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人教版中考語法復(fù)習(xí)之句法
一、主要句式
(―)知識概要
陳述句中有肯定句與否定句之分。其中可以分為以下五種:①主語+不及物
動詞。如:Iarrivedatsixlastnight.(2)主語+及物動詞+賓語,如:Iboughtagood
EnglishChineseDictionaryyesterday.③主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語,
如:PleasetellmeastorybeforeIgotobed.這樣可加雙賓語的句子有buy,tell,give,
ask,pass,teach.?主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語,如:Ifounditimpossibleto
doit.Pleasekeeptheclassroomcleanandtidy.⑤主語+系動詞+表語,如:Tomisan
Americanboy.Thegrassturnedgreeninspring.在初中常見的句型中有Therebe…
句型,表示存在某種事物,如:Thereisamaponthewallbe動詞的形式要
與其后面相近的那個名詞相一致。要注意的是這種句型加入助動詞后,也要保持
be動詞,不要換用have,如:Thereisgoingtobeameetingtomorrow.
構(gòu)中要注意主謂一致的問題,即句子的主語與謂語動詞要相呼應(yīng)。要注意的有如
下幾點:①用and連接兩個主語時一般應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù),但如一人身兼兩職時則要
用單數(shù)謂語動詞形式,如:Asingeranddanceriscomingtoourparty,asingerand
dancer既歌唱又可舞的演員。而asingerandadancer則要譯為:一位歌唱家和
一位舞蹈家。②有些以s結(jié)尾的名詞謂語動詞要用單數(shù),如:Thenewsisgood
(news為不可數(shù)名詞)。③有量詞時應(yīng)按量詞的數(shù)量計算;如:Thispairofglasses
isgoodMyglassesarebroken.④有些形單卻意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞,如:Peopleare
cominghere這樣的詞還有Police,如果要講一個警察時,應(yīng)講apolicemano
兩個警察為twopolicemeno又如apolicewoman,twopolicewomen⑤所有
不定代詞each,either,neither,one,theother,nobody,nothing,anyone,
anything,someone,something…要作為單數(shù)如:Someoneiswaitingforyou
andnotonly,??butalso,neither???
nor,either…orMysisterandmyparentsaregoingtothecinema0表示
轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞有:but和yet,如:Sheisagoodstudent,butshedidn't
passthefinalexam.又如:Ithinkthenewsisstrange,yetitistrue表示選擇關(guān)
系的連詞有:or,either…or,如:Hurryup,oryouwillbelateforschool表
示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞有:for,so如:Theystudiedveryhard,sotheyall
passedtheexam(名詞性從
句)兩種,而定語從句(形容詞性從句)要在高中講述,為了使同學(xué)閱讀文章方便,
我們將在下面另一章予以介紹。我們首先來看賓語從句。①在及物動詞的后面
可以接一個名詞來充當(dāng)賓語,如:Iknewtheman,而這時也可以用一個句子來
充當(dāng)賓語,如:Iknewthathewasagoodman這時賓語從句的連接詞有that,
(that只在從句中起聯(lián)接作用,不在句中充當(dāng)語法成分,既不是主語也不是賓語,
所以在口語中常常被省略。如:Iamsure(that)shehaspassedtheexam②if,
whether它們在賓語從句中只起連接作用,不起語法作用,當(dāng)作是否講。從句中
有ornot結(jié)構(gòu)時,要用whether,如:Iaskhimif(whether)hehashadhislunch
Iaskshimwhetherhehashadhislunchornot③what它在賓語從句中
除了作連接詞外,還要作主語或賓語成份,如:Idon'tunderstandwhatyousaid
(what作said的賓語)。又如:Iaskedhimwhatmadehimsick(what在賓語
從句中作主語)。④who,它也和what一樣,在句中除作連接詞外,可以充當(dāng)
句中的成份,如:Iknowwhosheislookingfor?⑤whose如:Iwanttoknow
whosebookthisis?⑥which如:Doyouknowwhichbookismine?
