文藝復(fù)興英文簡(jiǎn)介

RENAISSANCETheRenaissancereferstotheperiodinEuropeancivilizationtowardstheendoftheMiddleAges,whichwascharacterizedbyasurgeofinterestinclassicallearningandvalues.TheRenaissanceemergedwhensocialinstability,economicsluggishnessandintellectualdepressionbecamesointolerablethatmostofthepeople,especiallytheintellectualscouldnolongeraccepttheworseningsituation.TheRenaissanceasamovementfirststartedinFlorenceandthenexpandedtoVenice,RomeandotherItaliancitiesbeforeitswepttherestpartsofEurope.Paintingandsculpturewerethemostsensitivefieldstothechangewiththeirsubjectsandtastes,shiftingfromdullness,stagnation,lackofemotionanddivinitytodynamics,enthusiasmandhumanitarianism.LiteratureandideologysoonfollowedGetStarted_1.2GetStartedGetStarted_1.3GetStartedasotherimportantareasproceededandthemovementfurtherseparateditselffromfeudalistictyranny,ecclesiasticbondageandsoughtintellectualfreedomandideologicalemancipation.TheRenaissanceischaracterizedbyseekingideologicalemancipation,intellectualfreedomandpoliticalawareness,basedonculturalproductionandreligiousreformation.Allthesewereundertakenorunfoldedgraduallybutwidely,extendingitsinfluencestoeverycornerofEurope,withmoreandmorepeoplegettinginvolved.Theachievementswereseenprincipallyinsixareas,namely,painting,sculpture,poetry,fiction,dramaandreligiousreformationaswellasthechangeintheculturalandintellectualclimate.TextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasFeature:TheRenaissanceischaracterisedbyseekingideologicalemancipation,intellectualfreedomandpoliticalawareness,basedonculturalproductionandreligiousreformation.Allthesewereundertakenorunfoldedgraduallybutwidely,extendingitsinfluencestoeverycornerofEurope,withmoreandmorepeoplegettinginvolved.ThemoststrikingfeatureoftheRenaissancewasdoubtlesslytheflourishofhumanism.GetStarted_1.4GetStarted

TheRenaissancewasanimportantstageinthehistoricalprocessoftheWesterncivilizationandindicatedatransitionalperiodfromtheMiddleAgestothemodernerainthedevelopmentofWesternculture.EconomicandintellectualchangesduringtheRenaissancebothhelpedtospeedupWesternsocialandculturaldevelopmentandpreparedthenecessaryconditionsfortherapidprogressinpolitical,socialandideologicalareasoftheModernAge.SummaryofRenaissanceAfterthemiddleagesbeganaperiodof“rebirth”inEurope,aperiodwhichbeganinthecity-statesofItaly.Thenewspiritoftheerawasthatofhumanism,whichwasmuchdifferentfromthehighlyreligiousperiodthatcamebeforeit.HumanismHumanismisanapproachinstudy,philosophy,worldvieworpracticethatfocusesonhumanvaluesandconcerns.ItwasaculturalmovementinItalybasedonandinspiredbythestudyofclassicalworks.HowwouldyoucomparetheMiddleAgestoRenaissanceItaly?MiddleAgesvs.Renaissance400-1400ReligiousRuralcultureArtsareGod-centeredPoorIntellectualstagnation1400-1600“Humanist”UrbancultureArtsmorehuman-centeredWealthyNewideasarediscussedWhatarethemaincausesoftheRenaissanceinItaly?WhatarethemaincausesoftheRenaissanceinItaly?Theinventionoftheprintingpress–1440ThesiegeofConstantinople–1453ItalianurbancultureItaliantradeandcontactwithotherculturesPrintingPress-1440Aprintingpressisadeviceforapplyingpressuretoaninkedsurfacerestinguponaprintmedium(suchaspaperorcloth),therebytransferringtheink.Typicallyusedfortexts,theinventionoftheprintingpressiswidelyregardedasthemostinfluentialeventinthesecondmillenniumAD,

