Unit Understanding Science的實用學(xué)習(xí)課件

UnitUnderstandingScience的實用學(xué)習(xí)課件第1頁/共80頁ThedefinitionofScienceThewordsciencecomesfromtheLatin"scientia,"meaningknowledge.Sciencereferstoasystemofacquiringknowledge.Thissystemusesobservationandexperimentationtodescribeandexplainnaturalphenomena.Thetermsciencealsoreferstotheorganizedbodyofknowledgepeoplehavegainedusingthatsystem.Lessformally,thewordscienceoftendescribesanysystematicfieldofstudyortheknowledgegainedfromit.第2頁/共80頁Ascienfictest.

PleaseReadtheColorInsteadoftheLetter！right：colorleft：letter第3頁/共80頁

neuroscience

rightbrain:emotionaltalentsforarts,musicleftbrain:logicaltalentsforlanguage,science第4頁/共80頁Whatareotherinfluencesofscienceonmodernworld?第5頁/共80頁StephenWilliamhawking2023/3/16第6頁/共80頁StephenHawking'sbiography<1>wasbornon8January1942,inOxford,England.

<2>1959inUniversityofOxford

<3>In1962theUniversityofOxfordtocompletePhysicsdegreecourses,movedtoCambridgeUniversitygraduate<4>1963hawkingwasdiagnosedwithmotor（運動神經(jīng)的）neuronedisease.(ALS)2023/3/16第7頁/共80頁<5>In1973thefirstbooksofspace-timepublished

.<7>1988publishedabriefhistoryoftime",wasawardedtheWolfFoundationPrize,becomerelativity'sbest-sellingbook.<8>In1990,married25yearswifeJane·Wilder

divorce.（離婚）2023/3/16第8頁/共80頁<9>In1993,theblackholesandbabyuniversesandotheressayspublished<10>1995-September16,andhisnurseElaine·Masonmarried.<11>In2006,StephenHawkingthirdvisittoChina.2023/3/16第9頁/共80頁Mygoalissimple.Itisacompleteunderstandingoftheuniverse,whyitisasitisandwhyitexistsatall.我的目標(biāo)很簡單，就是把宇宙整個明白——它為何如此，它為何存在。Ihavenoticedevenpeoplewhoclaimeverythingispredestined,andthatwecandonothingtochangeit,lookbeforetheycrosstheroad.我注意過，即便是那些聲稱一切都是命中注定的而且我們無力改變的人，在過馬路之前都會左右看。

第10頁/共80頁Despitethedisability,buttheideaofwhomcannotstop,otherswillnotbeforyoutostop.

盡管身體殘障，但思想?yún)s不能為之停步，別人不會為你停下來。

Peoplehavethefreedomtochoosetoendlife,butthatwouldbeamajormistake.......Nomatterhowbad,peopleshouldalwaysbesomething,thereislifethereishope.人有自由選擇結(jié)束生命，但那將是一個重大錯誤。……無論命運有多壞，人總應(yīng)有所作為，有生命就有希望。第11頁/共80頁Eternityisaverylongtime,especiallytowardstheend.永恒是很長的時間，特別是對盡頭而言.Lifewouldbetragicifitweren'tfunny.如果生活沒有了樂趣，那將是一場悲劇。第12頁/共80頁FilmsaboutHawking第13頁/共80頁Textorganization

Parts

Paragraphs

MainideasPartI

Paras_____Tomakeinformeddecisionsaboutchange,thepublicneedsabasicunderstandingofscience.PartII

Paras____Whatcanbedonetoeducatethepublicaboutscience?PartIII

Para____Withaninformedpublic,humancivilizationwillsurvive.1-34-67…theworldhaschangedagreatdeal……somepeoplewouldliketostopthesechanges…Buthistoryshows,thepastwasnotthatwonderful…Knowledgeandtechniquescan’tjustbeforgotten.Noonecanpreventfurtheradvancesinthefuture.Allitwoulddoisslowdowntherateofchange.