中還有4個常用的連接副詞,①how它的應(yīng)用最廣,如:howmuch,howmany,
howlong,howsoon,howold…。如:Howmuchdoesitcost?②when它只是
連接時間狀語,如:Pleasetellmewhenthemeetingwillbegin?③where它連
接地點狀語,如:Whereareyoufrom?@why它要連接的是原因狀語從句,
如:TheteacheraskedwhyTomdidn*tcometoschool.在考試中常見至lj的考點是:
一主句謂語動詞如果是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)?/p>
來時,賓語從句的時態(tài)可以是任何所需要的時態(tài),如:Iknowhedidn'tcome.我
知道他沒來。Iknowhewillcometomorrow我知道他明天來。Iknowhehas
gonetoLondon我知道他已去倫敦了。②主句中的謂語動詞若是過去時,
賓語從句也要用過去時態(tài)中的某一種。比如:一般過去時,過去進(jìn)行時,過去
將來時,過去完成時。除了在表達(dá)宇宙中的客觀真理時,不能用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。如:
IwantedtoknowwhenhewouldcomeTheteachertoldmetheearthmoves
aroundthesun接詞有:after,before,
when,as,assoonas,until(till),while,since,by
until(till)直到,在用until表達(dá)時間狀語的句子中,主句中
的動詞是要十分小心去選擇。如動詞是持續(xù)性動詞,它要用肯定句,如:Istudied
harduntil12o'clocklastnight.如果動詞是瞬間截止性動詞,則要用否定句,如:
Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhismothercamebacksince,for,by,
before來引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語是動作的開始時間,如:
IhavestudiedEnglishsince而由by引導(dǎo)的時間狀語通常是動作的
結(jié)束時間,如:Ihadlearned25Englishsongsbytheendoflastterm而before
則多用于完成時,ago則多用于一般過去時,如:Hehadfinishedhisworkbefore
twelveyesterdayIleftmyhometowntwoyearsago③在狀語從句中用一
般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時表示將來。它們可能是主句用一般將來時,從句用一般現(xiàn)
在時,如:Ifitrains,theywon'tgototheparkonSunday也可以主句是一般
過去時,從句用一般過去進(jìn)行時,如:Hesaidifitrainedthenextdayhewouldnot
gotothepark考試中常見的考點有:要學(xué)生區(qū)別是條件、時間狀語從句還是
賓語從句,因在賓語從句中該用什么時態(tài)用什么時態(tài),如:Iwanttoknowifhe
willcomeheretomorrow在賓語從句中的條件狀語從句與主句的關(guān)系,如:I
wanttoknowifitrainshewillcomeheretomorrow
①because,應(yīng)譯為“因為"。它表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系最強,如:Hedidn'tpasstheexam
becausehedidn'tstudyhard②since應(yīng)譯為“既然",如:Sinceyouwereill
yesterdayIleftsomenotesonyourdesk(3)as應(yīng)譯為"由于“,如:Asitis
toohotwe*dbettergoswimmingsince與as所表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系遠(yuǎn)比because
弱得多。而for表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系最弱。它不能用于句首,如:Hestudieshard,for
hewantstogotocollegeas,,,as,如:This
bookisasgoodasthatone要注意的有兩點:①as??-as中間要用原級而不
是比較級。②用形容詞還是副詞,如:MarywritesascarefullyasTom而
其否定句為notas(so)???as,如:Theydidn'tworksohardaswedid,而不同
級比較用比較級加than,如:HeisyoungerthanIam要注意的是表示“越來
越"這一概念時有兩個句型:①比較級+and+比較級,如:Thedaysaregetting
longerandlongerThelittlegirlisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful②定
冠詞the+比較級+the+比較級,如:Theharderyoustudy,themoreyou
canlearn(連詞)與like(介詞)的區(qū)別。as作為連
詞其后接從句,如:PleasedoitasIdidit但后面的句子常作省略,如:Please
doitasI而like是介詞,其后要接的是賓語,如:Pleasedoitlikeme
結(jié)果和目的狀語從句主要有sothat,sothat,inorderthat等幾種用法。①
sothatso+形容詞+a+名詞+that,如:
Sheissobeautifulagirlthateveryonelikesher或用such+a+形容詞+
名詞+that,如:Sheissuchabeautifulgirlthateveryonelikesher②在不
可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前只能用such,如:Itissuchgoodweatherwewantto
gofbrapicnic又如:Theyaresuchgoodplayersthattheyshouldwinthegame.
(3)在much,many,few,little之前只能用so,如:Ihavesolittlemoney
thatIcanrtbuyit④so???that之間只有形容詞時,則不能用such,如:It
issogoodthatIwanttobuy⑤sothat其后接從句,如:Igotupearliersothat
Icouldcatchthefirstbus
(二)正誤辨析
[誤]Thestoriesinthatbookwaswrittenmanyyearsago
[正]Thestoriesinthatbookwerewrittenmanyyearsago.