revolutionizingthewaypeopleconceiveanddescribetheworldtheylivein,andusheringintheperiodofmodernity.PrintingPress-1440ThemanwhoinventedtheprintingpresswasJohannesGutenberg,fromGermany.ThisimageshowswhatisknownastheGutenbergeditionoftheBible,thefirstwide-spreadeditionoftheBible.Before,monksinmonastarieswouldhavetowritetheBiblebyhand,sotheyweremoredifficulttocomebyfortheaverageperson.MovabletypePrintingPressThisisapairofworkersatapress.Usingthenewinvention,theycouldprintabout3,600pagesperday.WhydidtheprintingpresshelpleadtotheRenaissance?SiegeofConstantinople–1453

君士坦丁堡旳陷落

Constantinople(modern-dayIstanbulinTurkey)wasthecapitaloftheByzantineEmpire,thelastvestigeoftheEasternRomanEmpire.SiegeofConstantinople-1453TheOttomanEmpire(alsoknownasthe“Turks”)laidsiegetothecityforoveramonth,anditfinallyfellundertheircontrol.Hereyoucanseethecannon,arelativelynewweapon.HowdidthefallofConstantinopleleadtotheRenaissance?ItalianUrbanCultureItalyatthistimewasdividedintomanysmallerkingdoms.LiketherestofEurope,therewasnorealcentralizedmonarchy.ButinItaly,thesesmallerstatesusuallyhadalargeurbanarea(unlinkMedievalkingdoms,whichtendedtobemuchmoreagrarianandrural).Thesewerecalledcity-states,andalsotendedtobewealthierthantheplacesinnorthernEurope.Thiswasdueinparttoitsfocusontradewithothernations.MapofItalian

