托福TPO19閱讀原文+題目+答案解析-Succession,Climax,andEcosystems

千里之行，始于第2頁(yè)/共2頁(yè)精品文檔推薦托福TPO19閱讀原文+題目+答案解析-Succession,Climax,andEcosystems為了關(guān)心更多的托?？忌鷤冞M(jìn)行備考，特整理了關(guān)于托福TPO閱讀部分，托福TPO是托福考生的必備資料，涵蓋了歷年考試的大量題型，關(guān)心考生們提上升效備考效率。下面一起來(lái)看看托福TPO19閱讀原文+題目+答案解析-Succession,Climax,andEcosystems。

托福TPO19閱讀原文+題目+答案解析-Succession,Climax,andEcosystems

1.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingisacriticismofClementsviewofsuccession?

A.TheprinciplesofsuccessionaremorelawlikethanClementsthoughttheyare.

B.MoreevidenceisneededtoestablishClements’predictionsaboutsuccession.

C.Thedetailsofsuccessionareaffectedbyrandomprocesses.

D.Manyofthefactorsthatdeterminewhichplantswillgrowinanenvironment,suchasthenatureofthesoilandtheexposuretosun,donotchangeatall.

正確答案：C

題目解析：

C本段較短，可以快速掃完，也可以用人名和succession做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最終一句，說(shuō)許多因素都可以影響succession，所以正確答案是C。D提到了manyfactors，但change是原文沒(méi)說(shuō)的，錯(cuò);A的比較原文沒(méi)說(shuō)，錯(cuò);B是最具有迷惑性的選項(xiàng)，由于原文說(shuō)沒(méi)有被證明，也就是已經(jīng)建立了只是沒(méi)證明，但B說(shuō)需要更多證據(jù)來(lái)建立Clemens的猜測(cè)，也就是沒(méi)建立，而且猜測(cè)也不對(duì)，所以A錯(cuò)。

2.Theword“substantiated”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.confirmed

B.noticed

C.defined

D.publicized

正確答案：A

題目解析：

Asubstantiate:證明，確認(rèn)。A是確證;B是發(fā)覺(jué);C是定義;D是宣揚(yáng)。所以正確答案是A的confirm。

3.Theword“trend”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.probability

B.picture

C.lawlikeregularity

D.tendency

正確答案：D

題目解析：

D,trend:趨勢(shì)。A是可能性;B是圖片，景色;C是想法律一樣的規(guī)章性;D是趨勢(shì)。所以D的tendency正確。

4.Theword“l(fā)ikewise”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.sometimes

B.similarly

C.apparently

D.consequently

正確答案：B

題目解析：

Blikewise:同樣地，此外。A是有時(shí)候;相像的;明顯的;因此，結(jié)果。所以B的similarly是正確答案。

5.Theword“l(fā)egitimately”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.commonly

B.broadly

C.properly

D.officially

正確答案：C

題目解析：

C這道題許多同學(xué)誤選D.其實(shí)，Cproperly更好。前句說(shuō)一些學(xué)者接受Clements，對(duì)于climax的concept,但拒絕C對(duì)于climax作為superorganism特征的概括。然后做了一個(gè)對(duì)比區(qū)分。Anantcolonymaybelegitimatelycalledasuperorganism….Butthereisnoevidenceforsuchaninteractingcommunicativenetworkinaclimaxplantformation.這個(gè)對(duì)比區(qū)分的是兩個(gè)范疇，動(dòng)物的和植物的。假如把legitimately理解為officially,formally,應(yīng)當(dāng)只舉一個(gè)植物范疇的例子，構(gòu)成“正式、官方、權(quán)威”和實(shí)際狀況的轉(zhuǎn)折?，F(xiàn)在是兩個(gè)范疇的對(duì)比，應(yīng)當(dāng)理解成：一個(gè)領(lǐng)域“合理，有道理，正確”，另外一個(gè)領(lǐng)域“沒(méi)有證據(jù)，沒(méi)有道理”

6.Accordingtoparagraph4,whydomanyauthorsprefertheterm“association”to“community”whendescribingaclimaxplantformation?

