上海中級(jí)口譯真題(06-10)

上海中級(jí)口譯真題(06-10)2006年9月中級(jí)口譯真題+參考答案英語中級(jí)口譯資格證書第一階段考試SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.Britishpeoplearefarmoresophisticatedaboutbeveragesthantheywere50yearsago.WitnesstheStarbucksrevolutionandyou’llknowwhere___________(1)goes.However,spurredonbyrecentstudiessuggestingthatitcancuttheriskof___________(2)andretardtheagingprocess,teaisenjoyingathenyouhaveteaat11o’clockinthemorning;_____________(12);thenyouhaveteafortea;thenaftersupper;andagainateleveno’clock_____________(13).Youmustnotrefuseanyadditionalcupsofteaunderthe_____________(14):ifitishot;ifitiscold;ifyouare_____________(15);ifyouarenervous;ifyouarewatchingTV;_____________(16);ifyouhavejustreturnedhome;ifyoufeellikeit;ifyoudonotfeellikeit;ifyouhavehadnotea______________(17);ifyouhavejusthadacup.Youdefinitelymustnot______________(18).Isleepatfiveo’clockinthemorning;Ihavecoffeeforbreakfast;Idrinkinnumerable_____________(19)duringtheday;Ihavethe_____________(20)evenattea-time!PartB:ListeningComprehension1.StatementsDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshortstatements.ThesestatementswillbespokenONLYONCE,andyouwillnotfindthemwrittenonthepaper;soyoumustlistencarefully.Whenyouhearastatement,readtheanswerchoicesanddecidewhichoneisclosestinmeaningtothestatementyouhaveheard.ThenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.1.(A)TheprogramonChannelEightremindsmeofTVcommercials.(B)TheproductadvertisedintheTVcommercialcannothelpcuremyillness.(C)Idon’twatchTVthatmuch,becauseoftheomnipresentadvertisements.(D)Ihavetositonthesofa,becauseIamtoosicktostandinfrontofthetelevision.2.(A)Theplanearrivedat7:30.1(B)Theplanearrivedat8:00.(C)Theplanearrivedat9:00.(D)Theplanearrivedat10:00.3.(A)I’llasksomeoneelsetoreadandcheckthisagreementforerrors.(B)I’llthinkmoreabouttheagreementbeforemakingadecision.(C)It’sobviousthatI’lldiscusstheagreementwithmyassistantfirst.(D)It’soutofquestionthatIshouldgetintoanyagreementwithyou.4.(A)Thebettermembersdecidedtocancelthemeeting.(B)Lessthanhalfofthecommitteewasawayonbusinesstrips.(C)It’dbebetterifnoonehadattendedthismorning’scommitteemeeting..(D)Themeetingwascancelledbecauseoflowattendance.5.(A)Supermarketsintheinnercityandthesuburbsareusuallyownedbythesamecompany.(B)Productsingrocerystoresaremoreexpensivethanthoseinsupermarkets.(C)Thereisapricedifferenceforthesameproducteveninshopsrunbythesamecompany.(D)Peopleprefertoshopinsupermarkets,whicharemostlylocatedinthesuburbs,withfreeparkingspace.6.(A)ManyAmericanscannotaffordhighereducationbecauseofthesoaringcollegetuitionfeesandexpenses.(B)SendingtheirchildrentocollegeisnolongerabiggerchallengeformillionsofAmericans.(C)TheAmericangovernmenthassetthegoalthatitwilleventuallystopfundinghighereducationinstitutions.(D)Nowadays,Americanparentshavetopaymoretosendtheirchildrentocollege.7.(A)Formanyuniversitygraduates,thejobstheytakewillnotberelatedtotheiracademicachievements.(B)Becauseofeconomicrecession,thenumberofuniversitystudentsmajoringinliberalartsisdeclining.(C)Universitystudentswhoareinterestedinliberalartswillhavemorejobopportunitiesupongraduation.(D)Withhighunemploymentrate,manyuniversitystudentswillhavetooptfortransferringtoothermajors.8.