[析?]作主語的名詞、代詞或不定式、動名詞,它們往往要帶有修飾詞,這些
詞可能是形容詞,也可能是短語,但謂語動詞還是要取決于這個主語的數(shù),要記
住的是一個名詞不可能在同一句中作兩個不同的語法成份,如:book作了of
[誤]Toreadmanybooksaregoodforyou
[正]Toreadmanybooksisgoodforyou
[析]不定式作主語應(yīng)該看作單數(shù)主語。
[誤]Whathesaidareright
[正]Whathesaidisright
[析]從句作主語一定要按單數(shù)主語看待。
[正]Therichisnotalwayshappy
[誤]Thericharenotalwayshappy
[析]形容詞+定冠詞表示一類人,謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù),如:Theyoungarevery
interestedinstudyandsports
[誤]Theschoolmasterandwriterarecoming
[正]Theschoolmasterandwriteriscoming
[析]本句應(yīng)譯為:校長兼作家就要來了。而Theschoolmasterandthewriterare
coming則要譯為:校長和一個作家要來了。在英語表達(dá)法中確實有Thegirl
andboyareplayingonthegrass這應(yīng)譯為:一個女孩,一個男孩在操場上玩。
因為不可能這樣兩個概念作用在一個人身上。又如:thehusbandandwife夫
[誤]Youorshegotogetsomewaterforus
[正]Youorshegoestogetsomewaterforus
[析]由or連接的兩個主語應(yīng)以離謂語動詞近的那一個計算其數(shù)。這樣的用
法還有either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso也有人稱作”就近原
則“
[誤]Theteacherwithalotofstudentscomeintotheclassroom
[正]Theteacherwithalotofstudentscomesintotheclassroom
[析]真正的主語是theteacher,而with短語是伴隨狀態(tài),不影響主語的數(shù)。
[誤]Myglassesisbroken
[正]Myglassesarebroken
[誤]Thispairofglassesaregood
[正]Thispairofglassesisgood
[誤]Thesekindsofbutterisgood.
[正]Thesekindsofbutteraregood
[析]英語中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:glasses眼鏡,shorts短褲等。如
沒有量詞在前時,要用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞,但有了量詞之后則要按量詞的單復(fù)數(shù)計算。
[誤]Oneoftheboysaregoingtotakepartinthematch
[正]Oneoftheboysisgoingtotakepartinthematch
[析]Oneof結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)以one來計算主語的數(shù)。
[誤]Halfoftheworkaredone
[正]Halfoftheworkisdone
[誤]Halfofthebooksisread
[正]Halfofthebooksareread
[析]在小于1的數(shù)量詞作主語時,如:23,80%,0.35-+of
+名詞,這時主語的數(shù)應(yīng)按of后面的名詞計算。如果名詞是不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)
[誤]Eachsidesarefulloftrees
[正]Eachsideisfulloftrees
[誤]Bothsideisfulloftrees
[正]Bothsidesarefulloftrees
[析]each,either其后都要加單數(shù)名詞,而both后要加復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如:each,
either,another,little,alittle,much等作主語時,謂語動詞全部要用單數(shù)形
[誤]Theboyseachhasanapple
[正]Theboyseachhaveanapple
[析]each
[誤]Everyoneofushasaticketfortheconcert
[正]Everyoneofushasaticketfortheconcert
[析]everyone,someone,everybody…在作主語時都不能加of結(jié)構(gòu)。
[誤]Girlslikedancingverymuch,butfewlikesplayingfootball
[正]Girlslikedancingverymuch,butfewlikeplayingfootball
[析]few雖然含意上是“幾乎沒有”
[誤]Thenumberoftheworkersinthatfactoryaretwohundred
[正]Thenumberoftheworkersinthatfactoryistwohundred
[析]thenumberof意為:某某的數(shù)字是如:thenumberofstudents學(xué)
生人數(shù),thenumberofplayers運動員人數(shù)。不論數(shù)字如何都應(yīng)看作單數(shù)。而a
numberof與many意思相同,其后加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
Anumberofstudentsareplayingonthegrass
[誤]Therestofthestudentsishere
[正]Therestofthestudentsarehere
[誤]Therestoftheworkaredone
[正]Therestoftheworkisdone
[析]therestof的用法與2/3,一半,80%+of的結(jié)構(gòu)一致,of后面
為可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞,為不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時用單數(shù)謂語
動詞。這樣用法還有l(wèi)otsof,alotof,plentyof
[誤]Thenewsintoday'snewspaperarenotbad
[正]Thenewsintoday'snewspaperisnotbad
[析]有些以s結(jié)尾的名詞要用作不可數(shù)名詞,它們是:news,physics,
mathematics,thanks,
[誤]TheChineseiskindandfriendly
[正]TheChinesearekindandfriendly
[析]Chinese作為中文來講是單數(shù)名詞,但作為中國人講是單復(fù)同形的名詞。
如:oneChinese,twoChinese???而TheChinese=ThepeopleofChina要用
復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞。
[誤]ThisdictionaryistooexpensiveformeTendollarsareabigsumforme
[正]ThisdictionaryistooexpensiveformeTendollarsisabigsumforme
[析]
[誤]Whoaregoingtotakepartinourfootballmatch?