A.Becausetheterm“association”doesnotsuggestthepresenceofatightnetworkinvolvinginteractivecommunication.

B.Becausetheterm“association”indicatesthatthegroupingisnotnecessarilybeneficialtoallmembers.

C.Becausetheterm“community”indicatescontinuingdynamicdevelopmentthataclimaxformationdoesnothave.

D.Becausetheterm“community”suggestsanorganizationthathasbeendesignedforaspecificpurpose

正確答案：A

題目解析：

A細(xì)節(jié)題題，先讀修辭點(diǎn)所在（句子），inorderto告知你這句話中就含有目的了，將inorderto后面的內(nèi)容讀了就找到答案，原句說(shuō)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)這種互動(dòng)的松散性，許多更情愿使用association，原文都說(shuō)了是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)松散性，所以答案是A，不存在緊的network。B的beneficialtoallmembers，C的dynamicdevelopment和D的specificpurpose原文都沒(méi)說(shuō)。

7.Inparagraph5,theauthorchallengestheideaofa“biome”bynotingthat

A.thereareusuallynoverystrongconnectionsamongtheplantsandanimalslivinginaplace

B.plantsandanimalsrespondinthesamewaytothesamecircumstances

C.particularcombinationsoffloraandfaunadonotgenerallycomeaboutpurelybychance

D.someanimalsaredependentonspecifickindsofplantsforfood

正確答案：A

題目解析：

A以biome做關(guān)鍵詞定位至其次句，由于這句只是給出了biome的概念，沒(méi)有challenge，所以往下看，下句說(shuō)盡管有些動(dòng)物與植物的關(guān)系是緊密的，但還是不能說(shuō)biome，比如他們之間沒(méi)有internalcohesion，所以答案是A，動(dòng)植物之間沒(méi)有緊密關(guān)系。B和C原文都沒(méi)講;D的food原文也沒(méi)說(shuō)，而且D也不是challenge上文提到的概念的，所以不對(duì)。

8.Whydoestheauthormakethestatement,“Indeed,therearevastareasofspruceforestwithoutmoose”?

A.TohighlightafactwhosesignificancetheecologistHerbertGleasonhadmissed

B.Toproposetheideathataspruceforestisbyitselfasuperorganism

C.Toemphasizethatmoosearenotlimitedtoasinglekindofenvironment

D.Tocriticizetheideaofaspruce-moosebiome

正確答案：D

題目解析：

D修辭目的題，修辭點(diǎn)就是一個(gè)句子，所以看前一句，前句說(shuō)spruce種群不受moose是否存在的影響，依舊還是一個(gè)例子，所以看中心句，留意這段文字的中心句不是第一句，而是上一題中提到的其次句，說(shuō)spruce-moosebiome是不對(duì)的，所以答案是D。

9.Theword“initiated”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.approved

B.identified

C.started

D.foreseen

正確答案：C

題目解析：

Cinitiate:開(kāi)頭，首創(chuàng)。A是同意;B是核實(shí);C是開(kāi)頭;D是預(yù)見(jiàn)。所以正確答案是C的started。

10.Accordingtoparagraph5,Gleason’soppositiontotheClementsianviewsofplantecologywasbasedontheclaimthatplantspeciesgrowinplaceswhere

A.theycanenterintomutuallybeneficialrelationshipswithotherspecies

B.conditionssuitthem,regardlessofwhetherparticularotherspeciesarepresent

C.habitatsareavailableforawidevarietyofplantandanimalspecies

D.theirrequirementsaremet,andthoseofmostotherspeciesarenot

正確答案：B

題目解析：

B以Christian和species做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最終兩句，倒數(shù)其次句說(shuō)反對(duì)，最終一句說(shuō)反對(duì)的緣由，物種的分布取決于環(huán)境，只是自身生態(tài)學(xué)的結(jié)果。也就是跟其他物種無(wú)關(guān)，所以答案是B。既然說(shuō)跟其他物種無(wú)關(guān)，A和D就不對(duì)，C也說(shuō)了大量物種，與原文不同。

11.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.Unliketheterms“climax”,“biome,”and“superorganism,”whichrefertotheparticularassociationofplantsandanimalsatagivenlocation,theterm“ecosystem”refersspecificallytothephysicalfactorswithinanenvironment.

