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人教版中考語法復(fù)習(xí)之句法

一、主要句式

(―)知識概要

陳述句中有肯定句與否定句之分。其中可以分為以下五種:①主語+不及物

動詞。如:Iarrivedatsixlastnight.(2)主語+及物動詞+賓語,如:Iboughtagood

EnglishChineseDictionaryyesterday.③主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語,

如:PleasetellmeastorybeforeIgotobed.這樣可加雙賓語的句子有buy,tell,give,

ask,pass,teach.?主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語,如:Ifounditimpossibleto

doit.Pleasekeeptheclassroomcleanandtidy.⑤主語+系動詞+表語,如:Tomisan

Americanboy.Thegrassturnedgreeninspring.在初中常見的句型中有Therebe…

句型,表示存在某種事物,如:Thereisamaponthewallbe動詞的形式要

與其后面相近的那個名詞相一致。要注意的是這種句型加入助動詞后,也要保持

be動詞,不要換用have,如:Thereisgoingtobeameetingtomorrow.

構(gòu)中要注意主謂一致的問題,即句子的主語與謂語動詞要相呼應(yīng)。要注意的有如

下幾點:①用and連接兩個主語時一般應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù),但如一人身兼兩職時則要

用單數(shù)謂語動詞形式,如:Asingeranddanceriscomingtoourparty,asingerand

dancer既歌唱又可舞的演員。而asingerandadancer則要譯為:一位歌唱家和

一位舞蹈家。②有些以s結(jié)尾的名詞謂語動詞要用單數(shù),如:Thenewsisgood

(news為不可數(shù)名詞)。③有量詞時應(yīng)按量詞的數(shù)量計算;如:Thispairofglasses

isgoodMyglassesarebroken.④有些形單卻意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞,如:Peopleare

cominghere這樣的詞還有Police,如果要講一個警察時,應(yīng)講apolicemano

兩個警察為twopolicemeno又如apolicewoman,twopolicewomen⑤所有

不定代詞each,either,neither,one,theother,nobody,nothing,anyone,

anything,someone,something…要作為單數(shù)如:Someoneiswaitingforyou

andnotonly,??butalso,neither???

nor,either…orMysisterandmyparentsaregoingtothecinema0表示

轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞有:but和yet,如:Sheisagoodstudent,butshedidn't

passthefinalexam.又如:Ithinkthenewsisstrange,yetitistrue表示選擇關(guān)

系的連詞有:or,either…or,如:Hurryup,oryouwillbelateforschool表

示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞有:for,so如:Theystudiedveryhard,sotheyall

passedtheexam(名詞性從

句)兩種,而定語從句(形容詞性從句)要在高中講述,為了使同學(xué)閱讀文章方便,

我們將在下面另一章予以介紹。我們首先來看賓語從句。①在及物動詞的后面

可以接一個名詞來充當(dāng)賓語,如:Iknewtheman,而這時也可以用一個句子來

充當(dāng)賓語,如:Iknewthathewasagoodman這時賓語從句的連接詞有that,

(that只在從句中起聯(lián)接作用,不在句中充當(dāng)語法成分,既不是主語也不是賓語,

所以在口語中常常被省略。如:Iamsure(that)shehaspassedtheexam②if,

whether它們在賓語從句中只起連接作用,不起語法作用,當(dāng)作是否講。從句中

有ornot結(jié)構(gòu)時,要用whether,如:Iaskhimif(whether)hehashadhislunch

Iaskshimwhetherhehashadhislunchornot③what它在賓語從句中

除了作連接詞外,還要作主語或賓語成份,如:Idon'tunderstandwhatyousaid

(what作said的賓語)。又如:Iaskedhimwhatmadehimsick(what在賓語

從句中作主語)。④who,它也和what一樣,在句中除作連接詞外,可以充當(dāng)

句中的成份,如:Iknowwhosheislookingfor?⑤whose如:Iwanttoknow

whosebookthisis?⑥which如:Doyouknowwhichbookismine?