[正]Whoisgoingtotakepartinourfootballmatch?
[析]用Who提問時,習(xí)慣上用單數(shù)謂語動詞,但which則要視其情況而定,
如:whicharebettertheseshoesesorthoseshoes?又如:whichisbetterthisoneor
thatone?
[誤]Whatahotweatheritis!
[誤]Howhottheweatheritis!
[正]Whathotweatheritis!
[正]Howhottheweatheris!
[析]感嘆句是用來表達(dá)說話人的喜怒哀樂的感情。它由what與how作句
子的開始,判定是用what還是用how的最好辦法是將它們換為陳述句,比如:
Whatthehotweatheritis!應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換為:Itisthehotweather那么句子的起點是
單詞ito再來看感嘆句中it前有不可數(shù)名詞weather,則只能用what。再
看第二句Howhottheweatheris!轉(zhuǎn)為陳述句時為:Theweatherishot
子的開始單詞為theweather,再來看感嘆句在theweather前只有形容詞,所
以應(yīng)用howo至于是用whata還是what要看名詞的具體情況而定,單數(shù)可
數(shù)名詞加whata其余的加用what
[誤]Wehavetosingthis,havewe?
[誤]Wehavetosingthis,haven'twe?
[正]Wehavetosingthis,don'twe?
[析]在反意疑問句中除了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一些常規(guī)外,有一些例外:
Let'sgohome,shallwe?
Letusgohome,willyou?
Shehadtoleave,didn'tshe?
Doyourhomeworkatonce,willyou?
Thereisnotmuchgoodnewsintoday'snewspaper,isthere?
Neitherofthemareright,arethey?
Ithinkhewillcometothepartywon'the?
think后的賓語從句,與其他賓語從句不一樣,在初中只有這樣一個較特殊的詞。
這樣的句子的反意疑問句的主語要用賓語從句中的主語,其助動詞要用賓語從句
的助動詞,而肯定還是否定要看主句謂語動詞而定,如:Idonlthinkheiscoming
toourparty,ishe?
[誤]Iwanttoknowwheredoeshelive
[正]Iwanttoknowwherehelives
[析]賓語從句
[誤]-1haven'tgotaticketfbrthefootballmatch
-NorIhave
[正]-1haven'tgotaticketfbrthefootballmatch
-Nor(Neither)haveI
[析]nor,neither用在簡答否定句中時要采用倒裝語序。在肯定句的簡答句
中則要用so,如:Idomyhomeworkveryquickly,SodoesMary
[誤]Look!Herethebuscomes!
[正]Look!Herecomesthebus!
[誤]Look!Herecomeshe!
[正]Look!Herehecomes
[析]在there,here打頭的句子中,如果主語是名詞,則要采用倒裝語序;
[誤]DoyouwantMarytogotothecinemawithus?
No,Idon'thopeso
[正]DoyouwantMarytogotothecinemawithus?
No,Ihopenot
[析]我不這樣想,可用Idon'tthinkso但hope的否定簡答句只能用Ihope
not這是習(xí)慣用法。但這兩個詞的肯定簡答句形是一樣的,如:Ithinkso.I
hopeso
[誤]ThatisdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell
[正]ItisdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell
[析]It這里的語法作用是形式主語,而真正的主語是后面的不定式。形式主
語和形式賓語都要用it而不能用that,如:IthinkitdifficulttolearnEnglish
wellit在這句中是think
(三)例題解析
1Thereapencilboxonthedesk
A.isB.areC.hasD.have
[答案]A.
