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SpatialPlanningSystemofNationalTerritoryinJapan,ChinaandKorea日本、中國和韓國的國土空間規(guī)劃體系KyungrockYE,Jun-huaZHANG,TakeshiKINOSHITA,Xing-yanWANGAbstract:ThisstudyconductedthenationalterritoryplanningsystemofJapan,ChinaandKorea,onapremisetodiscusspossibilityofintegratedspat(yī)ialplanningofEasternAsia.Thepurposeofthisstudyistoarrangemajorspatialplansofthreecountriesaccordingtoclassificationofurbanandnon-urbanarea,andtoclarifyingroleofeachspat(yī)ialplan.。文摘:本研究是在進展中國、日本、韓國的國土規(guī)劃體系前提下,探討整個亞洲東部的綜合空間規(guī)劃的可能性。本研究的目的是根據城市區(qū)域和非城市區(qū)域的分類,明確大空間方案下三個國家在規(guī)劃中所扮演的角色。Asaresult,Korea,thesmallestcountryamongthreecountries,hasonesystemonlanduse,developmentandconservat(yī)ion,consideringwholenat(yī)ionalterritorytobeonecityplanningarea,andaroleandrelationofeachspatiparat(yī)ivelyclear.Ontheotherhand,China,thelargestcountryamongthreecountries,althougharoleandrelationofeachspatialplanareclearinurbanarea,ageneralrecognitionfornecessityofnon-urbanareaplanningisweak.IncaseofJapan,thecharacteristicsthat(yī)thespatialplanningsystemisconsistedonthedivisionintourbanareaandnon-urbanarea,isverysimilartoChina,andthereishardlyrelationbetweenthesetwokindsofspat(yī)ialplanning.最終,作為最小國家的韓國,已擁有一個針對土地使用、開展與保護的體系,它把整個國家領土是一個城市規(guī)劃區(qū)考慮,每個空間的規(guī)劃的角色和關系較為清楚。另一方面,作為最大國家的中國,盡管市區(qū)的空間規(guī)劃是很明確,但人們對非城市的空間規(guī)劃重視程度都非常薄弱。在日本,空間規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)對城市區(qū)域和非城市地區(qū)的劃分原那么跟中國是非常相似的,這兩種類型的空間規(guī)劃幾乎沒有必然的關系。Keywords:Nationalterritoryplan;Japan;China;Korea;Spatialplanning;EasternAsiaCommunity.關鍵詞:國土規(guī)劃;日本、中國、韓國、空間規(guī)劃、東亞共同體。RecentlyitisfrequentlydiscussedontheEasternAsiaCommunity.Thisisstillmainlyfocusedontheeconomy,butinenvironmentalaspectwealsohavesomecommonseriousproblems,e.g.sustainabledevelopment,bio-diversity,outstandinglandscape/nat(yī)ureconservation,balanceddevelopmentoftownandcountry,culturalassetsconservation/utilizat(yī)ionandseveralenvironmentalproblems.Inordertosettlethesesubjects,itisimportantnotonlytochallengebyeachcountrybutalsotoprepareacommonframeworkforcomprehensivespatialplanningcoveringwholeeasternAsia..最近東亞共同體經常被討論,主要關注仍然是經濟問題,但在環(huán)保方面我們也有一些常見的嚴重問題需要解決,如可持續(xù)開展、生物多樣性、優(yōu)秀景觀、自然保護、城鄉(xiāng)協(xié)調開展、文化遺產保護、環(huán)境問題等。解決這些問題,重要的不僅是對每個國家的挑戰(zhàn),而是需要準備一個常見的全面覆蓋整個亞洲的空間規(guī)劃的框架。ThisstudywasdonetoclarifythesimilaritiesanddifferencesofnationalterritoryplanningsystemofJapan,ChinaandKoreaasafirststeptodiscussonthesubjectsandpossibilitiesofcomprehensiveEasternAsianspatialplanning.Untilnowthenat(yī)ionalterritoryplanningsystemofJapanandKoreahavealreadybeenstudied,butthecomparativestudybetweenthreecountriesincludingChinafromtheviewpointofspat(yī)ialplanninghasneverseenbefore.Weusedmainlyrelat(yī)edliterat(yī)uresonplanningsystemandgovernment'sofficialwebsitesofeachcountrytoclarifythepurposesofthisstudy.Andweclassifiedeachcountry'smajorspatialplansintofourcategories,national,regional,urbanareaandnon-urbanarea,anddiscussedontheverticalandhorizontalrelationbetweenthem.