中還有4個常用的連接副詞,①how它的應(yīng)用最廣,如:howmuch,howmany,

howlong,howsoon,howold…。如:Howmuchdoesitcost?②when它只是

連接時間狀語,如:Pleasetellmewhenthemeetingwillbegin?③where它連

接地點狀語,如:Whereareyoufrom?@why它要連接的是原因狀語從句,

如:TheteacheraskedwhyTomdidn*tcometoschool.在考試中常見至lj的考點是:

一主句謂語動詞如果是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)?/p>

來時,賓語從句的時態(tài)可以是任何所需要的時態(tài),如:Iknowhedidn'tcome.我

知道他沒來。Iknowhewillcometomorrow我知道他明天來。Iknowhehas

gonetoLondon我知道他已去倫敦了。②主句中的謂語動詞若是過去時,

賓語從句也要用過去時態(tài)中的某一種。比如:一般過去時,過去進(jìn)行時,過去

將來時,過去完成時。除了在表達(dá)宇宙中的客觀真理時,不能用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。如:

IwantedtoknowwhenhewouldcomeTheteachertoldmetheearthmoves

aroundthesun接詞有:after,before,

when,as,assoonas,until(till),while,since,by

until(till)直到,在用until表達(dá)時間狀語的句子中,主句中

的動詞是要十分小心去選擇。如動詞是持續(xù)性動詞,它要用肯定句,如:Istudied

harduntil12o'clocklastnight.如果動詞是瞬間截止性動詞,則要用否定句,如:

Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhismothercamebacksince,for,by,

before來引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語是動作的開始時間,如:

IhavestudiedEnglishsince而由by引導(dǎo)的時間狀語通常是動作的

結(jié)束時間,如:Ihadlearned25Englishsongsbytheendoflastterm而before

則多用于完成時,ago則多用于一般過去時,如:Hehadfinishedhisworkbefore

twelveyesterdayIleftmyhometowntwoyearsago③在狀語從句中用一

般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時表示將來。它們可能是主句用一般將來時,從句用一般現(xiàn)

在時,如:Ifitrains,theywon'tgototheparkonSunday也可以主句是一般

過去時,從句用一般過去進(jìn)行時,如:Hesaidifitrainedthenextdayhewouldnot

gotothepark考試中常見的考點有:要學(xué)生區(qū)別是條件、時間狀語從句還是

賓語從句,因在賓語從句中該用什么時態(tài)用什么時態(tài),如:Iwanttoknowifhe

willcomeheretomorrow在賓語從句中的條件狀語從句與主句的關(guān)系,如:I

wanttoknowifitrainshewillcomeheretomorrow

①because,應(yīng)譯為“因為"。它表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系最強,如:Hedidn'tpasstheexam

becausehedidn'tstudyhard②since應(yīng)譯為“既然",如:Sinceyouwereill

yesterdayIleftsomenotesonyourdesk(3)as應(yīng)譯為"由于“,如:Asitis

toohotwe*dbettergoswimmingsince與as所表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系遠(yuǎn)比because

弱得多。而for表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系最弱。它不能用于句首,如:Hestudieshard,for

hewantstogotocollegeas,,,as,如:This

bookisasgoodasthatone要注意的有兩點:①as??-as中間要用原級而不

是比較級。②用形容詞還是副詞,如:MarywritesascarefullyasTom而

其否定句為notas(so)???as,如:Theydidn'tworksohardaswedid,而不同

級比較用比較級加than,如:HeisyoungerthanIam要注意的是表示“越來

越"這一概念時有兩個句型:①比較級+and+比較級,如:Thedaysaregetting

longerandlongerThelittlegirlisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful②定

冠詞the+比較級+the+比較級,如:Theharderyoustudy,themoreyou

canlearn(連詞)與like(介詞)的區(qū)別。as作為連

詞其后接從句,如:PleasedoitasIdidit但后面的句子常作省略,如:Please

doitasI而like是介詞,其后要接的是賓語,如:Pleasedoitlikeme

結(jié)果和目的狀語從句主要有sothat,sothat,inorderthat等幾種用法。①

sothatso+形容詞+a+名詞+that,如:

Sheissobeautifulagirlthateveryonelikesher或用such+a+形容詞+

名詞+that,如:Sheissuchabeautifulgirlthateveryonelikesher②在不

可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前只能用such,如:Itissuchgoodweatherwewantto

gofbrapicnic又如:Theyaresuchgoodplayersthattheyshouldwinthegame.

(3)在much,many,few,little之前只能用so,如:Ihavesolittlemoney

thatIcanrtbuyit④so???that之間只有形容詞時,則不能用such,如:It

issogoodthatIwanttobuy⑤sothat其后接從句,如:Igotupearliersothat

Icouldcatchthefirstbus

(二)正誤辨析

[誤]Thestoriesinthatbookwaswrittenmanyyearsago

[正]Thestoriesinthatbookwerewrittenmanyyearsago.