[析]Therebe句形中的be動詞要看其后面離它最近的名詞而定,如:There
aretwobooksandapencilonthedesk但去丁可以講Thereisapencilandtwo
booksonthedesk
2Couldyoutellme?
AMrsKingwherelivesBwheredoesMrsKinglive
CwhereMrsKinglivesDMrsKingliveswhere
[答案]C.
[析]
3Yourbrothercametoseeyou,?
AdoesheBdoesn'theCdidheDdidn'the
[答案]D.
[析]前句是肯定句,后面反意疑問句要用否定句,同時came為過去時態(tài),
所以應(yīng)用didnrthe
4Ifsgettingcloudy,?
Adoes1itBdoesn'titCisitDisn'tit
[答案]D.
[析]要區(qū)分's是has還是is,這里由getting得出's是is
5keepmewaitingsolong
ANotBWon*tCDon'tDNotto
[答案]C.
[析]Don't+
6MrGreenhasn'tbeentoBeijing,?
AhasheBhasn'theCdidheDdidn'the
[答案]A.
[析]此句has
7Youhaveyourlunchatschool,?
AhaveyouBhaven'tyouCdoyouDdon'tyou
[答案]D.
[析]這里的have是實意動詞“吃”
8sunnyday!Letsgooutforawalk
AHowaBHowCWhataDWhat
[答案]C.
[析]這個感嘆句是個省略句,其真實的句子應(yīng)為Whatasunnydayitis!
9-Canyoutellme?-SureShe'sanurse
AwhereisyoursisterBwhereyoursisteris
CwhatisyoursisterDwhatyoursisteris
[答案]D.
[析]who問的是姓名,如:Whoishe?HeisSmith或Heismyfather
What問的是職業(yè),如:Whatishe?Heisateacher
10Johnlikeslisteningtotheradio,?
AdoesheBdoesn'theCdoesn'tJohnDdoesJohe
[答案]B.
[析]
11NeitheryounorIontheteam
AareBwereCamDis
[答案]c.
[析]由neither…nor…作連接詞作主語時,其謂語動詞要與相臨近的那
12deliciousfood!I'dlikesomemore
AwhataBHowaCWhatDHow
[答案]c.
[析]因food
13thereacatunderthechair?
AAreBIsCHasDHave
[答案]B.
[析]這是therebe
14Couldyoutellme?
AwhenthetrainwillarriveBwhenthetrainarrived
CwhendidthetrainarriveDwhendoesthetrainarrives
[答案]A.
[析]could用于現(xiàn)在時疑問句表達(dá)了口氣的委婉,并不是過去時態(tài)。且賓語
15-badweather!
-Yes,Butit'sgoingtobefinesoon,Ithink
AHowBWhataCWhatanDWhat
[答案]D.
[析]weather
16-Couldyoutellme?
-Yes,Theytothelibrary
Awherearethetwins,havebeen
Bwherewerethetwins,havebeen
Cwherethetwinsare,havegone
Dwherethetwinswere,havegone
[答案]C.
[析]havebeento是去過什么地方,而現(xiàn)在回來了。havegoneto是到某地
17GoandtheTVquicklyThevolleyballmatchwillbeginright
away
AturnoffBturndownCturnupDturnon
[答案]D,
[析]這是個祈使句,它由and連接兩個動詞。注意詞組搭配的不同含義。
18Letrsgoforsometea,?
AshallweBwillweCdoweDdon'twe
[答案]A.
[析]Let'sgo…,shallwe?Letusgo…,willyou?這是兩個特殊的反意疑
問句。
19Joan'sshort,?
Awasn'tsheBhasn'tsheCisn'tsheDdoesn'tshe
[答案]C.
[析]在此句中應(yīng)視's為is,而不是has或was
20Idon'tknowtoreadtheword
AwhichBwhatCwhoseDhow
[答案]D.
[析]因不定式toread中的read是及物動詞,已有自己的賓語theword,所
以應(yīng)用疑問副詞how
21Hedidn'tgotoschool,hewasill
AforBbutCandDso
[答案]A.
[析]這里是表示因果的關(guān)系,從句表示原因,所以用for,放于句尾,且常
常前面有一個逗號。so引起的是結(jié)果狀語從句,如:Hewasonlytwelve,sohe
couldn*tjointhearmy
22Theyoungwomancanhardlyrideabike,she?