本研究之目的:第一步是明確日本、中國和韓國的國土規(guī)劃體系的異同,討論綜合東亞空間規(guī)劃的課題和可能性。迄今為止,日本和韓國的國土規(guī)劃體系已經進展了比較研究階段,但從空間規(guī)劃的角度對三個國家的比較研究還未進展。我們主要在每一個國家的規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)的相關文獻、政府的官方網站上說明了本篇研究的目的。我們按照整個大空間規(guī)劃把每個國家分為國家、地區(qū)、城市區(qū)域和非城市區(qū)域四類,討論垂直和水平的關系。1Nat(yī)ionalTerritoryPl(wèi)anningSystemofJapanTheComprehensiveNat(yī)ionalDevelopmentAct(1950〕,LandUsePlanningAct(1974)andCityPl(wèi)anningAct〔1968)supportJapanesemajorspatialplanning(Table1).TheseareallunderthejurisdictionoftheMinistryofLand,infrastructureandTransport.TheCNDPprovidestong-rangevisionsonnation-widelanduse,developmentandconservation,socialoverheadcapital,andatrafficpolicy.Accordingthisplan,theCPDPandMLParetobeprepared.ThePlansprovidedbyLandUsePl(wèi)anningActincludesNLPandPLPontheperspectiveofeffectivenationallanduseandLUMPthat(yī)classifiedprefecturallanduseintofiveareas(town,agriculture,forest,naturalparkandnaturalconservationarea).Fig.1showsthattherearemaintwospatialplansbytwoactsat(yī)nationalandregionallevel,buttherelationandarolesharingbetweentheactsandplans.Representativeplansofurbanareaandnon-urbanareaaretheMLPbyLandUsePlanningActandtheCPbyCityPlanningAct,buttherelationbetweenthetwoisnotclearandactuallytheonlyCPplaysakeyroletocontrollanduse.itisclearthattheJapanesenationalterritoryplanningisdividedintoNLPandCPandtheroleofregionalplanningisrelat(yī)ivelysmall.Thereforetheareathatiscloselycoveredbymainthreeactsisonly'cityplanningarea',theothernon-urbanareaisdependedonotherrelatedacts〔Fig.1).TheareaclassificationbyLUMPsupportscompetentministriesandacts,andseparateplansareappliedtoeacharea.Inotherwords,onemaysaythattheJapanesenationalterritoryplanningstressestheurbanareas'plansandinnon-urbanareasthereisnocomprehensiveplanthat(yī)unifiestherelatedplans(Fig.1)andaframe/roleofregionalplanningisrelativelyweak.一、日本的國土規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)綜合國家開展行動(1950年)、土地利用總體規(guī)劃〔1974年〕和城市規(guī)劃條例〔1968)都支持日本主要的空間規(guī)劃(表1)。這些都是其管轄下的土地、根底設施、運輸。CNDP提供在全國土地利用、保護和開展、社會資本,交通政策的概念規(guī)劃。根據該規(guī)劃,CPDP和MLP已經開場準備。這個能提供土地利用總體規(guī)劃的方案包括對國家土地利用分類的PLP和NLP和對縣級土地利用分成五類〔鎮(zhèn)、農、林、天然公園和自然保護區(qū)〕的LUMP。圖1顯示了兩個在國家和地區(qū)的水平上主要的空間方案的行為,但這種關系和角色被行為和方案分享,市區(qū)和非市區(qū)域的代表方案是由土地利用總體規(guī)劃的的MLP和城市規(guī)劃的CP,但二者之間的關系尚不清楚,其實只有CP扮演著關鍵的角色來控制土地使用。很明顯,日本國土規(guī)劃分為NLP和CP,而區(qū)域規(guī)劃的影響是較小的。因此,市區(qū)主要由三個行為控制,而其他的非市區(qū)是依靠其它相關的行為。LUMP對這個地區(qū)的分類支持主管部門和行為,并單獨應用于各區(qū)域方案中。