B.Theterms“climax,”“biome,”“superorganism,”and“ecosystem”allrefertothesystemofplantsandanimalsinanassociatedenvironment,butsomearemorecontroversialthanothers.

C.Whentheoldertermsofecologybecametootechnical,theywerereplacedbythemorepopularandmorewidelyusedterm“ecosystem.”

D.Theterm“ecosystem”graduallyreplaceddiscreditedtermsforthecombinationofaphysicalenvironmentandtheplantsandanimalslivingtogetherinit.

正確答案：D

題目解析：

D原句當(dāng)中的with結(jié)構(gòu)是非主要成分，主要成分是：采納了ecosystem形容生物和環(huán)境的associatedsystem，正確答案D。A的后半句錯(cuò)，eco不是單只physicalfactor，而是系統(tǒng);B和C都錯(cuò)在將原句的主干和非主干混合，不選。

12.Accordingtoparagraph6,whatdidecologistsmainlystudywhentheecosystemconceptwasthedominantparadigm?

A.Thephysicalfactorspresentindifferentenvironments

B.Thetypicalactivitiesofanimalsandtheeffectofthoseactivitiesonplants

C.Theratesatwhichecosystemschangedfromonekindtoanother

D.Theflowofenergyandmatterthroughecosystems

正確答案：D

題目解析：

D，以ecologist做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最終一句，說(shuō)生態(tài)學(xué)家最關(guān)注的是特定生態(tài)系統(tǒng)里物質(zhì)與能量的傳遞及其速率，所以答案是D。A和B都沒(méi)說(shuō)，C的rate原文有說(shuō)，但原文說(shuō)的是物質(zhì)和能量傳遞的速率，不是答案說(shuō)的ecosystem轉(zhuǎn)變的速率，所以C錯(cuò)。

13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Theymaybemoreinterestedinresearching,forexample,theadaptationsthatsomeaquaticanimalsundergotosurviveindrydesertenvironments..

正確答案：C

題目解析：

C兩個(gè)過(guò)渡點(diǎn)，代詞they和名詞adaption，從名詞adaption可以得出B或者C正確;代詞they指的是倒數(shù)其次句中的youngerecologists，所以they應(yīng)當(dāng)放在名詞之后，所以B錯(cuò)C對(duì)。

14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisproviedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Thestudyofthecombinationofplantspeciesthatinhabitaparticularlocalitybecameascientificdisciplinetowardtheendofthenineteenthcentury.

A.Areasthatarerecoveringfromseriousdisturbanceslikevolcaniceruptionsandheavyfloodsprovidespecialopportunitiestoobservethedevelopmentofplantcommunities.

B.Whetheragivenspecieswillbefoundinagivenecosystemstronglydependsonwhatotherspeciesitwouldinteractwithinthatecosystem.

C.Computer-aidedstudiesofentiresystemofassociatedorganismstogetherwiththeirenvironmentprovideasolidbasisforcurrentstudiesofspecificecologicalproblems.

D.Accordingtotheearliesttheoriesofecology,thedevelopmentofplantcommunitiesproceedsinlawlikefashionandresultsinstableclimaxcommunities.

E.Theideaofassociationsofplantsandanimalsthatfunctionas“superorganisms”waslaterrejectedbybiologistswhosawnostrongevidenceinsupportofthatidea.

F.Theoncepopularideaofcommunitiesasintegratedecosystemshasbeenlargelyrejectedbymodernecologists,whoaremoreinterestedinproblemsinvolvingbehaviorandadaptations.