Adoesn'tBdoesCcan'tDcan
[答案]D.
[析]hardly為否定詞,所以應(yīng)視此句為否定句。其后的反意疑問句應(yīng)用肯定
23TomnevergoestothecinemaonSundays,
AdoesheBdoesn'theCisn'theDishe
[答案]A.
[析]never
24Mothersaidtohim,"Don'tonfootball.n
AspendtoomuchtimeBtospendtoomuchtime
CspendtoomanytimeDtospendtoomanytime
[答案]A.
[析]time作為叩寸間”講為不可數(shù)名詞,應(yīng)用much來修飾。當(dāng)作“次數(shù)”講是
可數(shù)名詞,如threetimes三次,而Don't…一
25MrWhite,togetherwithsomeJapanesefriends,visitourschool
thisafternoon
AaregoingtoBisgoingtoChaveDhas
[答案]B.
[析]句子的主語是MrWhite,而togetherwith…是伴隨狀況,不影響
26Thereislittlewaterintheglass,?
AisitBisthereCisn'titDisn'tthere
[答案]B.
[析]這是therebe
27Amperewasthinkingaboutamathsproblem,?
Adidn'theBwasn'theCdidheDishe
[答案]B.
[析]
28Shehadagoodtimeyesterday,she?
Awasn'tBdidn'tChasn'tDisn't
[答案]B.
[析]had這里是實意
29We'llmakeforyouinthefrontofthecar
AaroomBroomCroomsDsomerooms
[答案]B.
[析]room此處為不可數(shù)名詞,意為"地方,空間"
30NeithershenorItotheGreatwallbefore
AhasgoneBhavegoneChavebeenDhasbeen
[答案]C.
[析]由neither-nor連接兩個主語時,其謂語動詞應(yīng)與相臨近的那個主語
31Helpmecollectthesebooks,?
AareyouBwillyouCdoyouDshallyou
[答案]B.
[析]祈使句的反意疑問句應(yīng)用willyou,而Let'sgo例外,其反意疑問句為
shallwe?
32Thenumberofdeer,mountainlionsandwildroses
changemuchifpeopleleavethingsastheyare
Adon'tBdoesn'tCisn'tDdidn't
[答案]B.
[析]thenumberof為”……的數(shù)量、數(shù)目",所以謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。而a
numberof
33She'shadbreakfast,?
AissheBisn'tsheChasn'tsheDhasshe
[答案]c.
[析]這里的's應(yīng)視為has
34Iwonder
AwhosebicycleisitBitiswhosebicycle
CisitwhosebicycleDwhosebicycleitis
[答案]D.
[析]wonder
35Itisgoodfbrusmorningexercises
AdoBtodoCdidDdone
[答案]B.
[析]這里的it是形式主語,而真正的主語是不定式todo
36Peterhassportsveryoften,?
Adoes,PeterBdoesn'theCdoesnrtPeterDdoeshe
[答案]B.
[析]has這里是實意動詞,而主語為名詞時其反意疑問句中的主語要用代詞。
37MrBlacksaid,"Jenny,don'tbelatetomorrow”
MrBlacktoldJenny
Adon*tbelatetomorrowBdidn'tbelatetomorrow
CnotbelatenextmorningDnottobelatethenextday
[答案]D.
[析]tell一般要加雙賓語,其間接賓語是Jenny,直接賓語是不定式。而這
38LiMeireadthenewspapertothegranny,
AdoessheBdidn'tsheCdidsheDwasn'tshe
[答案]B.
[析]read這里是過去時態(tài),因其主語是第三人稱單數(shù),而read并未加s所
以是過去時態(tài)。(read的過去時與過去分詞都是read,只不過讀音不同)
二、定語從句
(一)知識概要
定語從句并不屬于中考范圍,但由于作者在多年的教學(xué)中體會到,這一語法現(xiàn)象
影響了許多學(xué)生自學(xué)英語。這些學(xué)生一般是成績較好的學(xué)生,想進(jìn)行大量閱讀來
提高自己的英語水平,但總是碰到一些問題,百思不得其解。苦于自己的水平只
限于初中水平,無法提高,但各種補習(xí)班又都是為一些水平較差的學(xué)生開設(shè)的,
所以又投師無門。為了解決這部分學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)困難,也為那些有志青年鋪平學(xué)習(xí)
上的道路,特用這一節(jié)講述定語從句,不是從語法上講述,而是從閱讀理解方面
去講述??晒┩瑢W(xué)們在學(xué)習(xí)時參考。這會對你的英語學(xué)習(xí)起到事半功倍的作用。
agoodbook,形容詞good用來修飾書
booko我們也可以用一個句子來修飾名詞,這種句子叫做形容詞性從句,它起
修飾名詞的作用,又被叫做定語從句(Theattributiveclause)。但有一點不同的是
這個從句不是像形容詞那樣放于名詞前,而是放在名詞之后。它所修飾的名詞又
被叫作先行詞,如:Doyouknowthescientistwhogaveusthetalkthisafternoon?