City-States

(1494)ItaliancontactwithotherculturesBecauseofitsconvenientlocationintheMediterranean,Italiancity-stateshadanadvantageoverNorthernEurope(theHanseaticLeague)inthattheywereintheideallocationtotradewiththerestoftheworld.TheMediterraneansea(地中海)isanidealplacetotradewithothernationsofvastlydifferentculture.ItaliancontactwithotherculturesInthe1200sand1300s,Italiancity-statesdidalotoftrade,shippingthingsfromthefamous“SilkRoad”,withproductsthatcamefromChinaandIndia.ThisofcoursebroughtItalyintocontactwithotherculturesandhelpedthecity-statesaccumulatewealth(thinkofMarcoPolooftheVenetianRepublic).Fortheupper-classes,thewealthenabledanew“bourgeoisculture”characterizedbyleisureandself-cultivation,andthecontactwithotherculturesbroughtan“openness”inItalynotseeninotherEuropeanplacesatthetime.PatronageoftheArts提倡藝術(shù)ThemostfamouspatronoftheartswasLorenzodeMedici,aleaderofFlorenceandamemberofthewealthyMedicifamily.DuetothespendingofpeopleliketheMedici’s,artoftheRenaissancewasabletoflourishassculptors,architects,andartistswereabletofocustheirattentionontheirworkinsteadoftryingtofindawaytomakemoney.FlorenceFlorence(ofTuscany)isknownasthe“CityofFlowers.”ThiscityisusuallyconsideredthebirthplaceandcenteroftheItalianRenaissance,andisknownforitswealthyMedicifamilywhoruledthecitythroughtheperiod.MediciChapelsMilanCenterof“Lombardy”VeniceGenoaLiteratureoftheRenaissanceGiovanniBoccaccio–TheDecameronNicoloMachiavelli–ThePrinceFrancescoPetrarch–VariousLovePoetryFamousMenoftheRenaissanceLeonardodaVinciMichelangeloDonatelloRaphaelLeonardoMichelangeloDonatelloRaphaelLeonardodaVinci(1452-1519)LeonardodaVinciwasanItalianRenaissancepolymath(博學(xué)者):painter,sculptor,architect,musician,scientist,mathematician,engineer,inventor,anatomist,geologist,cartographer,botanistandwriterwhosegenius,perhapsmorethanthatofanyotherfigure,epitomizedtheRenaissancehumanistideal.LeonardohasoftenbeendescribedasthearchetypeoftheRenaissanceMan,amanof"unquenchablecuriosity"and"feverishlyinventiveimagination"LeonardodaVinci(1452-1519)SomeofhisgreatestandmostfamousworksincludeTheLastSupperandMonaLisa.LeonardodaVinci(1452-1519)“RenaissanceMan”Itmeansapersonwhocandoalmostanything,inawiderangeofdifferentsubjects.LeonardodaVinciisthemostfamousexampleofaRenaissanceman,buttheexpressioncanevenbeusedtodescribepeoplenotfromtheRenaissance.Aristotle,forinstance,isanotherexample.Michelangelo(1475-1564)MichelangelowasanItalianRenaissancepainter,sculptor,architect,poet,andengineerwhoexertedanunparalleledinfluenceonthedevelopmentofWesternart.Michelangelo(1475-1564)Pieta,isasculptureofMaryholdingthedeadbodyofJesus.Michelangelo(1475-1564)StatueofDavidWhoisDavid?StoryofDavidandGoliathGoliath,theleaderofthePhilistinepeople,challengedanymanbraveenoughtofighthim.For40daysheemergedfromhisarmy,twotimeseachday,waitingforsomeonebraveenoughtochallengehim.AnybodythatdefeatedhimwouldcausethePhilistinearmytoleaveIsrael.David,thefuturekingofIsrael(thoughrightnowonlyashepherdboy)acceptsthechallengeandkillshimwithasling.Michelangelo(1475-1564)CeilingofSistineChapeltookfouryearstocomplete.TextStudy_III_2.1InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudySistineChapel西斯廷教堂:theprivatechurchintheVaticanforPope,famousforthemagnificentdesignsandfrescoesmadebyMichelangeloduringtheRenaissanceInterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_III_2.1InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsMichelangelo(1475-1564)Whatisdifferentaboutthispaintingfrompreviousmedievalpaintings?Donatello(1386-1466)DonatellowasanearlyRenaissanceItalianartistandsculptorfromFlorence.Heismostfamousforhisbronzestatues.Donatello(1386-1466)BronzecastingofDavid.Raphael(1483-1520)RaphaelwasanItalianpainterandarchitectoftheHighRenaissance.Hisworkisadmiredforitsclarityofformandeaseofcompositionandforitsvisualachievementoftheidealofhumangrandeur.Raphael(1483-1520)MadonnaoftheMeadow,a“pastoral”work,whichmeansithastodowiththevillageorcountrylife.Raphael(1483-1520)SchoolofAthensPatronoftheArtsactivityLikeItalyinthe14thand15thcenturies,Chinaisalsogoingthroughaperiodofeconomicgrowth.WealthypeopleinChinaarenowwithmoremoneytospend,andithasbeennotedthatspendingontheartshasincreasedalotwhencomparedtothepast.Iwantyoutogetintoyourgroups.Eachgroupisawealthyfamilythatwantstosupportartisticendeavors.Youhave6,500,000,000RMB(1,000,000,000USD)thatyouwanttospend.Whatkindofprojectswouldyousupport?Whatwillyouhavebuilt,painted?Whichartistswillyouhire?Whydoyouwanttosupportthiskindofart?MedievalFashionRenaissanceFashionRenaissanceFashionRenaissanceFashionRenaissanceFashionRenaissanceFashionIdealBeauty

RenaissanceinFrance

Fran?oisRabelais

（拉伯雷wasamajorFrenchRenaissancewriter,doctorandRenaissancehumanistandwasamonkandGreekscholar.Hehashistoricallybeenregardedasawriteroffantasy,satire,thegrotesque(丑陋旳),andbawdy(騷話)jokesandsongs.HewroteGargantuaandPantagruel《巨人傳》.RenaissanceinSpain1492inSpain!1492wasabigyearforSpain.ChristopherColumbusdiscoveredtheAmericasGranadawastaken(thiseventiscalledtheReconquista),thusunifyingtheIberianPeninsulaIntensification(增強(qiáng))oftheSpanishInquisition

