2022“外研社國才杯”全國英語閱讀大賽樣題

2022“外研社國才杯”全國英語閱讀大賽樣題賽題分值說明：線上初賽：題型僅為客觀題,即ReadandKnow,ReadandReason,ReadandQuestion三個模塊，共40題，答題時間為110分鐘，滿分100分。第1-3題每題1分，第4-9題每題2分，第10題5分，第11-30題每題3分，第31()題每題2分。省級決賽和全國決賽:題型包含客觀題和主觀題，即ReadandKnow,ReadandReason,ReadandQuestion,ReadandCreate四個模塊，共41題，答題時間為150分鐘，滿分100分。第1-3題每題1分，第4-9題每題2分，第10題5分，第11-30題每題1.5分，第31-40題每題2分，第41題30分。ReadandKnow模塊考查選手的閱讀廣廝口基5岀閱讀技能.ReadandReason模塊考查選手對不同體裁^題材短篇文本的閱讀能力以及閱讀邏輯,ReadandQuestion模塊考查選手對跨語篇較長文本的綜合信息處理和判斷能力,ReadandCreate模塊考査選手基于閱讀理解的寫作輸出能力。注：本樣題僅供了解大賽題型，文末附有參考答案。查看更多大賽真題，請見備賽數(shù)字課程《閱讀大靈真題一2()21》oPartIReadandKnow

InPartI,youwillreadshorttextsofvariouskinds.Readtheinstructionscarefullyandanswerthequestions.(Suggestedcompletiontime:20minutes)Questions1-3(Suggestedcompletiontime:3minutes) !A.JohnLocke !A.JohnLocke?B.Archimedes[C.AristotlejD.ImmanuelKant!E.SteveJobs 1.Givemealeverlongenoughandafulcrumonwhichtoplaceit,andIshallmovetheworld. 2.Moralityisnotthedoctrineofhowwemaymakeourselveshappy,buthowwemaymakeourselvesworthyofhappiness. 3.Youcan'tconnectthedotslookingforward;youcanonlyconnectthemlookingbackwards.Soyouhavetotrustthatthedotswillsomehowconnectinyourfuture.Question4(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Toensurethehighstandardsoffacilitiesweneedtobuildnewwards,laboratoriesandconsultingrooms.Inshort,weneedyourhelpnow,Completethecoupontodayandrestassuredthatyourdonationisgoingto(hebestpossiblecause.Whereisthepieceoftexttakenfrom?anadvertisementaninstructionbookletastoryanewspaperQuestion5(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Fewcornersoftheworldremainuntaintedbyintrepidtourists,andtheirimpactisoftendevastating.Toofrequentlytheytrampleheedlesslyonfragileenvironments,displacingwildlifeandlocalpopulationsintheirinsatiablequestforunexploredlocations.Whatisthebesttitleforthistext?TlieFutureofTourismTheRoleofTourismThePriceofTourismTlieBenefitsofTourismQuestion6(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingto(hetext.WithE-booksalesincreasingbymorethan300%forthesecondyear,publishersdeliveringnewrevenuestreamsthroughE-bookApps,andacademicpublisherslonghavingderivedsome90%oftheirrevenueonline,itisatravestytodescribeallthisasthepublishingworldbeing"indenial"aboutdigital.Whatisthemainideaof(histext?PublishersaremakingprofitsfromE-booksales.Notallpublishersarethreatenedbydigitalstorms.E-booksbecomeamainsourceofrevenuefbrpublishers.Traditionalpublishingindustryisdyingout.Question7(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthe(exlandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Withourtravelagency,theholidayyoubookistheholidayyouget.Ifyouarriveandfindwe'vefailedtoliveuptoourpromises,letusknowwhattheproblemiswithinonedayofyourarrival.We'llspend24hoursdoingeverythingpossibletosorttheproblemout.In(heunlikelyeventthatwecan'tresolveyourproblemandmakeyouhappywithin24hours,we'llflyyouhomeandgiveyourmoneyback.Thetextcouldbestbedescribedas .acommitmentanappealawarningavowQuestion8(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Thenewdigitalcamerasaregreatfunandveryeasytouse.Theyletyoureviewyourpicturesthemomentyoutakethem,soyoucanre-shootrightawayifyou'renotsatisfied.Butremember,adigitalcameraisjustacomputerXXXX.It'snotareplacementfbryourordinarycamera.WhatisthemeaningofthemissingwordXXXXinthetext?"somethingthatispoorquality""anitemthatisnotessential,somethingextra""somethingexpensivebutgoodvaluefbrmoney""afashionwhichalwaysremainspopular"Question9(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Shehadgonealone,butthechildrenweretogotothestationtomeether.Andlovingthestationastheydid,itwasonlynaturalthattheyshouldbethereagoodhourbeforetherewasanychanceofMother'strainarriving,evenifthe(rainwerepunctual,whichwasmostunlikely.Whatcanyousayabouttheirmother'strain?

