物物捕獲獲設(shè)備備6.SedimentationBasins沉淀池池7.GrassorVegetatedSwales草或者者植被被洼地地8.SandFilters碎石過過濾器器9.BioretentionSystems生物滯滯留系系統(tǒng)10.ConstructedWetlands人工濕濕地11.PorousPavements透水鋪鋪裝12.InfiltrationMeasures下滲措措施FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BMPs(BestManagementPractices)FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BMPs(BestManagementPractices)1.DemandManagement需求管管理FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BMPs(BestManagementPractices)1.DemandManagement需求管管理FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BMPs(BestManagementPractices)1.DemandManagement需求管管理FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BMPs(BestManagementPractices)1.DemandManagement需求管管理FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BMPs(BestManagementPractices)BMPs(BestManagementPractices)2.Roofwater(Rainwater)Harvesting屋面水水/雨水收收集FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BMPs(BestManagementPractices)2.Roofwater(Rainwater)Harvesting屋面水水/雨水收收集FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BMPs(BestManagementPractices)2.Roofwater(Rainwater)Harvesting屋面水水/雨水收收集FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BMPs(BestManagementPractices)2.Roofwater(Rainwater)Harvesting屋面水水/雨水收收集FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BMPs(BestManagementPractices)2.Roofwater(Rainwater)Harvesting屋面水水/雨水收收集FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)3.StormwaterHarvesting暴雨收收集FromConceptDesignGuidelinesforWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(SouthEastQueenslandHealthyWaterwaysPartnership)BMPs(BestManagementPractices)3.StormwaterH