這句中的主句是Doyouknowthescientist?(你知道那位科學(xué)家嗎?)而whogave
usthetalkthisafternoon(他今天下午給我們作的報告。)是定語從句。所以這兩句
話合為一體即是:你認(rèn)識今天下午給我們作報告的那位科學(xué)家嗎?這里scientist
叫作先行詞,而who叫作定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。who在定語從句中起主語的作
用,who的數(shù)與它的先行詞相同。又如:YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo這
里先行詞是everything,而thatIdo是定語從句,此句應(yīng)譯為:你必須作我所
作的一切。that叫作定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞,在句中作do一
句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞:that,which,who,whom,whose和關(guān)系副詞when,
where,why,how。不論關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞,都應(yīng)放于先行詞和定語從句
之間,起聯(lián)系作用,但它們都要在定語從句中起語法作用,充當(dāng)一個成份。如關(guān)
系代詞在定語從句中不是作主語便是作賓語,而關(guān)系副詞則是作狀語。我們先來
看關(guān)系代詞的用法。①that的先行詞可以是人也可以是物。如:Aplaneisa
machinethatcanfly這里先行詞是machine而that是關(guān)系代詞,在定語從句
中作主語。這句譯為:飛機(jī)是一種會飛的機(jī)器。又如:Ilikethebook(that)youlent
meyesterday這里先行詞是book,關(guān)系代詞用that,它在定語從句中作
lend(借)的賓語。要注意的是關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時可以省略,即:I
likethebookyoulentmeyesterdaywhich關(guān)系代詞的先行詞只能是物。它
在定語從句中作主語或賓語,如:Thebookshopisashopwhichsellsbooks這
里shop是先行詞,which在從句中作主語。又如:Thebook(which)Ireadlast
nightwaswonderful這里主句是Thebookwaswonderful而定語從句是修
飾主句的主語book,即我昨晚讀的那本書,which在定語從句中作read的賓
who,whom,whosewho在定語從句中作主語,whom
是who的賓格,在定語從句中作賓語,而whose則是形容詞性物主代詞,在
從句中作定語,如:ThemanwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisanAmericanfriend
昨天參觀我們學(xué)校的人是一位美國朋友。Who在定語從句中作主語。又如:
Who'sthatwoman(whom)youjusttalkedto?你剛才與之談話的那個女人是誰?
而whom作定語從句中介詞to的賓語,可以省略,而在現(xiàn)代英語中,句首的
whom也常??捎脀hoThisisourclassmate,Mary,whosehomeisnot
farfromour
1.Isawtheman.Heclosedthedoor
Isawthemanwho(that)closedthedoor
2.ThegirlishappyShewontherace
Thegirlwhowontheraceishappy
3.ThestudentsarefromChinaTheysitinthefrontrow
ThestudentswhositinthefrontrowarefromChina
(要注意的是先行詞是students則who的數(shù)也應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)。)
4.WearestudyingsentencesTheycontainadjectivedause
Wearestudyingsentencesthat(which)containadjectivedause
5.ThetaxidriverwasfriendlyHetookmetotheairport
Thetaxidriverwhotookmetotheairportwasfriendly
6.ThebookwasgoodIreadit
ThebookthatIreadwasgood
ThebookIreadwasgood
7.ThepeoplewereveryniceWevisitedthemyesterday
Thepeoplewevisitedyesterdaywereverynice
8.ThemancalledthepoliceHiswalletwasstolen
Themanwhosewalletwasstolencalledthepolice
9.IcomefromacountryItshistorygoesbackthousandsofyears
Icomefromacountrywhosehistorygoesbackthousandsofyears
10.IhavetocallthemanIpickeduphisumbrellaafterthemeeting
IhavetocallthemanwhoseumbrellaIpickedupafterthemeeting
關(guān)系代詞whom,which在定語從句中作介詞賓語時,可以和介詞一起放于先
行詞與定語從句之間,有時為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將whom與which與先行詞緊
挨著書寫,而將介詞置于定語從句的后面,如:
Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears或可以寫作:
Thatwastheroomwhichwehadlivedinfortenyears