[析?]作主語的名詞、代詞或不定式、動名詞,它們往往要帶有修飾詞,這些

詞可能是形容詞,也可能是短語,但謂語動詞還是要取決于這個主語的數(shù),要記

住的是一個名詞不可能在同一句中作兩個不同的語法成份,如:book作了of

[誤]Toreadmanybooksaregoodforyou

[正]Toreadmanybooksisgoodforyou

[析]不定式作主語應(yīng)該看作單數(shù)主語。

[誤]Whathesaidareright

[正]Whathesaidisright

[析]從句作主語一定要按單數(shù)主語看待。

[正]Therichisnotalwayshappy

[誤]Thericharenotalwayshappy

[析]形容詞+定冠詞表示一類人,謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù),如:Theyoungarevery

interestedinstudyandsports

[誤]Theschoolmasterandwriterarecoming

[正]Theschoolmasterandwriteriscoming

[析]本句應(yīng)譯為:校長兼作家就要來了。而Theschoolmasterandthewriterare

coming則要譯為:校長和一個作家要來了。在英語表達(dá)法中確實有Thegirl

andboyareplayingonthegrass這應(yīng)譯為:一個女孩,一個男孩在操場上玩。

因為不可能這樣兩個概念作用在一個人身上。又如:thehusbandandwife夫

[誤]Youorshegotogetsomewaterforus

[正]Youorshegoestogetsomewaterforus

[析]由or連接的兩個主語應(yīng)以離謂語動詞近的那一個計算其數(shù)。這樣的用

法還有either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso也有人稱作”就近原

則“

[誤]Theteacherwithalotofstudentscomeintotheclassroom

[正]Theteacherwithalotofstudentscomesintotheclassroom

[析]真正的主語是theteacher,而with短語是伴隨狀態(tài),不影響主語的數(shù)。

[誤]Myglassesisbroken

[正]Myglassesarebroken

[誤]Thispairofglassesaregood

[正]Thispairofglassesisgood

[誤]Thesekindsofbutterisgood.

[正]Thesekindsofbutteraregood

[析]英語中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:glasses眼鏡,shorts短褲等。如

沒有量詞在前時,要用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞,但有了量詞之后則要按量詞的單復(fù)數(shù)計算。

[誤]Oneoftheboysaregoingtotakepartinthematch

[正]Oneoftheboysisgoingtotakepartinthematch

[析]Oneof結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)以one來計算主語的數(shù)。

[誤]Halfoftheworkaredone

[正]Halfoftheworkisdone

[誤]Halfofthebooksisread

[正]Halfofthebooksareread

[析]在小于1的數(shù)量詞作主語時,如:23,80%,0.35-+of

+名詞,這時主語的數(shù)應(yīng)按of后面的名詞計算。如果名詞是不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)

[誤]Eachsidesarefulloftrees

[正]Eachsideisfulloftrees

[誤]Bothsideisfulloftrees

[正]Bothsidesarefulloftrees

[析]each,either其后都要加單數(shù)名詞,而both后要加復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如:each,

either,another,little,alittle,much等作主語時,謂語動詞全部要用單數(shù)形

[誤]Theboyseachhasanapple

[正]Theboyseachhaveanapple

[析]each

[誤]Everyoneofushasaticketfortheconcert

[正]Everyoneofushasaticketfortheconcert

[析]everyone,someone,everybody…在作主語時都不能加of結(jié)構(gòu)。

[誤]Girlslikedancingverymuch,butfewlikesplayingfootball

[正]Girlslikedancingverymuch,butfewlikeplayingfootball

[析]few雖然含意上是“幾乎沒有”

[誤]Thenumberoftheworkersinthatfactoryaretwohundred

[正]Thenumberoftheworkersinthatfactoryistwohundred

[析]thenumberof意為:某某的數(shù)字是如:thenumberofstudents學(xué)

生人數(shù),thenumberofplayers運動員人數(shù)。不論數(shù)字如何都應(yīng)看作單數(shù)。而a

numberof與many意思相同,其后加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:

Anumberofstudentsareplayingonthegrass

[誤]Therestofthestudentsishere

[正]Therestofthestudentsarehere

[誤]Therestoftheworkaredone

[正]Therestoftheworkisdone

[析]therestof的用法與2/3,一半,80%+of的結(jié)構(gòu)一致,of后面

為可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞,為不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時用單數(shù)謂語