(A)Goodbusinessnegotiatorswillneverrepeatwhatotherpeoplehavealreadyrestated.(B)Restatingbygoodbusinessnegotiatorsisnotaneffectivewaytochecktheinformation.(C)Goodbusinessnegotiatorsaresometimescuriousaboutotherpeople’srestatements.(D)Restatingwhatothershavesaidisagoodstrategyforconfirmingunderstanding.9.(A)Wecannotreachanagreement,letaloneaspokenpromise.(B)We’dbetterdraftandthensignawrittenagreement.(C)Wegenerallykeepourpromisesinbusinesstransactions.(D)Wehopeyouunderstandwhyweareunabletokeepourpromises.10.(A)Idon’tthinkyouhavemoretosayonthattopic.(B)Ithinkwe’dbettertalkaboutthatindetailsometimelater.(C)Iamtrulyappreciativeifyoucanelaborateonthattopicafterlunch.(D)Iambusyrightnow,sowemightaswelldiscussitoverlunchtoday.2.TalksandConversationsDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshorttalksandconversationsAftereachof2these,youwillhearafewquestions.ListencarefullybecauseyouwillhearthetalkorconversationandquestionsONLYONCE.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourchoicesandchoosethebestanswertothatquestion.ThenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions11—1411.(A)Two(B)Three(C)Four(D)Five12.(A)Aprofit-makingprivateschool.(B)Anon-profit-makingindependentschool.(C)Astateschoolthatisfundedbynon-governmentalsources.(D)AsecondaryschoolthatisopentothemajorityofBritishstudents.13.(A)Manychildrenarenolongerplacedinschoolsaccordingtotheiracademicabilities.(B)Manychildrencanaffordtostudyinprivateschools,astheybecomepartofthestatesystem.(C)Childrenfromwealthyfamiliesnolongerchoosetogoandstudyinpublicschools.(D)Clevererchildrenwillbesenttothebestprivateschoolsinthecountryforabetterdevelopment.14.(A)Cleverandlessbrightchildrenwillmixwellwitheachother.(B)Schoolauthoritieswillreceivemorefundsfromthegovernment.(C)Moststudentswilldowellintheirentranceexaminationforthehighereducation.(D)Everychildwillhaveanequalopportunitytogoontohighereducation.Questions15—1815.(A)Onethatisunabridgedwithdetaileddefinitions.(B)Onethatcontainsfewerwordsandemphasizesonspecialwords.(C)Onethatcontainsabroadrangeofwordsincommonusage.(D)Onethatspansseveralvolumesandhasextensivewordhistories16.(A)TheNewOxfordPictureDictionary(B)TheAmericanHeritageDictionary(C)TheDictionaryofLegalTerms(D)TheDrinkingWaterDictionary17.(A)Itlistsabbreviations,propernouns,andtablesofmeasures.(B)Itisanunabridgededitionprovidingasmanyas500,000entries.(C)Itwasrandomlycompiledandcontainsasmanyforeignwordsaspossible.(D)Itprovidesdetailedinformationoffamouspeopleandplaces.18.(A)Aschooldictionary.(B)Acollegedictionary.(C)Ageneraldictionary.(D)Aspecializeddictionary.Questions19—2219.(A)He’sboughthiswifeapresent.(B)He’smissedanimportantphonecall.(C)He’sdismissedhisnewsecretary.(D)He’spoppedoutshopping.20.(A)Talkingaboutthelatestfashion.(B)Offeringspecialreductions.(C)Givingbiggerdiscountstofemalecustomers.(D)Pressingonthecustomertomakeadecision.21.(A)Upsidedownandinsideout.(B)Insideoutandbacktofront.(C)Withitssleevesastrouserlegs.(D)Withitspatternupsidedown.22.(A)AV-neckedpulloverwithshortsleeves.3(B)Ahigh-neckedpulloverwithlongsleeves.(C)Awhitepulloverwithapattern.(D)Abluepulloverwithahighneck.Questions23—2623.(A)Thatofacreator.