…toensurethechangestheymakeareintherightdirection..…thepublicneedsbasicunderstandingofscience,sothatitcanmakeinformeddecision…Whatcanbedonetoharnessthisinterestandgivethepublicscientificbackground…?…thebasisliesinwhatistaughtinschools.Scienceistaughtintermsofequations….theyfrightenmostpeople……fortherestofus…thiscanbeconveyedbywordsanddiagrams…But…sorapid…but…popularbooksandmagazinearticles…onlytelevision…第14頁/共80頁

Whetherwelikeitornot,theworldweliveinhaschangedagreatdealinthelasthundredyears,anditislikelytochangeevenmoreinthenexthundred.Somepeoplewouldliketostopthesechangesandgobacktowhattheyseeasapurerandsimplerage.Butashistoryshows,thepastwasnotthatwonderful.Itwasnotsobadforaprivilegedminority,thougheventheyhadtodowithout

modernmedicine,andchildbirthwashighlyriskyforwomen.Butforthevastmajorityofthepopulation,lifewasnasty,brutish,andshort.DR_Text1PublicAttitudesTowardScienceStephenHawking第15頁/共80頁DR_Text2

Anyway,evenifonewantedto,onecouldn’tputtheclockback

toanearlierage.Knowledgeandtechniquescan’tjustbeforgotten.Norcanonepreventfurther

advancesinthefuture.Evenifallgovernmentmoneyforresearchwerecutoff(andthepresentgovernmentisdoingitsbest),theforceofcompetitionwouldstillbringaboutadvancesintechnology.Moreover,onecannotstopinquiringmindsfromthinkingaboutbasicscience,whetherornottheyarepaidforit.

Theonlywaytopreventfurtherdevelopmentswouldbeaglobalstatethatsuppressedanythingnew,andhumaninitiativeandinventivenessaresuchthateventhiswouldn’tsucceed.

Allitwoulddoisslowdowntherateofchange.第16頁/共80頁DR_Text3

Ifweacceptthatwecannotpreventscienceandtechnologyfromchangingourworld,wecanatleasttrytoensurethatthechangestheymakeareintherightdirections.Inademocraticsociety,thismeansthatthepublicneedstohaveabasicunderstandingofscience,sothatitcanmakeinformeddecisionsandnotleavetheminthehandsofexperts.Atthemoment,thepublicisintwomindsaboutscience.

Ithascometoexpectthesteadyincreaseinthestandardoflivingthatnewdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologyhavebroughttocontinue,butitalsodistrustssciencebecauseitdoesn’tunderstandit.ThisdistrustisevidentinthecartoonfigureofthemadscientistworkinginhislaboratorytoproduceaFrankenstein.

第17頁/共80頁DR_Text4

ItisalsoanimportantelementbehindsupportfortheGreenparties.Butthepublicalsohasagreatinterestinscience,particularlyastronomy,asisshownbythelargeaudiencesfortelevisionseriessuchasTheSkyatNight

andforsciencefiction.第18頁/共80頁DR_Text5

Whatcanbedonetoharnessthisinterestandgivethepublicthescientificbackgrounditneedstomakeinformeddecisionsonsubjectslikeacidrain,thegreenhouseeffect,nuclearweapons,andgeneticengineering?Clearly,thebasismustlieinwhatistaughtinschools.Butinschoolsscienceisoftenpresentedinadryanduninterestingmanner.Childrenlearnitbyrotetopassexaminations,andtheydon’tseeitsrelevancetotheworldaroundthem.Moreover,scienceisoftentaughtintermsofequations.第19頁/共80頁

Althoughequationsareabriefandaccuratewayofdescribingmathematicalideas,theyfrightenmostpeople.WhenIwroteapopularbookrecently,IwasadvisedthateachequationIincludedwouldhalvethesales.Iincludedoneequation,Einstein’sfamousequation,

E=mc2.MaybeIwouldhavesoldtwiceasmanycopieswithoutit.

Scientistsandengineerstendtoexpresstheirideasintheformofequationsbecausetheyneedtoknowtheprecisevaluesofquantities.Butfortherestofus,aqualitativegraspofscientificconceptsissufficient,andthiscanbeconveyedbywordsanddiagrams,withouttheuseofequations.