動詞。這樣用法還有l(wèi)otsof,alotof,plentyof

[誤]Thenewsintoday'snewspaperarenotbad

[正]Thenewsintoday'snewspaperisnotbad

[析]有些以s結(jié)尾的名詞要用作不可數(shù)名詞,它們是:news,physics,

mathematics,thanks,

[誤]TheChineseiskindandfriendly

[正]TheChinesearekindandfriendly

[析]Chinese作為中文來講是單數(shù)名詞,但作為中國人講是單復(fù)同形的名詞。

如:oneChinese,twoChinese???而TheChinese=ThepeopleofChina要用

復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞。

[誤]ThisdictionaryistooexpensiveformeTendollarsareabigsumforme

[正]ThisdictionaryistooexpensiveformeTendollarsisabigsumforme

[析]

[誤]Whoaregoingtotakepartinourfootballmatch?

[正]Whoisgoingtotakepartinourfootballmatch?

[析]用Who提問時,習(xí)慣上用單數(shù)謂語動詞,但which則要視其情況而定,

如:whicharebettertheseshoesesorthoseshoes?又如:whichisbetterthisoneor

thatone?

[誤]Whatahotweatheritis!

[誤]Howhottheweatheritis!

[正]Whathotweatheritis!

[正]Howhottheweatheris!

[析]感嘆句是用來表達(dá)說話人的喜怒哀樂的感情。它由what與how作句

子的開始,判定是用what還是用how的最好辦法是將它們換為陳述句,比如:

Whatthehotweatheritis!應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換為:Itisthehotweather那么句子的起點是

單詞ito再來看感嘆句中it前有不可數(shù)名詞weather,則只能用what。再

看第二句Howhottheweatheris!轉(zhuǎn)為陳述句時為:Theweatherishot

子的開始單詞為theweather,再來看感嘆句在theweather前只有形容詞,所

以應(yīng)用howo至于是用whata還是what要看名詞的具體情況而定,單數(shù)可

數(shù)名詞加whata其余的加用what

[誤]Wehavetosingthis,havewe?

[誤]Wehavetosingthis,haven'twe?

[正]Wehavetosingthis,don'twe?

[析]在反意疑問句中除了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一些常規(guī)外,有一些例外:

Let'sgohome,shallwe?

Letusgohome,willyou?

Shehadtoleave,didn'tshe?

Doyourhomeworkatonce,willyou?

Thereisnotmuchgoodnewsintoday'snewspaper,isthere?

Neitherofthemareright,arethey?

Ithinkhewillcometothepartywon'the?

think后的賓語從句,與其他賓語從句不一樣,在初中只有這樣一個較特殊的詞。

這樣的句子的反意疑問句的主語要用賓語從句中的主語,其助動詞要用賓語從句

的助動詞,而肯定還是否定要看主句謂語動詞而定,如:Idonlthinkheiscoming

toourparty,ishe?

[誤]Iwanttoknowwheredoeshelive

[正]Iwanttoknowwherehelives

[析]賓語從句

[誤]-1haven'tgotaticketfbrthefootballmatch

-NorIhave

[正]-1haven'tgotaticketfbrthefootballmatch

-Nor(Neither)haveI

[析]nor,neither用在簡答否定句中時要采用倒裝語序。在肯定句的簡答句

中則要用so,如:Idomyhomeworkveryquickly,SodoesMary

[誤]Look!Herethebuscomes!

[正]Look!Herecomesthebus!

[誤]Look!Herecomeshe!

[正]Look!Herehecomes

[析]在there,here打頭的句子中,如果主語是名詞,則要采用倒裝語序;

[誤]DoyouwantMarytogotothecinemawithus?

No,Idon'thopeso

[正]DoyouwantMarytogotothecinemawithus?

No,Ihopenot

[析]我不這樣想,可用Idon'tthinkso但hope的否定簡答句只能用Ihope

not這是習(xí)慣用法。但這兩個詞的肯定簡答句形是一樣的,如:Ithinkso.I

hopeso

[誤]ThatisdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell

[正]ItisdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell

[析]It這里的語法作用是形式主語,而真正的主語是后面的不定式。形式主

語和形式賓語都要用it而不能用that,如:IthinkitdifficulttolearnEnglish

wellit在這句中是think

(三)例題解析

1Thereapencilboxonthedesk

A.isB.areC.hasD.have

[答案]A.