Hewasthemanwhom(who)youwerelookingfor要注意的是此句的關(guān)系代詞
whom可以用主格取代,而lookfor是短語動詞也不可將for放于定語從句之
前。that作關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語時,不能緊跟介詞,而只能將介詞置于定語從句
的后面。如:Themanthatweweretalkingabouthascometoourschool這時不
可用aboutthat…
1.ThemeetingwasinterestingIwenttoit
ThemeetingthatIwenttowasinteresting
2.ThemanwasverykindItalkedtohimyesterday
ThemanwhoItalkedtoyesterdaywasverykind
3.ImustthankthepeopleIgotapresentfromhim
ImustthankthepeoplewhoIgotapresentfrom
4.ThepicturewasbeautifulShewaslookingatit
Thepicturethat(which)shewaslookingatwasbeautiful
5.ThemanisstandingoverthereItoldyouabouthim
ThemanwhoItoldyouaboutisstandingoverthere
除關(guān)系代詞外,還有關(guān)系副詞,when,where,why,其中when用來指時
間,在定語從句中作時間狀語。如:IneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametothe
GreatWall而where則指地點,如:Thisisthehousewheretheoldmanlives
請看下面例句:
1.ThecitywasbeautifulWespentourvacationthere
Thecitywherewespentourvacationwasbeautiful
2.ThatistherestaurantIwillmeetyouthere
ThatistherestaurantwhereIwillmeetyou
3.ThetownissmallIgrewupthere
ThetownwhereIgrewupissmall
4.ThatisthedrawerIkeepmynewpapersthere
ThatisthedrawerwhereIkeepmynewspapers
5.MondayisthedayWewillcomethen
MondayisthedayWhenwewillcame
6.7105isthetimeMyplanearrivesthen
7105isthetimewhenmyplanearrives
7.1960istheyearTherevolutiontookplacethen
1960istheyearwhentherevolutiontookplace
8.JulyisthemonthTheweatherisusuallythehottestthen
Julyisthemonthwhentheweatherisusuallythehottest
在定語從句中又可分為兩大類定語從句,即限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從
①限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語,如果去掉的話,主句的
Iwas
theonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited
②非限制性定語從句。它與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切,只是對其附加說明,也就
是講即便去掉定語從句,句意也不受影響,仍然清晰明了。這樣的定語從句要在
它和主句之間加一逗號分開。且關(guān)系代詞不引導(dǎo)這種非限制性定語從句,如:
AbrahamLincoln,wholedtheUnitedStatesthroughtheseyears,wasshotonApril
14,1865atatheatreinWashingtonD.C.又如:Galileolived
inthecityofPisa,wherethereisaleaningtowerabout180feethigh
(二)正誤辨析
[誤]Iwon'ttellyouthenameofthepersonwhoteachmeEnglish
[正]Iwon*ttellyouthenameofthepersonwhoteachesmeEnglish
[析]在定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞作主語時,從它本身看不出其數(shù)的形式,這時
要由它的先行詞決定。這里who應(yīng)由theperson單數(shù)決定,應(yīng)該用單數(shù)謂語動
詞。又如:Iwhoamastudentwanttofindasparetimejobwho應(yīng)與
I是一致的,所以其謂語動詞應(yīng)該用am
[誤]WetalkedaboutthethingsandthepeoplewhowemetduringtheSecond
WorldWar
[正]WetalkedaboutthethingsandthepeoplethatwemetduringtheSecond
WorldWar
[析]這里的關(guān)系代詞不要用who,因為其先行詞有兩個一個是things(物),
而另一個是people(人),這時既不可用who,又不可用which,因前者只能用
于先行詞是人的情況下,而后者則用于先行詞是物的情況下,所以只能用that,
[誤]Thebook,thatIboughtyesterday,wasverygood
[正]Thebook,whichIboughtyesterday,wasverygood
[析?]先行詞與定語從句被逗號分割開來時,即作為非限制性定語從句。在非
限制性定語從句中which,when,who,whom,where,when,whose等
都可以和限制性定語從句中的作用一樣,而
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