DR_Text6第20頁/共80頁DR_Text7

Thesciencepeoplelearninschoolcanprovidethebasicframework.Buttherateofscientificprogressisnowsorapidthattherearealwaysnewdevelopmentsthathaveoccurredsinceonewasatschooloruniversity.Ineverlearnedaboutmolecularbiologyortransistorsatschool,butgeneticengineeringandcomputersaretwoofthedevelopmentsmostlikelytochangethewayweliveinthefuture.Popularbooksandmagazinearticlesaboutsciencecanhelptoputacrossnewdevelopments,buteventhemostsuccessfulpopularbookisreadbyonlyasmallproportionofthepopulation.Onlytelevisioncanreachatrulymassaudience.第21頁/共80頁DR_Text8TherearesomeverygoodscienceprogrammesonTV,butotherspresentscientificwonderssimplyasmagic,withoutexplainingthemorshowinghowtheyfitinto

theframeworkofscientificideas.Producersoftelevisionscienceprogrammesshouldrealizethattheyhavearesponsibilitytoeducatethepublic,notjustentertainit.

第22頁/共80頁DR_Text9

Theworldtodayisfilledwithdangers,hencethesickjokethatthereasonwehavenotbeencontactedbyanaliencivilizationisthatcivilizationstendtodestroythemselveswhentheyreachourstage.ButIhavesufficientfaithinthegoodsenseofthepublictobelievethatwemightprovethiswrong.第23頁/共80頁DR_Sentence21.Whatisthegrammaticalfunctionofthefirst“that”?Here“that”bringsaboutanattributiveclause.Theonlywaytopreventfurtherdevelopmentswouldbeaglobalstatethatsuppressedanythingnew,andhumaninitiativeandinventivenessaresuchthateventhiswouldn’tsucceed.第24頁/共80頁DR_Sentence33.Whatcanweinferfromthissentence?Nowaycansuppressanythingnew,ashumaninitiativeandinventivenessdoexist.第25頁/共80頁DR_Sentence4Whyisthereno“to”between“is”and“slow”?When“do”appearsinthesubject(主語)ofasentence,thesign“to”ofaninfinitivewhichisusedasthepredicative(表語)canbeomitted.Allitwoulddoisslowdowntherateofchange.Thefirstthinghedidwas(to)lookforaguide.Allwecoulddonowis(to)remaincool-headed.第26頁/共80頁DR_Sentence51.Whatdoes“intwomindsabout”mean?Unabletodecidewhetherornotyouwantsth.orwanttodosth.Atthemoment,thepublicisintwomindsaboutscience.Ithinkshe’sintwomindsaboutwhethertoaccepthispresentornot.第27頁/共80頁DR_Sentence62.Whatcanwelearnfromthesentence?Thepublicfindsitselfholdingtwocontradictoryviewpointsaboutscience.Ontheonehand,itexpectstheimprovementinthestandardoflivingthathasbeenbroughtbyscience;ontheotherhand,italsodistrustssciencebecauseitdoesnotunderstandit.第28頁/共80頁DR_Sentence71.Whatdoes“it”referto?Thepublic’sdistrustofscience.

2.Whatpartofspeechis“support”here?

Itisanoun.ItisalsoanimportantelementbehindsupportfortheGreenparties.第29頁/共80頁DR_Sentence8Paraphrasethesentence.Butinschoolsscienceisoftentaughtinadullandboringway.Butinschoolsscienceisoftenpresentedinadryanduninterestingmanner.第30頁/共80頁DR_Sentence9TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.如果不用這個公式的話，也許我能多賣出一倍的書。MaybeIwouldhavesoldtwiceasmanycopieswithoutit.第31頁/共80頁DR_Sentence101.Whatdoes“sense”heremean?Powerofjudging.ButIhavesufficientfaithinthegoodsenseofthepublictobelievethatwemightprovethiswrong.2.Whatdoesthissentenceimply?Theauthorbelievesthatthepublicwillhaveagoodunderstandingaboutscienceandcanmakeinformedjudgmentsbyitself.第32頁/共80頁DR_word_likely1likely:1.bable可能的Ishallverylikelybehereagainnextmonth.AnincidentlikelytoleadtowarisreportedonTV.電視報導(dǎo)出一可能導(dǎo)致戰(zhàn)爭的事件。2.adv.Probably可能地Pattern:Itislikelythat…很可能…Itishighlylikelythathewillsucceed.第33頁/共80頁DR_word_likely2likely

系常用詞，指從表面跡象來看很有可能。例如：likely,possible&probable這些詞都有“可能的”意思。CF:Thelikelyoutcomeofthecontestvariesfrommomenttomoment.比賽結(jié)果每分鐘可能都在變化。possible指由于有適當(dāng)?shù)臈l件和方法，某事可能發(fā)生或做到，強調(diào)客觀上有可能，但常含有實際希望很小的意思。例如：Isitpossibletogettothecitybytrain,ormustItakeabus?坐火車可以到這個城市去嗎？還是我必須得坐公共汽車？第34頁/共80頁DR_word_likely3probable

語氣比

possible

強，指有根據(jù)、合情理、值得相信的,帶有大概、很可能的意思。例如：CF:Itisprobablethathehasforgottenourappointment.很可能他是忘了我們的約會了。第35頁/共80頁DR_word_dowithout1dowithout:managetosurvive,continue,orsucceed,althoughyoudonothavesth.youneed沒有…而設(shè)法對付過去Hecan’tdowithouttheservicesofasecretary.Ihaven’tenoughmoneytobuyacar,soI’lljusthavetodowithout.第36頁/共80頁DR_word_dowithout2Collocation:擺脫；廢除，取消doawaywith系上，扣上；修理；打扮doup

和…有關(guān)系havesomethingtodowith和…沒有關(guān)系havenothingtodowith第37頁/共80頁DR_word_highly1highly:adv.1)Very很，非常Mr.Smithwasahighlysuccessfulsalesman.Hespeaksveryhighlyofyou.2)toahighdegree到達很高的程度出席這次會議的大部分人是受過高等教育的女性。Mostofthepeoplepresentatthemeetingarehighlyeducatedwomen.第38頁/共80頁DR_word_highly2highly指的是抽象意義上的“高”。例如：highly&high這兩個詞都表示“高高地”。CF:ahighlypaidofficial薪俸優(yōu)厚的官員thinkhighlyofsb.器重某人high用作副詞時，一般指的是具體意義上的“高”。例如：aimhigh向高處瞄準(zhǔn)searchhighandlow到處尋找第39頁/共80頁DR_word_highly3CF:其他類似的例子還有:closely&closeclosely細(xì)心地，嚴(yán)密地。例如：WatchwhatIdoclosely.仔細(xì)觀察我所做的。Theprisonerswerecloselyguarded.囚犯被嚴(yán)密看守著。close

鄰近。例如：Helivesclosetotheschool.他住得離學(xué)校很近。第40頁/共80頁DR_word_put/turntheclockbackput/turntheclockback:returntoasituationthatusedtoexist,usuallybecausethepresentsituationisunpleasant倒退，開倒車Forgetallaboutitandlooktothefuture;youcan’tturntheclockback.Theemploymentbillinwhichwomenarenotallowedtotakejobswillputtheclockbackfiftyyears.第41頁/共80頁DR_word_bringabout1bringabout:causetohappen引起；導(dǎo)致Someeducatorsarehopingtobringaboutmajorchangesintheeducationalsystem.這是怎么發(fā)生的？Whatbroughtitabout?Collocation：產(chǎn)生；提出bringforth提前；提出bringforward教育；養(yǎng)育；提出bringup

第42頁/共80頁DR_word_bringabout2Fillintheblankswiththephrasesandchangetheformwherenecessary.1.Theyproposedthatthedateofthecongressbeafewmonths.2.Thetreesonthefarmmanyapples.3.Hewaswell4.Atthemeetingthenextmorning,they

manyproblemsanddiscussedthemonebyone.broughtforward_____________bringforth_________broughtup_________.broughtup/forward/forth_______________________第43頁/共80頁DR_word_inquire1inquire:Heinquired(ofher)thereasonforbeinglateagain.1.vt.asktobetold問明Heaskedforhiskeyandinquiredwhethertherehadbeenanymessageforhim.Iranguptoinquireabouttraintimes.2.vi.seekinformationbyquestioning詢問我打電話詢問有關(guān)火車時刻的事情。第44頁/共80頁這些詞都有“問，詢問”的意思。