[析]Therebe句形中的be動詞要看其后面離它最近的名詞而定,如:There

aretwobooksandapencilonthedesk但去丁可以講Thereisapencilandtwo

booksonthedesk

2Couldyoutellme?

AMrsKingwherelivesBwheredoesMrsKinglive

CwhereMrsKinglivesDMrsKingliveswhere

[答案]C.

[析]

3Yourbrothercametoseeyou,?

AdoesheBdoesn'theCdidheDdidn'the

[答案]D.

[析]前句是肯定句,后面反意疑問句要用否定句,同時came為過去時態(tài),

所以應(yīng)用didnrthe

4Ifsgettingcloudy,?

Adoes1itBdoesn'titCisitDisn'tit

[答案]D.

[析]要區(qū)分's是has還是is,這里由getting得出's是is

5keepmewaitingsolong

ANotBWon*tCDon'tDNotto

[答案]C.

[析]Don't+

6MrGreenhasn'tbeentoBeijing,?

AhasheBhasn'theCdidheDdidn'the

[答案]A.

[析]此句has

7Youhaveyourlunchatschool,?

AhaveyouBhaven'tyouCdoyouDdon'tyou

[答案]D.

[析]這里的have是實意動詞“吃”

8sunnyday!Letsgooutforawalk

AHowaBHowCWhataDWhat

[答案]C.

[析]這個感嘆句是個省略句,其真實的句子應(yīng)為Whatasunnydayitis!

9-Canyoutellme?-SureShe'sanurse

AwhereisyoursisterBwhereyoursisteris

CwhatisyoursisterDwhatyoursisteris

[答案]D.

[析]who問的是姓名,如:Whoishe?HeisSmith或Heismyfather

What問的是職業(yè),如:Whatishe?Heisateacher

10Johnlikeslisteningtotheradio,?

AdoesheBdoesn'theCdoesn'tJohnDdoesJohe

[答案]B.

[析]

11NeitheryounorIontheteam

AareBwereCamDis

[答案]c.

[析]由neither…nor…作連接詞作主語時,其謂語動詞要與相臨近的那

12deliciousfood!I'dlikesomemore

AwhataBHowaCWhatDHow

[答案]c.

[析]因food

13thereacatunderthechair?

AAreBIsCHasDHave

[答案]B.

[析]這是therebe

14Couldyoutellme?

AwhenthetrainwillarriveBwhenthetrainarrived

CwhendidthetrainarriveDwhendoesthetrainarrives

[答案]A.

[析]could用于現(xiàn)在時疑問句表達(dá)了口氣的委婉,并不是過去時態(tài)。且賓語

15-badweather!

-Yes,Butit'sgoingtobefinesoon,Ithink

AHowBWhataCWhatanDWhat

[答案]D.

[析]weather

16-Couldyoutellme?

-Yes,Theytothelibrary

Awherearethetwins,havebeen

Bwherewerethetwins,havebeen

Cwherethetwinsare,havegone

Dwherethetwinswere,havegone

[答案]C.

[析]havebeento是去過什么地方,而現(xiàn)在回來了。havegoneto是到某地

17GoandtheTVquicklyThevolleyballmatchwillbeginright

away

AturnoffBturndownCturnupDturnon

[答案]D,

[析]這是個祈使句,它由and連接兩個動詞。注意詞組搭配的不同含義。

18Letrsgoforsometea,?

AshallweBwillweCdoweDdon'twe

[答案]A.

[析]Let'sgo…,shallwe?Letusgo…,willyou?這是兩個特殊的反意疑

問句。

19Joan'sshort,?

Awasn'tsheBhasn'tsheCisn'tsheDdoesn'tshe

[答案]C.

[析]在此句中應(yīng)視's為is,而不是has或was

20Idon'tknowtoreadtheword

AwhichBwhatCwhoseDhow

[答案]D.

[析]因不定式toread中的read是及物動詞,已有自己的賓語theword,所

以應(yīng)用疑問副詞how

21Hedidn'tgotoschool,hewasill

AforBbutCandDso

[答案]A.

[析]這里是表示因果的關(guān)系,從句表示原因,所以用for,放于句尾,且常

常前面有一個逗號。so引起的是結(jié)果狀語從句,如:Hewasonlytwelve,sohe

couldn*tjointhearmy

22Theyoungwomancanhardlyrideabike,she?