(B)Thatofare-creator.(C)Thatofareceiver.(D)Thatofaperformer.24.(A)Becauseweneedtoconcentrateforourquietthought.(B)Becausewewanttogivefullattentiontothedriving.(C)Becausewetrytoavoidbeingcaughtbythepatrollingpolice.(D)Becauseweintendtobeascasualaspossibleinthedriving.25.(A)Intheelevator.(B)Inthecar.(C)Inthebathroom.(D)Inthechurch.26.(A)Byperceptiveandanalyticallistening.(B)Bytakingasonicbath.(C)Byattendingclassicalconcerts.(D)Bylisteningtoanemotionalpieceofmusic.Questions27—3027.(A)Hisgrandfather’shouse.(B)Hisparents’remarks.(C)Amagazine.(D)Acoursebook.28.(A)Enjoyingvisitingzoos.(B)Drivingacar.(C)Makingmoney.(D)Takingkidstoamuseum.29.(A)Itdiedafewyearsago.(B)Itkilledseveraltourists.(C)Itisonlyalegend.(D)Itisalivingdinosaur.30.(A)Noonehasprovidedanaccuratedescriptionoftheanimal.(B)Nodeadbodiesoftheanimalhaveeverbeenfound.(C)Thereareonly500specieslivinginLochNess.(D)Thelakeisnotdeepenoughforsuchahugeanimal.PartC:ListeningandTranslation1.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear5sentencesinEnglish.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachsentence,translateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)2.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear2passagesinEnglish.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachpassage,translateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.(1)(2)4SECTION2:STUDYSKILLS(45minutes)Directions:Inthissection,youwillreadseveralpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsbasedonitscontent.YouaretochooseONEbestanswer,(A),(B),(C)or(D),toeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1—5ThepurposeoftheAmericancourtsystemistoprotecttherightsofthepeople.AccordingtoAmericanlaw,ifsomeoneisaccusedofacrime,heorsheisconsideredinnocentuntilthecourtprovesthatthepersonisguilty.Inotherwords,itistheresponsibilityofthecourttoprovethatapersonisguilty.Itisnottheresponsibilityofthepersontoprovethatheorsheisinnocent.Inordertoarrestaperson,thepolicehavetobereasonablysurethatacrimehasbeencommitted.Thepolicemustgivethesuspectthereasonswhytheyarearrestinghimandtellhimhisrightsunderthelaw.Thenthepolicetakethesuspecttothepolicestationto“book”him.“Bookingmeansthatthenameofthepersonandthechargesagainsthimareformallylistedatthepolicestation.Thenextstepisforthesuspecttogobeforeajudge.Thejudgedecideswhetherthesuspectshouldbekeptinjailorreleased.Ifthesuspecthasnopreviouscriminalrecordandthejudgefeelsthathewillreturntocourtratherthanrunaway—forexample,becauseheownsahouseandhasafamily—hecangofree.Otherwise,thesuspectmustputupbail.Atthistime,too,thejudgewillappointacourtlayertodefendthesuspectifhecan’taffordone.Thesuspectreturnstocourtaweekortwolater.Alawyerfromthedistrictattorney’sofficepresentsacaseagainstthesuspect.Thisiscalledahearing.Theattorneymaypresentevidenceaswellaswitnesses.Thejudgeatthehearingthendecideswhetherthereisenoughreasontoholdatrial.Ifthejudgedecidesthatthereissufficientevidencetocallforatrial,heorshesetsadateforthesuspecttoappearincourttoformallypleadguiltyornotguilty.Atthetrial,ajuryof12peoplelistenstotheevidencefrombothattorneysandhearsthetestimonyofthewitnesses.Thenthejurygoesintoaprivateroomtoconsidertheevidenceanddecidewhetherthedefendantisguiltyofthecrime.Ifthejurydecidesthatthedefendantisinnocent,hegoesfree.However,ifheisconvicted,thejudgesetsadateforthedefendanttoappearincourtagainforsentencing.Atthistime,thejudgetellstheconvictedpersonwhathispunishmentwillbe.Thejudgemaysentencehimtoprison,orderhimtopayafine,orplacehimonprobation.TheAmericanjusticesystemisverycomplexandsometimesoperatesslowly.However,everystepisdesignedtoprotecttherightsofthepeople.Theseindividualrightsarethebasis,orfoundation,oftheAmericangovernment.1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?(A)TheAmericancourtsystemrequiresthatasuspectprovethatheorsheisinnocent.(B)TheUScourtsystemisdesignedtoprotecttherightsofthepeople.(C)UndertheAmericancourtsystem,judgedecidesifasuspectisinnocentorguilty.(D)TheUScourtsystemisdesignedtohelpthepolicepresentacaseagainstthesuspect.2.Whatfollows‘inotherwords’(para.1)?(A)Anexampleoftheprevioussentence.(B)Anewideaaboutthecourtsystem.(C)Anitemofevidencetocallforatrial.5(D)Arestatementoftheprevioussentence.3.Accordingtothepassage,‘hecangofree’(para.3)means_________.(A)thesuspectisfreetochoosealawyertodefendhim(B)thesuspectdoesnothavetogototrialbecausethejudgehasdecidedheisinnocent(C)thesuspectwillbeinformedbymailwhetherheisinnocentornot(D)thesuspectdoesnothavetowaitinjailorpaymoneyuntilhegoestotrial4.Whatisthepurposeofhavingthesuspectpaybail?(A)Topayforthejudgeandthetrial.(B)Topayforacourtlawyertodefendthesuspect.(C)Toensurethatthesuspectwillreturntocourt.(D)Toensurethatthesuspectwillappearinprison.5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?(A)TheAmericanjusticesystemsometimesoperatesslowly.(B)Thepolicecanarrestasuspectwithoutgivinganyreasons.(C)Itistheresponsibilityofthesuspecttoproveheisinnocent.(D)Thejuryconsiderstheevidenceinthecourtroom.Questions6—10Soyou’vegotaninvention—youandaround39,000otherseachyear,accordingto2002statistics!The64,000-dollarquestion,ifyouhavecomeupwithadevicewhichyoubelievetobetheanswertotheenergycrisisoryou’veinventedalawnmowerwhichcutsgrasswithajetofwater(notsodaft,someonehasinventedone),ishowtoensureyou’retheonetoreaptherewardsofyouringenuity.Howwillallyougardenshedboffinsouttherekeepothersfromcapitalizingonyourideasandliningtheirpocketsatyourexpense?Oneofthefirststepstoprotectyourinterestistopatentyourinvention.Thatcankeepitoutofthegraspofthepiratesforatleastthenext20years.Andforthisreasoninventorsintheirdrovesbeataconstanttrailfromalloverthecountrytothedoorsofananonymousgrey-frontedbuildingjustbehindLondon’sHolborntotryandpatenttheirdevices.ThebuildinghousesthePatentOffice.It’sanantheapofcorridors,officesandfilingrooms—asortinghouseandstoragedepotforoneoftheworld’sbiggestandmostvariedcollectionsoftechnicaldata.Sometenmillionpatents—Englishandforeign—arelistedthere.Fileafterfile,catalogueaftercataloguedetailthebrain-childrenofinventorsdownthecenturies,froma1600’smachinegundesignedtofiresquarebulletsatinfidelsandroundonesatChristians,topresent-daylaser,nuclearandcomputertechnology.Thefirst‘letterspatent’weregrantedaslongagoas1449toaFlemishcraftsmanbythenameofJohnUtynam.Theletters,writteninLatin,arestillonfileattheoffice.TheyweregrantedbyKingHenryVIandentitledUtynamto