inquire

是較正式的書面用詞，渴望知道某人或某事的確實情況。例如：DR_word_inquire2inquire,ask&questionCF:Collocation：問候inquireafter求見inquirefor查究，調(diào)查inquireinto第45頁/共80頁DR_word_inquire3ask是最常用詞,指為了了解某人或某事而提出問題,請別人解答或向別人打聽消息。例如：CF:他詢問你的電話號碼。Heinquiredyourtelephonenumber.對不起，我能問你一個問題嗎？Excuseme.MayIaskyouaquestion?question指對某事不斷提出問題，以便了解詳細(xì)情況。例如：警察審訊嫌疑人。Thesuspectwasquestionedbythepolice.第46頁/共80頁Hetooktheinitiativeinorganizingapartyafterhisbrother’swedding.DR_word_initiativeinitiative:n.1)abilitytomakedecisionsandtakeaction

withoutthehelpofothers首創(chuàng)精神Ifyoushowthatyouhaveinitiative,youwillsoonerorlaterbepromoted.Theworkersareabletosolvetheproblemontheirowninitiative.2)usedinthephrase“taketheinitiative”:bethefirstpersontotakeactiontoimproveasituationorrelationship,esp.whenotherpeoplearewaitingforsb.elsetodosth.(采取主動；帶頭)第47頁/共80頁DR_word_raterate:n.Theworld’sforestsaredisappearingatanevenfasterratethanexpertshavethought.value,cost,speed,etc.measuredbyitsrelationtosomeotheramount比率Thebirthrateisthenumberofbirthscomparedtothenumberofthepeople.出生率是出生數(shù)與人口數(shù)之比。2)ofthe(numbered)qualityafirst-rateperformer;asecond-ratecomic第48頁/共80頁DR_word_ensureensure:vt.makesure;guarantee保證：確保我不能確保他能及時到這兒。Ican’tensurethathewillbehereintime.Thenewtreatywillensurepeace.第49頁/共80頁DR_word_informed1informed:adj.knowingthings;havingalltheinformation有知識的；了解情況的；明智的隨時告訴我新的發(fā)展。Keepmeinformedoffreshdevelopment.He’sawell-informedman.這些詞都有“把某消息或某件事傳達給別人”的意思。inform

向某人傳遞信息,特別適用于告知所發(fā)生的情況或有關(guān)資料（可以用于上級對下級，也可以用于下級對上級的通知）。例如：inform,tell&instructCF:第50頁/共80頁DR_word_informed2tell最通用，最不正式。指把某事告訴某人。例如：CF:我剛接到母校的一封信，通知我說我的老校長雷金納德·佩奇先生將于下星期退休。Ihavejustreceivedaletterfrommyoldschoolinformingmethatmyformerheadmaster,Mr.ReginaldPage,willberetiringnextweek.Glancingatherscornfully,hetoldherthatthedresswassold.他輕蔑地看了她一眼，告訴她說那件衣服賣掉了。第51頁/共80頁DR_word_informed3instruct較正式，意為“指示（一般用于上級對下級），通知”。例如：CF:編輯立即給這位記者發(fā)了一份電報，叫他查明臺階的準(zhǔn)確數(shù)目以及圍墻的高度。Theeditoratoncesentthejournalistatelegraminstructinghimtofindouttheexactnumberofstepsandtheheightofthewall.第52頁/共80頁DR_word_steadysteady:adj.1)constant;regularinmovement平穩(wěn)的；穩(wěn)定的Thegovernment’spolicieshavebroughtaperiodofsteadyeconomicgrowthwithfallingunemployment.Therehasbeenasteadygrowthintheindustry.2)firm牢固的Usingtherazorrequiresasteadyhand.第53頁/共80頁Onthebasisthatrecognizingtheproblemishalfwaytoasolution,weshouldpaymuchattentiontohiscomments.DR_word_basis1basis:(pl.bases)n.