Adoesn'tBdoesCcan'tDcan

[答案]D.

[析]hardly為否定詞,所以應(yīng)視此句為否定句。其后的反意疑問句應(yīng)用肯定

23TomnevergoestothecinemaonSundays,

AdoesheBdoesn'theCisn'theDishe

[答案]A.

[析]never

24Mothersaidtohim,"Don'tonfootball.n

AspendtoomuchtimeBtospendtoomuchtime

CspendtoomanytimeDtospendtoomanytime

[答案]A.

[析]time作為叩寸間”講為不可數(shù)名詞,應(yīng)用much來修飾。當(dāng)作“次數(shù)”講是

可數(shù)名詞,如threetimes三次,而Don't…一

25MrWhite,togetherwithsomeJapanesefriends,visitourschool

thisafternoon

AaregoingtoBisgoingtoChaveDhas

[答案]B.

[析]句子的主語是MrWhite,而togetherwith…是伴隨狀況,不影響

26Thereislittlewaterintheglass,?

AisitBisthereCisn'titDisn'tthere

[答案]B.

[析]這是therebe

27Amperewasthinkingaboutamathsproblem,?

Adidn'theBwasn'theCdidheDishe

[答案]B.

[析]

28Shehadagoodtimeyesterday,she?

Awasn'tBdidn'tChasn'tDisn't

[答案]B.

[析]had這里是實意

29We'llmakeforyouinthefrontofthecar

AaroomBroomCroomsDsomerooms

[答案]B.

[析]room此處為不可數(shù)名詞,意為"地方,空間"

30NeithershenorItotheGreatwallbefore

AhasgoneBhavegoneChavebeenDhasbeen

[答案]C.

[析]由neither-nor連接兩個主語時,其謂語動詞應(yīng)與相臨近的那個主語

31Helpmecollectthesebooks,?

AareyouBwillyouCdoyouDshallyou

[答案]B.

[析]祈使句的反意疑問句應(yīng)用willyou,而Let'sgo例外,其反意疑問句為

shallwe?

32Thenumberofdeer,mountainlionsandwildroses

changemuchifpeopleleavethingsastheyare

Adon'tBdoesn'tCisn'tDdidn't

[答案]B.

[析]thenumberof為”……的數(shù)量、數(shù)目",所以謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。而a

numberof

33She'shadbreakfast,?

AissheBisn'tsheChasn'tsheDhasshe

[答案]c.

[析]這里的's應(yīng)視為has

34Iwonder

AwhosebicycleisitBitiswhosebicycle

CisitwhosebicycleDwhosebicycleitis

[答案]D.

[析]wonder

35Itisgoodfbrusmorningexercises

AdoBtodoCdidDdone

[答案]B.

[析]這里的it是形式主語,而真正的主語是不定式todo

36Peterhassportsveryoften,?

Adoes,PeterBdoesn'theCdoesnrtPeterDdoeshe

[答案]B.

[析]has這里是實意動詞,而主語為名詞時其反意疑問句中的主語要用代詞。

37MrBlacksaid,"Jenny,don'tbelatetomorrow”

MrBlacktoldJenny

Adon*tbelatetomorrowBdidn'tbelatetomorrow

CnotbelatenextmorningDnottobelatethenextday

[答案]D.

[析]tell一般要加雙賓語,其間接賓語是Jenny,直接賓語是不定式。而這

38LiMeireadthenewspapertothegranny,

AdoessheBdidn'tsheCdidsheDwasn'tshe

[答案]B.

[析]read這里是過去時態(tài),因其主語是第三人稱單數(shù),而read并未加s所

以是過去時態(tài)。(read的過去時與過去分詞都是read,只不過讀音不同)

二、定語從句

(一)知識概要

定語從句并不屬于中考范圍,但由于作者在多年的教學(xué)中體會到,這一語法現(xiàn)象

影響了許多學(xué)生自學(xué)英語。這些學(xué)生一般是成績較好的學(xué)生,想進(jìn)行大量閱讀來

提高自己的英語水平,但總是碰到一些問題,百思不得其解。苦于自己的水平只

限于初中水平,無法提高,但各種補習(xí)班又都是為一些水平較差的學(xué)生開設(shè)的,

所以又投師無門。為了解決這部分學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)困難,也為那些有志青年鋪平學(xué)習(xí)

上的道路,特用這一節(jié)講述定語從句,不是從語法上講述,而是從閱讀理解方面

去講述??晒┩瑢W(xué)們在學(xué)習(xí)時參考。這會對你的英語學(xué)習(xí)起到事半功倍的作用。

agoodbook,形容詞good用來修飾書

booko我們也可以用一個句子來修飾名詞,這種句子叫做形容詞性從句,它起

修飾名詞的作用,又被叫做定語從句(Theattributiveclause)。但有一點不同的是

這個從句不是像形容詞那樣放于名詞前,而是放在名詞之后。它所修飾的名詞又

被叫作先行詞,如:Doyouknowthescientistwhogaveusthetalkthisafternoon?