Itwouldprobablybeearly.Itwouldprobablybeontime.Itwouldprobablybelate.Ithadbeencancelled.Question10(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)Directions:Thebarchartshowsthenumberandproportionofundernourishedpeopleinthedevelopingregions,from1990-1992to2014-2016.Answerthequestionaccordingtotheinfonnationinthechart.Numberandproportionofundernourishedpeopleinthedevelopingregions,from1990-1992to2014-2016MillionsPercentageMillions1,200--2523.31X)00--20800--15600--K)400200-17315.0940192719.718.39911"192613.71112.98431,200--2523.31X)00--20800--15600--K)400200-17315.0940192719.718.39911"192613.71112.984317931780■Leftaxis:numberofundernourishedpeople?Rightaxis:proportionofundernourishedpeople▲Rightaxis:2015targetSource:TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDG)Report2015ChoosetheINCORRECTdescriptionaboutthechart.Thelatestestimatessuggestthatnearlyoneinnineindividualsdonothaveenoughtoeatbetween2014and2016.Projectionsindicatethatthe2015MDGtargetisnearlyreached,with12.9percentofundernourishedpopulation.Thesituationnoticeablyimprovedduringtheyears1995-1999,butwentdowninthefirstfiveyearsofthenewmillennium.Theproportionofundernourishedpeopleinthedevelopingregionshasfallenbyalmosthalfsince1990.PartIIReadandReasonInPartII,youwillreadshorttextsondifferentsubjects.Readtheinstructionscarefullyandanswerthequestionsbasedonlogicalinferenceandreasoning.(Suggestedcompletiontime:55minutes)Question11(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)Directions:Readthefollowingdefinitionofalogicalfallacy.Answer(hequestionaccordingtothedefinition.z \PoisoningtheWellPoisoningthewellisarhetoricaltechniqueandlogicalfallacywhereadverseinformationaboutatargetispreemptivelypresentedtoanaudience,withtheintentionofdiscreditingorridiculingeverythingthatthetargetpersonisabouttosay.Itusestheassociationofnegativeemotionstodistractasubjectfromactualevidenceinanargument. .V 丿Whichofthefollowingprovidesatypicalexampleofpoisoningthewell?That'smystanceonfundingtheeducationsystem,andanyonewhodisagreeswithmehateschildren.Youaresoweird.Thatmeans—weareprettymuchsure—thatyourwholefamilyisweird,too.GodexistsbecausetheBiblesaysso.TheBibleisinspired.Therefore,weknowthatGodexists.