換句話說,日本國土規(guī)劃強調城市地區(qū)的方案和非地區(qū)并沒有全面結合相關方案,區(qū)域規(guī)劃還相對薄弱。2.NationalTerritoryPlanningSystemofChinaTheLandManagementAct(1986),CityPlanningAct(1989),andtheVillageandCountryPlanningRegulations(1993)supportChinesemajorspatialplanning.ThecompetentministriesareclassiotheMinistryofLandandResources,theMinistryofConstruction,andtheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission.UndertheLandManagementActtheadministrativeauthorities(upperlevelofprefecture)preparetheCNLUPtoclassifythefuturelanduseandcontrol,toregulat(yī)enetvolumeofconstructionsite,andtoprotectfarmlands.UndertheCityPl(wèi)anningAct,theNTCPprovidesalong-rangehierarchyofcities'populationsizeandcityplanningareainthewholenationalterritoryfromthecomprehensivestrategicviewpointofeconomicalandsocialdevelopmentinharmonywithresourcesandecologicalenvironment.TheCPisconstitutedwithComP(indicat(yī)esthefuturedevelopmentdirectionandlanduseofadministrativeunitsupperlevelofprefecture),DP(whichispreparedinthedistrictarea〕,andDeP(providesotherdetailitems).TheVCPprovidesvillageandcountry'sdevelopmentdirectionandplacementplanofproductionandlifefacilitiessuchastransport,disasterprevention,commerceandgreening,etc.,enhancinglocalidentity.TheRPisawideareaplanningofaneconomiccommunitycoveringpluraladministrativeunitstoharmonizeeconomicaldevelopmentandresourcesmanagementlikeas'TheYangtzeRiverDeltaAreaPlan'.Thisplanhaspossibilitytoplayaroleofwidearea(theoreticallywholenationalarea)adjustmentbeyondawallbetweenadministrat(yī)iveareastargetingaplanofcitysize,transportnetworking,utilization,developmentandconservat(yī)ionofresources,etc.,butitissaidthepowerandmanagementbaseasaspat(yī)ialplanarerelat(yī)ivelyweak。BythewayintheletterofeachactitisprescribedthattheVCPhastoadjustitselftoCPandCLUP,andtheCFhastoadjustitselftotheCLUPandRP,butactuallyfalsesettinghasoccurredfrequentlybecauseofadifficultiesofplanningadjustmentbetweendifferentministriesandunclearshareoftherolebetweentheseplans.Ontheotherhand,theadministrat(yī)iveauthoritiesupperlevelofprefecturehasaresponsibilitytoprepareeachplan,thusitissaidthat(yī)thereismuchrepetitionofaplan,however,thealmostwholenat(yī)ionalterritory(bothurbanareasandnon-urbanareas)iscloselycoveredbytheseCPandVCP〔Table1).Asaresult,inthenat(yī)ionalterritory.planningtherearesimilarplanningconceptsasmuchasthenumberofcompetentministries,possibilitytobecomearepetitionplanishigh.Thisplanningsystemmakecoveringbothtownandcountryareahasalreadybeenestablished,buteachplanistendtobeboundtoanadministrat(yī)iveauthority,thereforeageneralideasuchasRPisneedtospread,thatcanadjustthemattersinwideareacoveringsomeprovincesandinmediumareacoveringsomecitiesandprefectures.二、中國的國土規(guī)劃體系土地管理行為(1986)、城市規(guī)劃條例〔1989)、村莊和國家規(guī)劃法規(guī)(1993)支持中國主要的空間規(guī)劃。