這句中的主句是Doyouknowthescientist?(你知道那位科學(xué)家嗎?)而whogave

usthetalkthisafternoon(他今天下午給我們作的報告。)是定語從句。所以這兩句

話合為一體即是:你認(rèn)識今天下午給我們作報告的那位科學(xué)家嗎?這里scientist

叫作先行詞,而who叫作定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。who在定語從句中起主語的作

用,who的數(shù)與它的先行詞相同。又如:YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo這

里先行詞是everything,而thatIdo是定語從句,此句應(yīng)譯為:你必須作我所

作的一切。that叫作定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞,在句中作do一

句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞:that,which,who,whom,whose和關(guān)系副詞when,

where,why,how。不論關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞,都應(yīng)放于先行詞和定語從句

之間,起聯(lián)系作用,但它們都要在定語從句中起語法作用,充當(dāng)一個成份。如關(guān)

系代詞在定語從句中不是作主語便是作賓語,而關(guān)系副詞則是作狀語。我們先來

看關(guān)系代詞的用法。①that的先行詞可以是人也可以是物。如:Aplaneisa

machinethatcanfly這里先行詞是machine而that是關(guān)系代詞,在定語從句

中作主語。這句譯為:飛機(jī)是一種會飛的機(jī)器。又如:Ilikethebook(that)youlent

meyesterday這里先行詞是book,關(guān)系代詞用that,它在定語從句中作

lend(借)的賓語。要注意的是關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時可以省略,即:I

likethebookyoulentmeyesterdaywhich關(guān)系代詞的先行詞只能是物。它

在定語從句中作主語或賓語,如:Thebookshopisashopwhichsellsbooks這

里shop是先行詞,which在從句中作主語。又如:Thebook(which)Ireadlast

nightwaswonderful這里主句是Thebookwaswonderful而定語從句是修

飾主句的主語book,即我昨晚讀的那本書,which在定語從句中作read的賓

who,whom,whosewho在定語從句中作主語,whom

是who的賓格,在定語從句中作賓語,而whose則是形容詞性物主代詞,在

從句中作定語,如:ThemanwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisanAmericanfriend

昨天參觀我們學(xué)校的人是一位美國朋友。Who在定語從句中作主語。又如:

Who'sthatwoman(whom)youjusttalkedto?你剛才與之談話的那個女人是誰?

而whom作定語從句中介詞to的賓語,可以省略,而在現(xiàn)代英語中,句首的

whom也常??捎脀hoThisisourclassmate,Mary,whosehomeisnot

farfromour

1.Isawtheman.Heclosedthedoor

Isawthemanwho(that)closedthedoor

2.ThegirlishappyShewontherace

Thegirlwhowontheraceishappy

3.ThestudentsarefromChinaTheysitinthefrontrow

ThestudentswhositinthefrontrowarefromChina

(要注意的是先行詞是students則who的數(shù)也應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)。)

4.WearestudyingsentencesTheycontainadjectivedause

Wearestudyingsentencesthat(which)containadjectivedause

5.ThetaxidriverwasfriendlyHetookmetotheairport

Thetaxidriverwhotookmetotheairportwasfriendly

6.ThebookwasgoodIreadit

ThebookthatIreadwasgood

ThebookIreadwasgood

7.ThepeoplewereveryniceWevisitedthemyesterday

Thepeoplewevisitedyesterdaywereverynice

8.ThemancalledthepoliceHiswalletwasstolen

Themanwhosewalletwasstolencalledthepolice

9.IcomefromacountryItshistorygoesbackthousandsofyears

Icomefromacountrywhosehistorygoesbackthousandsofyears

10.IhavetocallthemanIpickeduphisumbrellaafterthemeeting

IhavetocallthemanwhoseumbrellaIpickedupafterthemeeting

關(guān)系代詞whom,which在定語從句中作介詞賓語時,可以和介詞一起放于先

行詞與定語從句之間,有時為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將whom與which與先行詞緊