Thewritingisfullofargumentsthathaveafirmbasis.1)factsorideasfromwhichsth.canbedeveloped;foundation(usu.usedasasingularnoun,followedby

foror

of)基礎(chǔ)；底部2)circumstancethatprovidesareasonforsomeactionoropinion(usu.followedbyofor

that-clause)

基于…Whatisthebasisforyouropinion?第54頁/共80頁basis

多用于比喻，指信念、議論等的根據(jù)。例如：DR_word_basis2basis,base&foundation

這些詞都有“基礎(chǔ)，根基”的意思CF:Onthebasisofoursalesforecasts,wemaybegintomakeaprofitnextyear.基于我們售貨的預(yù)測，我們明年將開始賺錢。Charitytowardothersisthebasisofherphilosophy.慈善待人是她人生觀的基點。第55頁/共80頁DR_word_basis3base多用于指有形的或具體的基地或根基，尤指軍事或工業(yè)方面的基地。例如：CF:Wepicnickedatthebaseofthemountain.我們在山腳下野餐。Thelampstandsonacircularbase.那盞燈由圓形底座支撐。foundation

強調(diào)基礎(chǔ)的穩(wěn)固與堅牢，可用于比喻。例如：Thosethoughtsrockedherassurancetoitsfoundations.那些想法從根本上動搖了她的信念。Thehugelorriesshockthehousetoitsfoundations.大卡車駛過，連屋基都震動了。第56頁/共80頁DR_word_lieinliein:existorbefoundin(sth.)在于Therootofalltheseeventslayinhistory.這部戲劇令人感興趣的地方在于它提出了一些婚姻方面的問題。Theplay’sinterestliesinthequestionsitraisesaboutmarriage.第57頁/共80頁DR_word_intermsofintermsof:asregards(sth.);expressedas(sth.)依據(jù)；按照；在…方面；以百分?jǐn)?shù)回答這個問題。Givetheanswerintermsofapercentage.Intermsofsalary,thejobisterrible.第58頁/共80頁DR_word_tendtend:1.vi.belikelytohappenorhaveaparticularcharacteristicoreffect傾向；趨向Somepeopletendtogetuplateratweekends.物價正在上漲。Pricesaretendingupwards.2.vt.watchover;attendto照料；照顧shepherdstendingtheirflockstendthesickandwounded第59頁/共80頁DR_word_preciseprecise:adj.Wewillneverknowtheprecisedetailsofhisdeath.他是個非常謹(jǐn)慎的人。Heisaverypreciseman.2)takingcaretobeexactandnottomakeerrors謹(jǐn)慎的1)Exact精確的Ourtrainleavesatabouthalfpastten,or—tobeprecise—10:33.第60頁/共80頁DR_word_grasp1grasp:1.v.1)understandThisisaconceptweintheWestfinddifficulttograsp.2)seizefirmly

Thedrowningmangraspedtherope.貪得無厭的人可能毫無所得。Amanwhograspsattoomuchmayloseeverything.第61頁/共80頁DR_word_grasp22.n.powerofgraspingSuccessiswithinhergrasp.這個作品我看不懂。Thisworkisbeyondmygrasp.第62頁/共80頁DR_word_sufficientsufficient:adj.$30shouldbesufficientforanewpairofshoes.有足夠的證據(jù)證明他是有罪的。Therewassufficientevidencetoprovethathewasguilty.enough第63頁/共80頁DR_word_conveyconvey:vt.Thistrainconveysbothpassengersandgoods.1)make(ideas,feelings,etc.)knowntoanother我無法用言語表達我的感情。Ican’tconveymyfeelingsinwords.Thispicturewillconveytoyousomeideaofthebeautyofthescenery.這幅畫可將那處風(fēng)景的美麗向你傳達一二。2)take;carry

第64頁/共80頁DR_word_putacross1putacross:causetobeunderstood他非常善于表達自己的意見。He’sverygoodatputtinghisideasacross.Goodteachersaretheoneswhoareabletoputthingsacrosswell.第65頁/共80頁DR_word_putacross2Collocation：儲存（錢、時間）；把…放在一邊putaside提出（意見、建議）putforward花費，付出（時間、精力等）putin

阻止；推遲putoff穿上puton

熄滅putout為…接通電話putthrough忍受putupwith第66頁/共80頁proportion:n.Alargeproportionofthedolphinsinthatareawilleventuallydiebecauseofwaterpollution.1)partofagrouporanamount2)relationofonethingtoanotherinquantity,

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