主管部門分為國土資源部、建立部、國家開展和改革委員會。根據土地管理法的行政當局〔縣上級)擬訂CNLUP分類未來的土地利用和控制、標準施工現場的凈體積、保護農田。根據城市規(guī)劃法,NTCP提供了城市的遠期層次的人口規(guī)模,從整個城市的綜合經濟、社會與資源和生態(tài)環(huán)境協(xié)調開展的戰(zhàn)略高度規(guī)劃國土面積。CP是由ComP(指出今后的開展方向和土地使用單位的行政上級縣),DP〔這是該區(qū)面積編寫),和DEP〔提供其他細節(jié)工程〕。VCP提供鄉(xiāng)村和國家的開展方向和安置方案的生產和生活設施,如交通,災害預防,商業(yè)和綠化等,加強地方認同。RP是一個涵蓋了經濟社會的廣泛多元的行政區(qū)劃區(qū)規(guī)劃,協(xié)調經濟開展和資源管理,就好似'長江三角洲地區(qū)方案'。這個方案的可能性,以發(fā)揮廣域(理論上整個國民經濟領域中的作用)超出目標之間的城市規(guī)模,交通網絡,利用、開發(fā)和資源保護等規(guī)劃調整行政區(qū)域,但作為一個空間方案,力度和管理根底相對薄弱。另外,每一個字母的方式行為是受到規(guī)定的,VCP必須調整自己CP和CLUP,并且CF要調整自己的CLUP和RP,但實際上錯誤經常發(fā)生,因為經?;I劃困難調整各部委之間和它們之間的共享方案的作用尚不清楚。另一方面,行政當局縣上層有責任準備每個方案,因此有人說,有很多重復的方案,但是,幾乎整個國家領土(包括城市地區(qū)和非城市地區(qū)〕密切受這些CP和VCP的影響(表1〕。因此,在國家國土規(guī)劃上有類似的規(guī)劃概念跟主管部門的數目一樣多,從而重復的方案也變得非常高。這個系統(tǒng)使規(guī)劃覆蓋城市和農村地區(qū)都已經建立,但每個方案往往被綁定到一個行政機關,因此,一個總體思路如RP是發(fā)揚的,可以調整包括一些省在內的大區(qū)域,和包括一個區(qū)域及市的區(qū)域。3Nat(yī)ionalTerritoryPlanningSystemofKoreaTheKoreansystemissimplerthantheJapaneseandtheChineseone,reflectingsmallnationalterritory.MajorspatialplanningrelatedactsaretheFrameworkActofNationalTerritory(2002)andtheActonPlanningandUseofNationalTerritory(2002〕,andthecompetentauthorityistheMinistryofConstructionandTransportonly.Plansprovidedbythesetwoactscompletelyshareinresponsibility.TheCNTPprovidesfundamentalandlong-rangepoliciesonthenation/region/municipality'sdevelopmentdirectionandfutureimage,utilizationandmanagementoflandresources,disasterpreventionandenvironmentalconservationandimprovement,etc.TheRP(providedbytheActonPlanningandUseofNationalTerritory),whichiscomprehensiveplancoveringwidearea〔thatissetifnecessary)toextendtoseveralcitiesandcounties,aimstoshareinresponsibilityofurbanfunctionsatwidescale,openspaceplanning,environmentalplanning,andlandscapeplanning.TheCP(coveringurbanareas)andtheCoP(coveringnon-urbanofareas)arethelong-rangecomprehensivespatialplanning,andbothplansconsistofamasterplanandamanagementplan.TheCMPandCOMPprovidedirectionandaimsoflanduse,developmentandconservationandtheCMaFandtheCoMaPconductamanagementofthem.ConsistencybetweenplansishighbecauseofaStrlcttopandbottomrelat(yī)ion.TherelationbetweentheCoPandotherrelatedacts〔byotherministries)areclear,too.InadditiontheCPandCoPareinthehigherpositionofspatialplanningsystemincompetentadministrativearea,andtheyfunctionasanintegratedplanninginacityoracounty.AsasmallcountryKorea,toapplyingdifferentplanningsystemtotownsideandcountrysiderat(yī)herbroughtanenvironmentorlandscapeimpoverishmentinnon-urbanareas,thusitbecamepossibletoapplytechniqueofcityplanningtoanon-urbanareaunderestablishmentofnewactsof2002.AsaresulttheKoreanplanningsystembecamesimplestructure,butthestrictrelationBetweenahigherplanandalowerplanmaybringstandardizationandstiffeningofplanning.thereforeitbecomebasicsubjectshowtosurpassthesimplewayofthinkingofcityplanningsystem,howtoapplyotherrelatedplansandlocalandnationalidentityintoplans,andhowtointegrat(yī)e/useeffectivelyministries'viewpoints.