Idon'tcarewhatyousay.Wedon'tneedanymorebookshelves.Aslongasthecarpetisclean,wearefine.Question12(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)Directions:Lookatthefollowingpictureandthenanswerthequestion.'IHAVENEVERSttNfOODtHMISNOiCIRU.E-STO*1HMNEVERSEENKJODtHAtfillfOOOISIHtlKfOREDOtSNOtHWEVfiftK州郵：DEflNHEIVCIftClE-SHArarWhichofthefollowinglogicalfallaciesdoesthepictureillustrate?FalseDilemma:anargumentthatpresentsalimitedsetoftwopossiblecategoriesandassumesthateverythinginthescopeofthediscussionmustbeanelementofthatsetGuiltbyAssociation:afallacyusedtodiscreditanargumentforproposinganideathatissharedbysomesociallydemonizedindividualorgroupNoTrueScotsman:anargumentcomingupaftersomeonehasmadeageneralclaimaboutagroupofthingsandthenbeenpresentedwithevidencechallengingthatclaimHastyGeneralization:afallacycommittedwhenoneformsaconclusionfromasamplethatiseithertoosmallortoospecialtoberepresentativeQuestions13-14Reasoning(Suggestedcompletiontime:10minutes)Manypeoplereportthatexposuretocertainfoodsanddrinkssuchascheese,chocolate,andredwine,isassociatedwiththeonsetofmigraineheadaches.Otherpeoplereportthatexposuretocertainsmells(especiallystrongperfumes)seemstotriggeramigraineheadache,andsomenotethatexposuretobrightandflickeringlightscanbefollowedbyamigraine.Itwouldseemthatapersonwithatendencytogetmigrainesshouldtrytofindoutwhichofthesesituationsisassociatedwiththeonsetof(heheadacheandthenavoid(hisstimulus.Allofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmaketheaboverecommendationimpracticalexcept:Thetimedelaybetweenthetriggerandtheonsetoftheheadachecanmakeitexceptionallydifficulttoidentifythetrigger.Thepresenceofaknowntriggerdoesn'talwayscauseamigraine.Inahighproportionofcasesthepatientsreportmultipletriggersfortheirheadaches.Mostoftheknowntriggersarecommonandalmostunavoidablefeaturesofmodernlife.Richard:Thenationalbudgetshouldprovidesignificantincreasesinalllevelsofeducationintheupcomingyear.Natalie:That'snotfair.Areductionindefensespendinginpeacetimemaybringusexcessiverisks.Wecan'taffordit.WhichofthefollowingisthebestinterpretationofNatalie'sargument?Fundssavedfromdefensehavebeendivertedtoalllevelsofeducation.Highlightingspendingoneducationdangerouslyimpactsonspendingonthemilitary.Thesizeofthemilitarybudgetreflectsastate'sabilitytofundeducationalactivities.Comparedwithmilitaryspending,investingineducationwillcreateafinancialcrisis.Questions15-17(Suggestedcompletiontime:6minutes)Directions:Readthetextaboutasciencediscovery.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothetext.ManipulatingMemoryMemoryisnotoriouslymalleable.Ourrecollectionsfadeandtakeonnewmeanings;sometimeswerememberthingsthatneverevenhappened.But15.Recently,however,scientistshavestartedtograspandtinkerwithmemory'sphysicalbasis.Lastyear,inworkevocativeoffilmssuchasEternalSunshineoftheSpotlessMindandinception,researchersdiscoveredwaystomanipulatespecificmemoriesinmiceusingoptogenetics,apowerfultechniquethatcantriggernervecellsinanimals'brainsbyzappingthemwithbeamsoflaserlight.Inaseriesofexperiments,theyshowedthattheycoulddeleteexistingmemoriesand"incept"falseones.Thisyear,researcherswentevenfurther:switchingtheemotionalcontentofamemoryinmicefrombadtogoodandviceversa.Underthelaser,forexample,malemicethathadonceassociatedacertainroomwithbeingshockedweretrickedintoactingasthoughtheyhadoncemetfriendlyfemalemicethereinstead.Whetherthemiceintheseexperimentsactuallyexperiencedvividfalsememoriesorjustafuzzysenseofpleasureorfearisunclear.Norisitclearwhetherthefindingsapplytothetricksofmemorysofamiliartopeople.Long-soughttherapeuticadvances,suchastreatmentsforpost-traumaticstressdisorder,couldremainfaroff.Onethingiscertain,however:Onceconsideredbeyondscientificdissection,memoryisfinallystartingtoyielditssecrets.Whichofthefollowingbestfitsthenumberedspaceinthetext?whatisreallyhappeninginourbrainasmemoriesareremodeledremainsmysteriousscientistsarecuriousaboutwhypeopleareoblivioustowhathavehappenedtothemadvancedtechnologyhashelpedscientistsdiscovertheworkingsofourbrainsomescientistsarguethatwhatweobserveabouthumanmemoryisnotwhatitreallyisTheword"incept"isclosestinmeaningto .operatestartdetectoccupyWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?People'sfalsememoriesresultfromtheimpactofdifferentemotionprovokedbylaterexperienceonthesamespot.Thesuccessinresearchindicatesthatitwon'tbelongthatatherapyisworkedoutfbrpeopledisturbedbypainfulmemory.Byzappingthebraincellsofmicewithlight,researchersareabletocreate,erase,oraltertheirmemories,goodorbad.Manyfancyideasinsciencefictionsormoviesthatarebasedonthemactuallydrawgreatlyuponscientificachievement.Questions18-19(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)Directions:Readthetextaboutcholera.DecidewhetherthestatementsareTrueorFalseaccordingtothetext.AchildreceivestheoralcholeravaccineShancholCholeraiscausedbyabacterialinfectionoftheintestine.Approximatelyonein20peopleinfectedwithcholerahasaseriouscase,withsymptomsincludingseverediarrhea,vomiting,andlegcramps.Thesesymptomsquicklycausedehydrationandshock,andcanresultindeathwithinhoursiftheinfectedpersondoesn'treceivetreatment.Choleraistypicallytransmittedbycontaminatedfoodorwater.Inareaswithpoortreatmentofsewageanddrinkingwater,thefecesofpeoplewithcholeracanenterthewatersupplyandspreadquickly,resultinginanepidemic.Thecholerabacteriummayalsoliveintheenvironmentinsomecoastalwaters,soshellfisheatenrawcanbeasourceofcholerainaffectedareas.Choleraisknowntobealife-threateningdiseasewhicheasilycausesdeathofmostofthepatients.True()False()Choleratypicallyoccursinareasneartheseaortheriverwherecontaminatedfoodisamajorsourceofthedisease.True()False()Questions20-21(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)Directions:ReadtheabstractofaresearchpaperfromtheDeepMindwebsite.DecidewhetherthestatementsareTrueorFalseaccordingtotheabstract.TeachingMachinestoReadandComprehendAuthors:K.M.Hermann,T.KoCisky,E.Grefenstette,L.Espeholt,W.Kay,M.Suleyman.P.BlunsomPublished:NIPS2015Abstract:Teachingmachines(oreadnaturallanguagedocumentsremainsanelusivechallenge.MachinereadingsystemscanbetestedontheirabilityCoanswerquestionsposedonthecontentsofdocumentsthattheyhaveseen,butuntilnowlargescaletrainingandtestdatasetshavebeenmissingforthistypeofevaluation.Inthisworkwedefineanewmethodologythatresolvesthisbottleneckandprovideslargescalesupervisedreadingcomprehensiondata.Thisallowsustodevelopaclassofattentionbaseddeepneuralnetworksthatlearntoreadrealdocumentsandanswercomplexquestionswithminimalpriorknowledgeoflanguagestructure.Previousstudiesdidn'ttakeconstantefforttoevaluatethereadingabilityofartificialintelligencemachines,whichwaswhythepresentresearchwasconducted.True()False()Oneimplicationoftheresearchisthatamethodologythathelpsgatherandhandlebigdataisindispensabletoartificialintelligencerelatedstudies.True()False()Questions22-23(Suggestedcompletiontime:6minutes)Directions:Readthetextaboutthe"Thinksmall"advertisingcampaign.