挨著書寫,而將介詞置于定語從句的后面,如:

Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears或可以寫作:

Thatwastheroomwhichwehadlivedinfortenyears

Hewasthemanwhom(who)youwerelookingfor要注意的是此句的關(guān)系代詞

whom可以用主格取代,而lookfor是短語動詞也不可將for放于定語從句之

前。that作關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語時,不能緊跟介詞,而只能將介詞置于定語從句

的后面。如:Themanthatweweretalkingabouthascometoourschool這時不

可用aboutthat…

1.ThemeetingwasinterestingIwenttoit

ThemeetingthatIwenttowasinteresting

2.ThemanwasverykindItalkedtohimyesterday

ThemanwhoItalkedtoyesterdaywasverykind

3.ImustthankthepeopleIgotapresentfromhim

ImustthankthepeoplewhoIgotapresentfrom

4.ThepicturewasbeautifulShewaslookingatit

Thepicturethat(which)shewaslookingatwasbeautiful

5.ThemanisstandingoverthereItoldyouabouthim

ThemanwhoItoldyouaboutisstandingoverthere

除關(guān)系代詞外,還有關(guān)系副詞,when,where,why,其中when用來指時

間,在定語從句中作時間狀語。如:IneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametothe

GreatWall而where則指地點,如:Thisisthehousewheretheoldmanlives

請看下面例句:

1.ThecitywasbeautifulWespentourvacationthere

Thecitywherewespentourvacationwasbeautiful

2.ThatistherestaurantIwillmeetyouthere

ThatistherestaurantwhereIwillmeetyou

3.ThetownissmallIgrewupthere

ThetownwhereIgrewupissmall

4.ThatisthedrawerIkeepmynewpapersthere

ThatisthedrawerwhereIkeepmynewspapers

5.MondayisthedayWewillcomethen

MondayisthedayWhenwewillcame

6.7105isthetimeMyplanearrivesthen

7105isthetimewhenmyplanearrives

7.1960istheyearTherevolutiontookplacethen

1960istheyearwhentherevolutiontookplace

8.JulyisthemonthTheweatherisusuallythehottestthen

Julyisthemonthwhentheweatherisusuallythehottest

在定語從句中又可分為兩大類定語從句,即限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從

①限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語,如果去掉的話,主句的

Iwas

theonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited

②非限制性定語從句。它與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切,只是對其附加說明,也就

是講即便去掉定語從句,句意也不受影響,仍然清晰明了。這樣的定語從句要在

它和主句之間加一逗號分開。且關(guān)系代詞不引導(dǎo)這種非限制性定語從句,如:

AbrahamLincoln,wholedtheUnitedStatesthroughtheseyears,wasshotonApril

14,1865atatheatreinWashingtonD.C.又如:Galileolived

inthecityofPisa,wherethereisaleaningtowerabout180feethigh

(二)正誤辨析

[誤]Iwon'ttellyouthenameofthepersonwhoteachmeEnglish

[正]Iwon*ttellyouthenameofthepersonwhoteachesmeEnglish

[析]在定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞作主語時,從它本身看不出其數(shù)的形式,這時

要由它的先行詞決定。這里who應(yīng)由theperson單數(shù)決定,應(yīng)該用單數(shù)謂語動

詞。又如:Iwhoamastudentwanttofindasparetimejobwho應(yīng)與

I是一致的,所以其謂語動詞應(yīng)該用am

[誤]WetalkedaboutthethingsandthepeoplewhowemetduringtheSecond

WorldWar

[正]WetalkedaboutthethingsandthepeoplethatwemetduringtheSecond

WorldWar

[析]這里的關(guān)系代詞不要用who,因為其先行詞有兩個一個是things(物),

而另一個是people(人),這時既不可用who,又不可用which,因前者只能用

于先行詞是人的情況下,而后者則用于先行詞是物的情況下,所以只能用that,

[誤]Thebook,thatIboughtyesterday,wasverygood

[正]Thebook,whichIboughtyesterday,wasverygood

[析?]先行詞與定語從句被逗號分割開來時,即作為非限制性定語從句。在非

限制性定語從句中which,when,who,whom,where,when,whose等

都可以和限制性定語從句中的作用一樣,而

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