三、韓國國土規(guī)劃體系韓國系統(tǒng)要比日本和中國的簡單些,反映了小國家的領土。主要空間規(guī)劃的有關行為,是國家領土〔2002年〕和規(guī)劃與國家領土〔2002年〕,而主管機關僅僅是建筑部和交通運輸部。這兩個方案所提供的行為完全分擔責任。CNTP利用土地資源、預防災害和環(huán)境的保護和改善等,對國家、地區(qū)、直轄市的開展方向和未來的形象提供根本和長遠政策,RP(由規(guī)劃和使用法規(guī)定管理的國土〕是個全面方案,涵蓋廣泛的區(qū)域〔如果有必要即設置〕擴大到好幾個城市和縣,旨在大規(guī)模地在城市功能分擔責任,開放空間規(guī)劃、環(huán)境規(guī)劃、景觀規(guī)劃。CP〔包括市區(qū)〕和COP〔包括非地區(qū)的城市〕是長期提供全面的空間規(guī)劃,兩個方案包括一個總體規(guī)劃和管理方案.CMP和COMP提供指導和土地利用,開發(fā)和保護以及CMaF和COMAP是他們的目標進展管理。方案之間的一致性,就像頂部和底部的關系。COP和其他部委的關系是明確的。此外,CP和CoP作為主管行政區(qū)域空間規(guī)劃體系較高的位置對一個城市甚至國家進展綜合規(guī)劃。韓國作為一個小國,對城鎮(zhèn)和農村的采用不同的規(guī)劃制度,以帶來的非城市地區(qū)的環(huán)境或景觀開展,因此它使得2002年運用城市規(guī)劃下建立新的行為非市區(qū)成為可能。因此,韓國方案體制成為構造簡單,但嚴格意義上,較高和較低的方案可能帶來的標準化,因此根本問題是如何超越了城市規(guī)劃體系,思考如何適用其他相關的方案和地方、國家方案,以及如何簡單方法整合、使用部委的觀點。4Conclusions(1)Actsandcompetentministriesrelatednationalterritoryplan:Onemaysaythat(yī)JapanandChinahavesimilarplanningsystem,as.showing(Fig.l)whenthereispluralactsthat(yī)supportnationalterritoryplan,therelationbetweenplansandaroleofeachministryshouldbemadeclear.(2)Verticalrelationofplans:ChinaandKoreahascomparativelyclearverticalrelationbetweenplansbecausetheybothhavestrongnaturetotransmitplanningpolicyfromtoptobottom.However,aneachplanofChinawasstrictlyboundtoadministrativeunitandinJapantheroleofsemi-wideareaplanningisrelativelyweak.Inthefuture,settingwide-areaplanningbeyondsingleadministrativeunitwouldbepossibletoconnecteffectivelythehigherplansandthelowerplans,accordingtoeconomic,culturalandnaturalconditions.(3)Spatialareacoveredbynationalterritoryplan:InJapantheareacoveredbyacertaincomprehensiveplanisactuallylimitedtocityplanningarea(CPA).Spatialplanningdoesnotcoveralmostnon-CPAarea;thereforecomprehensiveenvironmentalorlandscapeimprovementfromaviewpointofmulti-directionsispossiblydifficult.(4)Weightofplanning:WemightsayJapanputstheweightofplanningtourbanarea,andKorea,theoretically,putstheweighttobothurbanandruralareaequally.InChina,nowadaystheweightofplanningisparticularlyontileurbanareawithhigheconomicgrowth.Howeveritisimportanttaskstoestablishnon-urbanarea'scomprehensiveplanninginthreecountries,inotherwords,toconservetheirownnature,cultureandlandscapesofnon-urbanarea,strengtheninglocalidentityandoriginality.Throughthisstudy,wecanreferthatthereisabigrelationbetweenthesizeofnationalterritoryandacharacteroftheplanningsystem.Widernationalterritoryhasmoremultistageadministrat(yī)iveunit,andtheplanningphasealsotendstobecomemorecomplicat(yī)ed.IfweassumedtheEasternAsi

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