正確答案：DEF

題目解析：

D.E.FAreas選項(xiàng)MS是第一段中的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，但供應(yīng)討論機(jī)會(huì)原文完全沒(méi)講，不選。Whether選項(xiàng)與第五段的最終一句相反，不選.Computer選項(xiàng)與第七段第三句說(shuō)反，而且即使說(shuō)對(duì)也是個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，不選.According選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文其次和第三段的首句，正確.Theidea選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第四段其次句，正確.Theonce選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第七段第一句，正確.

新托福閱讀背景學(xué)問(wèn)：麥克米蘭方案

TheMcMillanPlan

Asthecityapproacheditscentennial;therewasacalltodevelopacomprehensiveparksystemforthecity.Asearlyas1898,acommitteewasformedtomeetwithPresidentWilliamMcKinleytoproposetheerectionofamonumenttocommemoratethecentennialofthecity.AjointcommitteeformedbyCongresshelditsfirstmeetinginFebruary1900withSenatorJamesMcMillanofMichiganaschairman,andCharlesMooreassecretary.Atthesametime,planswereputforwardforthedevelopmentofaMallwhichwouldincludethenewlyreclaimedPotomacFlats.Asthebureaucracyplannedforthecentennial,theAmericanInstituteofArchitects(AIA)joinedthefray.AIAleadersenvisionedthenationscapitalastheperfectplaceforthegrouptoexpresstheidealsoftheCityBeautifulmovementpromotedbythe1893WorldsColumbianExpositioninChicago.ThearchitectofthispivotalfairdesignedBeauxArtsClassicalarchitectureinagrandandorderedcivicspace.

WhentheSenateCommissionwasformedin1901toexploreandplanthedesignofthecity,theprojectthenencompassedthehistoriccore.TheillustriouscommitteewascomprisedofDanielBurnham,avisionaryoftheWorldsColumbianExposition,aswellaslandscapearchitectFrederickLawOlmsted,Jr.,architectCharlesF.McKim,andsculptorAugustusSt.Gardens.

ForemostinthemindsofthesemenwastheamazingforesightandgeniusofPierreLEnfant.ThecommitteelamentedthefragmentedMallmarredbyarailroadstationandfocuseduponrestoringittotheuninterruptedgreenswardenvisionedbyLEnfant.Intotal,theforward-lookingplansmadebytheMcMillanCommissioncalledfor:re-landscapingtheceremonialcore,consistingoftheCapitolGroundsandMall,includingnewextensionswestandsouthoftheWashingtonMonument;consolidatingcityrailwaysandalleviatingat-gradecrossings;clearingslums;designingacoordinatedmunicipalofficecomplexinthetriangleformedbyPennsylvanianAvenue,15thStreet,andtheMall,andestablishingacomprehensiverecreationandparksystemthatwouldpreservetheringofCivilWarfortificationsaroundthecity.

ToprotectthenewgoalsintroducedbytheMcMillanstudy,theAIAappealedtoPresidentTheodoreRoosevelttoformafineartscommission.EstablishedbyCongressin1910duringtheTaftAdministration,theCommissionofFineArts(CFA)wascreatedasaconsultingorganizationtothegovernmentonthedesignofbridges,parks,paintings,andotherartisticmatters;anexecutiveorderlaterthatyearaddedthedesignreviewofallpublicbuildings.

InfluencedbythedesignsofseveralEuropeancitiesand18thcenturygardenssuchasFrancesPalaceofVersailles,theplanofWashington,DCwassymbolicandinnovativeforthenewnation.Onlylimitedchangesweremadetothehistoriccity-boundedbyFloridaAvenueonthenorthandthewaterwaysontheeast,westandsouth-untilaftertheCivilWar.TheforemostmanipulationofL’Enfantplanbeganinthe19thcentury,andwascodifiedin1901whentheMcMillanCommissiondirectedurbanimprovementsthatresultedinthemostelegantexampleofCityBeautifu