‘importintothiscountry’hisknowledgeofmakingstainedglasswindowsinordertoinstallsuchwindowsatEtonCollege.Present-daypatentsprocedureisamoresophisticatedaffairthangettingago-aheadnotefromthemonarch.Thesedaysthestrictproceduresgoverningwhetheryougetapatentforyourrevolutionarymouse-traporsolar-poweredback-scratcherhavebeenreducedtoaprettyexactscience.Fromstarttofinishitwilltakearoundtwoandahalfyearsandcost￡165fortheinventortogainpatentprotectionforhisbrainchild.That’sifhe’slucky.BynomeansallwhoapplytothePatentOffice,whichisabranchoftheDepartmentofTrade,getapatent.6AkeymanatthePatentOfficeisBernardPartridge,PrincipalExaminer(Administration),whoboilsdowntoonewordthevitalingredientanyinventorneedsbeforehecanhopetoovercomethemanyhurdlesinthecomplexprocedureofobtainingapatent—‘ingenuity’.6.Peopletakeoutapatentbecausetheywantto__________.(A)keeptheirideasfrombeingstolen(B)reaptherewardsofsomebodyelse’singenuity(C)visitthepatentofficebuilding(D)comeupwithmorenewdevices7.Thephrase‘thebrain-childrenofinventors’(para.5)means_________.(A)thechildrenwithhighintelligence(B)theinventionsthatpeoplecomeupwith(C)adevicethatachildbelievestobetheanswertotheenergycrisis(D)alawnmowerthatanindividualhasinventedtocutgrass8.Whathavethe1600’smachinegunandthepresent-daylaserincommon?(A)Bothwereapprovedbythemonarch.(B)BothweregrantedbyKingHenryVI.(C)BothwererejectedbytheDepartmentofTrade.(D)Bothwerepatented.9.WhyisJohnUtynamstillremembered?(A)Heisthefirstpersontogetapatentforhisrevolutionarymouse-trap.(B)Heisthefirstpersontobegrantedanofficialpatent.(C)HeisthefirstpersontobeanofficerinthePatentOffice.(D)Heisthefirstpersontohaveinventedalawnmower.10.Accordingtothepassage,howwouldyoudescribethecomplexprocedureofobtainingapatentforaninvention?(A)Itisratherexpensive.(B)Itisanimpossibletask.(C)Itisextremelydifficult.(D)Itisverytricky.Questions11—15Alllivingcellsonearthrequiremoisturefortheirmetabolism.Cerealgrainswhenbroughtinfromthefield,althoughtheymayappeartobedry,maycontain20percentofmoistureormore.Iftheyarestoredinabinthus,thereissufficientmoistureinthemtosupportseveralvarietiesofinsects.Theseinsectswill,therefore,liveandbreedand,astheygrowandeatthegrain,itprovidesthemwithbiologicalenergyfortheirlifeprocesses.Thisenergywill,justasinman,becomemanifestasheat.Sincethebulkofthegrainactsasaninsulator,thetemperaturesurroundingthecolonyofinsectswillrisesothat,notonlyispartofthegrainspoiledbythedirectattackoftheinsectsbutmoremaybedamagedbytheheat.Sometimes,thetemperaturemayevenrisetothepointwherethestoredgraincatchesfire.Forsafestorage,grainmustbedrieduntilitsmoisturecontentis13percentorless.Traditionalartsoffoodpreservationtookadvantageofthisprincipleinanumberofways.Theplantseeds,wheat,rye,rice,barleymillet,maize,arethemselvesstructuresevolvedbynaturetoprovidestoredfood.Thestarchoftheirendospermisusedforthenourishmentoftheembryoduringthetimeitover-winters(ifitisaplantoftheTemperateZone)anduntilitsnewleaveshave7grownandtheirchlorophyllcantrapenergyfromthesunlighttonourishthenew-grownplant.Theseparationbythreshingandwinnowingis,therefore,tosomedegreepartofatechniqueoffoodpreservation.Thedirectdryingofotherfoodshasalsobeenused.FishhasbeendriedinmanypartsoftheworldbesidesAfrica.Slicesofdriedmeatarepreparedbynumerousraces.Biltong,aformofdriedmeat,wasacustomaryfoodfortravelers.Thedryingofmeatorfish,eitherinthesunoroverafire,quiteapartfromthedegreetowhichitexposesthefoodtoinfectionbybacteriaandinfestationbyinsects,tendsalsotoharmitsquality.Proteinsarecomplexmolecularstructureswhicharereadilydisrupted.Thisisthereasonwhydriedmeatbecomestoughandcan,withsomescientificjustification,bylikenedtoleather.Thetechnicalprocessofdryingfoodsindirectlybypicklingtheminthestrongsaltsolutionscommonlycalled‘brine’doeslessharmtotheproteinthanstraightforwarddrying,particularlyifthisiscarriedoutathightemperatures.Itisforthisreasonthatmanyofthetypicaldryingprocessesarenottakentocompletion.Thatistosay,theouterpartsmaybedriedleavingamoistinnersection.Underthesecircumstances,preservationisonlypartial.Thedriedfoodkeepslongerthanitwouldhaveundriedbutitcannotbekeptindefinitely.Forthisreason,traditionalprocessesaretobefoundinmanypartsoftheworldinwhichacombinationofpartialdryingandpicklinginbrineisused.Quiteoftenthedryinginvolvesexposuretosmoke.Foodstreatedinthiswayare,besidesfishofvarioussorts,bacon,hamsandnumeroustypesofsausages.11.Accordingtothepassage,insectsspoilstoredcerealsby________.(A)consumingallthegrainthemselves(B)generatingheatandraisingthesurroundingtemperature(C)increasingthemoisturecontentinthegrain(D)attackingeachotherformoregrain12.Inspeakingofthetraditionalmethodsoffoodpreservation,thewriter________.(A)expressesdoubtsaboutdirectsmoking(B)describessaltingandpicklingasineffective(C)condemnsdirectdrying(D)mentionsthreshingandwinnowing13.Directdryingaffectsthequalityofmeatorfishbecause________.(A)itexposesthemtoinsects(B)itmakesthemhard(C)itdamagestheprotein(D)itdevelopsbacteria14.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatsaltingpreservesfoodby________.(A)destroyingtheprotein(B)drawingawaymoisturefromthefood(C)dryingthefoodinthesun(D)dressingthefood15.Accordingtothepassage,partialdryingisusefulbecause________.(A)itdamagestheproteinless(B)itcanbecombinedwithpickling(C)itleavestheinsidemoist(D)itmakesthefoodsoft8Questions16—20Wearemovinginexorablyintotheageofautomation.Ouraimisnottodeviseamechanismwhichcanperformathousanddifferentactionsofanyindividualmanbut,onthecontrary,onewhichcouldbyasingleactionreplaceathousandmen.Industrialautomationhasmovedalongthreelines.Firstthereistheconveyorbeltsystemofcontinuousproductionwherebyseparateoperationsarelinkedintoasinglesequence.Thegoodsproducedbythiswell-establishedmethodareuntouchedbytheworker,andthemachinereplacesbothunskilledandsemiskilled.Secondly,thereisautomationwithfeedbackcontrolofthequalityoftheproduct:heremechanismsarebuiltintothesystemwhichcancomparetheoutputwithanorm,thatis,theactualproductwithwhatitissupposedtobe,andthencorrectanyshortcomings.Theentirecycleofoperationsdispenseswithhumancontrolexceptinsofarasmonitorsareconcerned.Oneortwoexamplesofthistypeofautomationwillillustrateitsimmensepossibilities.ThereisafactoryintheU.S.A.whichmakes1,000millionelectriclightbulbsayear,andthefactoryemploysthreehundredpeople.Ifthepreautomationtechniquesweretobeemployed,thelabourforcerequiredwouldleapto25,000.Amotormanufacturingcompanywith45,000sparepartsregulatestheirentiresupplyentirelybycomputer.Computerscanbeentrustedwithmostofthesupervisionofindustrialinstallations,suchaschemicalplantsoroilrefineries.Thirdly,thereiscomputerautomation,forbanks,accountingdepartments,insurancecompaniesandthelike.Heretheessentialfeaturesaretherecording,storing,sortingandretrievalofinformation.Theprincipalmeritofmoderncomputingmachinesistheachievementoftheirvastlygreaterspeedofoperationbycomparisonwithunaidedhumaneffort;ataskwhichotherwisemighttakeyears,ifattemptedatall,nowtakesdaysorhours.Oneofthemosturgentproblemsofindustrialsocietiesrapidlyintroducingautomationishowtofillthetimethatwillbemadefreebythemachineswhichwilltakeoverthetasksoftheworkers.Thequestionisnotsimplyoffillingemptytimebutalsoofutilizingthesurplushumanenergythatwillbereleased.Wearealreadyseeingstrawsinthewind:destructiveoutburstsonthepartofyouthwhoseworknolongerdemandsmuscularstrength.Whileautomationwillundoubtedlydoawaywithalargenumberoftediousjobs,arewesurethatitwillnotputotherswhichareequallytediousintheirplace?Foranenormousamountofsheermonitoringwillberequired.Amaninanautomatedplantmayhavetositforhoursonandwatchingdialsandtakingdecisiveactionwhensomesignalinformshimthatallisnotwell.Whatmeaningwillhisoccupationbearfortheworker?Howwillhedevotehisfreetimeafterafourorfivehourstintoflabour?Moreover,what,indeed,willbethesignificanceforhimofhisleisure?Ifindustryofthefuturecouldbepurgedofitsmonotonyandmeaninglessness,manwouldthenbebetterequippedtousehisleisuretimeconstructively.16.Themainpurposeofautomationis_________.(A)todevisethemachinewhichcouldreplacethesemi-skilled(B)toprocessinformationasfastaspossible(C)todevelopanefficientlabor-savingmechanism(D)tomakeanindividualmanperformmanydifferentactions17.Thechiefbenefitofcomputingmachinesis________.(A)theirgreaterspeedofoperation(B)theircontroloftheproductquality(C)theirconveyorbeltsystemofcontinuousproduction9(D)theirsupervisionofindustrialinstallations18.Oneoftheproblemsbroughtaboutbyautomationinindustrialsocietiesis_________.(A)plentyofinformation(B)surplushumanenergy(C)destructiveoutbursts(D)lessleisuretime19.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheuseof‘stint’(para.4)?(A)Effort.(B)Force.(C)Excess.(D)Period.20.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?(A)Thereisnoautomationwithfeedbackcontrolofthequalityoftheproduct.(B)Computersarereliableinanysupervisionofindustrialinstallations.(C)Theessentialfeaturesforbanksaretherecordingandsortingofinformation.(D)Automationwillundoubtedlyeliminatenumeroustediousjobs.Questions21—25ThecitywaterpipesinRomewereusuallyofbakedclayorlead;copperwassometimesusedandalsohollowedstone.ForthelargesupplyconduitsleadingtothecitytheRomansusedcoveredchannelswithfreewatersurfaces,ratherthanpipes.Perhapsthischoicewasamatterofeconomics,forapparentlytheycouldmakeleadpipesupto15inchesindiameter.Whilepipescanfollowtheprofileofundulatingground,withthepressureincreasinginthelowerareas,channelscannot.Theymustslopecontinuouslydownwards,becausewaterinchannelsdoesnotnormallyflowuphill;andthegrademustbeflat,from1in60insmallchannelstoperhaps1in3,000inlargeones,tokeepthewaterspeeddowntoafewfeet