JewsandMuslimswereexpelledfromthecountry(趕出國(guó)門)Reconquista(Reconquer)TheReconquistaisaprocessthattookseveralhundredyears.AftertheBattleofToursinyear732,SpainstillremainedlargelyMuslim.Littlebylittle,theChristians“reconquered”SpainandmadeitChristianonceagain,completingtheprocessaftertakingbackGranadain1492.Cervantes（賽萬(wàn)提）HeisknownasthemostinfluentialmanontheSpanishlanguage,somuchsothatSpanishisoftenreferredtoaslalenguadeCervantes.HisbestknowworkisDonQuixote,astoryabouttheheroDonQuixoteandhiscompanionSanchoPanza.DonQuixote（唐吉訶德）Thestoryisaboutamanofnearlyfiftyyearsofage.Whilemostlyrational,theeffectofreadingmanyRomancesandnovelshashaddistortedhisperception.Hebelieveseverywordofthesebooksanddecidestogoonadventureshimself.RenaissanceintheLowCountriesTheLowCountriesreferstotheareaofTheNetherlands(荷蘭)andBelgium(比利時(shí)).DesideriusErasmusDesideriusErasmus(1466–1536),knownasErasmusofRotterdam,wasaDutchRenaissancehumanist,Catholicpriest,andatheologianfromTheNetherlands.HewasknownforbeingcommittedtoreformingtheChurch,thoughnotasextremeasMartinLuther.HeservedasaninspirationtoLuther.HieronymusBosch（耶羅尼米斯·博斯）

HieronymusBoschwasaDutch(fromTheNetherlands)painter.Hisworkisknownforitsuseoffantasticimagerytoillustratemoralandreligiousconceptsandnarratives.HieronymusBoschTheGardenofEarthlyDelightsHieronymusBoschDetailfromHellPieterBruegeltheElder（老彼得·勃魯蓋爾）PieterBruegel(c.1525–1569)wasaFlemishrenaissancepainterandprintmakerknownforhislandscapesandpeasantscenes.PieterBruegeltheElderLandscapewiththeFallofIcarusPieterBruegeltheElderTowerofBabelPieterBruegeltheElderReturnoftheHuntersispartofa6-partseriesmeanttodepictdifferenttimesoftheyear.RenaissanceinEnglandDuetosuchcircumstancesastheWaroftheRoses(acivilwarbetweentheHousesofYorkandLancaster)andEngland’srelativelyisolatedgeographiclocation,theRenaissancedidnotmakeittoEnglanduntilmuchlater.ItwasnotuntilthereignofElizabethIthatstabilitycametoEngland,allowingtheartstofinallyflourish.ThomasMoreSirThomasMore(1478

–1535)wasanEnglishlawyer,socialphilosopher,author,statesmanandnotedRenaissancehumanist.HewasanimportantcouncillortoHenryVIIIofEnglandandwasanopponentoftheProtestantReformationandinparticularofMartinLuther.Morecoinedtheword“utopia”(烏托邦)–anamehegavetotheideal,imaginaryislandnationwhosepoliticalsystemhedescribedinUtopia,publishedin1516.Heopposedtheking‘sseparationfromtheCatholicChurchandrefusedtoacceptthekingasSupremeHeadoftheChurchofEngland.In1534,hewasimprisonedforhisrefusaltotaketheoathrequiredbytheFirstSuccessionAct,becausetheactdisparaged(輕視)thepowerofthePopeandHenry’smarriagetoCatherineofAragon.In1535,hewastriedfortreason,convictedonperjuredtestimony,andbeheaded.ShakespeareShakespeare(1564–1616)wasaplaywrightthatlivedthroughtheElizabethanperiodofEngland.Hisplaysareknownforbeingfullofarchetypes(原型)andcleverlydepictingthe“humancondition.”Shall