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothetext.ThinkSmallThinkimotIfyou'reinterestedinmarketingandadvertising,Volkswagen's"Thinksmall"campaignfortheBeetlewhenitwasfirstintroducedtoNorthAmericain1959loomslargeasoneofthegreatestadvertisingcampaignsofalltime.Itwasn'tjustarevolutioninautomotiveadvertising;itchangedtheentireindustry.UntiltheBeetlehitthemarket,automotivemarketingcopywasfullofbluster,andtheimageswereflightsoffancy,emphasizinglow,longlinesandafantasylifestyle.Theclean,simplephotographyonawhitebackgroundthatemphasizedtheBeetle'scompact,practicalformmayseemcommonplacethesedays,butitwasarevolutioninaworldwhereAmericansgrewupobsessedwithmusclecars,horsepower,andtiresmoke.Making(hecarsmall,whentheconventionwastomakeitfillthepage,wasalsonovel.Thesimplisticapproachtodesignandlayoutwastotallycontrarytotheadvertisingconventionsofthetime. 22 Thetextwasminimalistinbothlookandcontent,presentingthefactssimplyinsteadoftryingtoweavetalltalesandfantasies;andinsteadofbluster,itusheredinanintelligentsenseofhumorthatmadereadersfeelliketheywereinonthejoke.Themessagewasoneofsmartanti-luxury,andtookgentleaimatanindustryobsessedwithsuperficialityandstyling,ratherthanthesubstanceunderneaththecarbodies.Notonlydoes"Thinksmall"continuetoinspireVolkswagenadvertisingtothisday,itusheredinacreativerevolutionintheadvertisingbusinessandchangedtheworldofmarketingforever."Thinksmall"showedthepowerofhumorandhonesty,anditsphotographicanddesignprinciplesbroughtaboutamajorshiftinthelookandfeelofmarketingaroundtheworld.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestfitsthenumberedspaceinthetext?Whatdefinedtheadevenmorethanitsvisualstylewasthetoneofitscopy.Thisadstartsoffdoingtheexactoppositeofwhatyouwouldexpectinacarad.Thiswasanexerciseinminimalismandaveryaccuratereflectionontheproductitself.Tliecarwasn'tdepictedasanintegralpieceofthedailylivesofamiddleclassfamily.23.Itcanbeinferredthattheadvertisingconventionsofthe1950swerereflectedinthefallowingexceptthat .Tlieadsin(he1950stypicallyshowedproudownersandpassengersevokinggreatjoyaboutnewshinybigacquisitions.Themarketingconceptthenfocusedonprovidingasmuchinformationaspossible(othereadersuchasthewayit'screated.Themarketingschemesassociatedtheadvertisedproductwithanideaorawayoflivingfromaverageconsumers'perspective.Themarketingpracticemayattachimportancetoasenseofhumorbroughtbytheuseofexaggeratedlanguage.Questions24-25(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)Directions:Readthefollowingsixremarksconcerningthecrowd.FourofthemaretakenfromGustaveLeBon'sbook,TheCrowd:AStudyofthePopularMind.ChoosethetworemarksthatmayNOTbetakenfromthebook.24-25. TheCrowdIncrowdsitisstupidityandnotmotherwitthatisaccumulated.Crowdsmostenvythelonelymanwhowalksconfidentlyasifheiswalkingwiththegreatcrowds!Acrowdisnotmerelyimpulsiveandmobile.Likeasavage,itisnotpreparedtoadmitthatanythingcancomebetweenitsdesireandtherealizationofitsdesire.Iwalkedwiththem,ascrowdshavethateffectonme.Iwanttodowhattheydo,tojourneytowardssomepointofrevelation,whichofcoursenevercomes.Crowds,beingincapablebothofreflectionandofreasoning,aredevoidofthenotionofimprobability;anditistobenotedthatinageneralwayitis(hemostimprobablethingsthatarethemoststrikingtheindividualformingpartofacrowdacquires,solelyfromnumericalconsiderations,asentimentofinvinciblepowerwhichallowshimtoyieldtoinstinctswhich,hadhebeenalone,hewouldperforcehavekeptunderrestraint.Questions26-28(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)Directions:Readthetextaboutafly.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothetext.TheFlyAtthatmomentthebossnoticedthataflyhadfallenintohisbroadinkpot,andwastryingfeeblybutdesperatelytoclamberoutagain."Help!Help!"saidthosestrugglinglegs.Butthesidesoftheinkpotwerewetandslippery：itfellbackagainandbegantoswim.Thebosstookupapen.pickedtheflyoutoftheink,andshookitontoapieceofblotting-paper.Forafractionofaseconditlaystillonthedarkpatchthatoozedroundit.Thenthefrontlegswaved,tookhold,and,pullingitssmall,soddenbodyup.itbegantheimmensetaskofcleaningtheinkfromitswings.Overandunder,overandunder,wentalegalongawing,asthestonegoesoverandunderthescythe.Thentherewasapause,whilethefly,seemingtostandonthetipsofitstoes,triedtoexpandfirstonewingandthentheother.Itsucceededatlast,and,sittingdown,itbegan,likeaminutecat,tocleanitsface.Nowonecouldimaginethatthelittlefrontlegsrubbedagainsteachotherlightly,joyfully.27WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothetext?Thebosssavedtheflyoutofhisbroadinkpot.Theflywas(rappedbythethickinkonitswings.Thepassagedescribeshowaflysurvivedanaccident.Thepassageshowshowaflyconqueredachallenge.Whichofthefollowingstatementcanbestfitinthenumberedspace?Thehorribledangerwasover;ithadescaped:itwasreadyforlifeagain.Thebosswasrelievednow,reassuredthattheflyhadbeenoutofdanger.Butthefrontlegswaved,caughthold,and,moreslowlythistime,thetaskrestarted.Butsuchagrindingfeelingofwretchednessseizedhim(hathefeltpositivelyfrightened.Thetoneofthetextcanbedescribedasacomplexmixtureofanythingbut .sympathetichumorouscheerfuldepressingQuestions29-30(Suggestedcompletiontime:7minutes)Directions:ReadthetextaboutChacoCulture.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothetext.The"ChacoCulture",asmodern-dayarchaeologistscallit,flourishedbetweenrough】、the9thand13thcenturiesA.D.andwascenteredatChacoCanyoninwhatisnowNewMexico.ThepeopleoftheChacoCulturebuiltimmensestructuresthatattimesencompassedmorethan500rooms.Theyalsoparticipatedinlong-distancetradethatbroughtcacao,macaws(atypeofparrot),turquoiseandcoppertoChacoCanyon.29 ,researchershavetorelyontheartifactsandstructurestheyleftbehind,aswellasoralaccountsthathavebeenpassedonthroughgenerations,toreconstructwhatth^irliveswerelike.ArchaeologistsgenerallyagreethatChacoCanyonwasthecenterofChacoCulture.TodaythecanyonisanationalparkandaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite.TheNationalParkServiceestimatesthatthereareabout4,000archaeologicalsitesinthepark,includingmorethanadozenimmensestructuresthatarchaeologistssometimescall"GreatHouses".Archaeologicalresearchhasrevealedmanydiscoveries,includingasystemofroadsthatconnectedmanyChacoCulturesites,andevidenceofastronomicalalignmentsthatindicatethatsomeChacoCulturestructureswereorientedtowardthesolsticesunandlunarstandstills.“TherehasbeenmorearchaeologicalresearchconductedinChacoandonthesubjectofChacothanonanyotherprehistoricdistrictinNorthAmerica,''saysaNationalParkServicestatementpostedonChacoCultureNationalHistoricalPark'swebsite."Today,twentyPuebloangroupsinNewMexico,aswellastheHopiinArizona,claimChacoastheirancestralhomelandandaretiedtothisplacethroughoraltraditionsandclanlineages.AnumberofNavajoclansarealsoaffiliatedwithChacoansitesthroughtheirtraditionalstories,"theNationalParkServicestatementsays.DespitethefactthattherehasbeenanimmenseamountofarchaeologicalresearchcarriedoutatChacoCanyon,andatotherChacoCulturesitesintheAmericanSouthwest,modem-deyarchaeologistsdisagreeoverwhatthepeopleoftheChacoCulturewerelike.SomearchaeologiststhinkthatthepeopleoftheChacoCulturewerenotpoliticallyunited,whilesomethinktheycontrolledanempirecenteredonChacoCanyon."WhatwasChaco?Opinionsvarywidely,perhapswildly.Interrelationsrangefromavalleyofpeacefulfarmingvillagestothemonumentalcapitalofanempire,"wroteStephenLekson,aprofessorattheUniversityofColoradoBoulder,inanarticlepublishedinthebookTheArchitectureofChacoCanyon,NewMexico(UniversityofUtahPress,2007).LeksonnotedthattherearedifferentinterpretationsamongarchaeologistsastowhattheGreatHouseswere.Somearchaeologistsbelievethattheywerevillagesinhabitedbythousandsofpeople,whileothersthinkthattheywereeliteresidencesthathousedasmallnumberofresidents.Whichofthefollowingbestfitsinthenumberedspaceinthetext?ThepeopleoftheChacoCulturedidnotuseawritingsystemandassuchWhilearchaeologistsarenotcertainwhatcausedthisdramaticpopulationbumpWhenthinkingaboutarchaeologicalsites,wetendtothinkofthemasdeadsilentSinceChaco'snationalmonumentstatusmaynotprotectitfromdevelopmentpressures30.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanweknowfromthetext?ThepeopleoftheChacocultureweregoodatforeigntrade."GreatHouses"werebuiltfromapproximatelythe9thto13thceniuryA.D.MostdescendantsofancientChacopeopleliveinNewMexiconow.ArchaeologistsholddifferentideasabouthowthepeopleoftheChacoCulturelived.PartIIIReadandQuestionInPartHI,youwillreadpassagesonthesamesubject.Youwillberequiredtoidentify*thewriter'spositionandevaluatetheeffectivenessofthewriter'sarguments.(Suggestedcompletiontime:35minutes)Questions31-40(Suggestedcompletiontime:35minutes)Directions:Readthreepassagesaboutfashion.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothepassages.PassageAIt'snotthateasytoanswerthequestion,"whatisfashion?"becauseitmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Fashionisanart.It'sareligion.It'sajob.It'sapeekintoapersonality.It'splayfulness.It'sanescapeoradisguise.Itisafeastfortheeyes.Butultimately.32.FrenchfashiondesignerCocoChaneloncesaid,"Fashionisnotsomethingthatexistsindressesonly.Fashionisinthesky,inthestreet,fashionhastodowithideas,thewaywelive,whatishappening."It'strue.Fashionisn'tdefinedsolelybyourclothingchoices,butisalsoconveyedthroughthewaywecarryourselves,ourpersonalitiesandourviewsoftheworld.Atitsmostfundamental,fashionissimplytheprevailingstyleorcustom,asindressorbehavior.So,whoexactlyanswersthequestion"whatisfashion"?Whodecideswhat'sfashionableandwhatisn't?What'sinorwhat'sout?FashionDesigners.Theiconicfashionhouses—Prada.Gucci,Chanel—arereferredtoashautecouture,Frenchfor"highsewing".Thesedesignersleadthewayincreatingtrend-settingfashion.Whilesomeoftheirdesignsareoutrageousandcompletelyunrealisticwhenitcomestoeverydaywear,generallythethemeisadaptedintoversionssuitableforwearing.Media.Fashiontrendsareoftensparkedbycharactersonpopulartelevisionshowsandmoviesaswellasadoptedfrommagazinepages."SexandtheCity","TheDevilWearsPrada",theseshowsintroducedustonew,cutting-edgedesigns.WhileyoumightnotbecaughtdeadwearingaCarrieBradshaworiginal,youmighttakeideasinspiredfromherlookandpiecetogetheryourowncreation.Celebrities.Aprimeexampleofacelebrity-drivenfashiontrend?UGGs.UntilKateHudsonandJessicaSimpsonwerespottedwearingthemaroundL.A.severalyearsago,noonehadgivenanythoughttoUGGboots.Nowtheyareeverywhere.Musicians.Musicianshavealwaysbeenveryinfluentialwhenitcomestodictatingfashion.Rock'n