《2022年適應差距報告》英-84正式版

TooLittle,TooSlowClimateadaptationfailureputsworldatriskAdaptationGapReport2022?2022UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeISBN:978-92-807-3982-4JobNumber:DEW/2480/NAThispublicationmaybereproducedinwholeorinpartandinanyformforeducationalornon-pro?tserviceswithoutspecialpermissionfromthecopyrightholder,providedacknowledgementofthesourceismade.TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammewouldappreciatereceivingacopyofanypublicationthatusesthispublicationasasource.NouseofthispublicationmaybemadeforresaleoranyothercommercialpurposewhatsoeverwithoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.Applicationsforsuchpermission,withastatementofthepurposeandextentofthereproduction,shouldbeaddressedtotheDirector,CommunicationDivision,UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,P.O.Box30552,Nairobi00100,Kenya.DisclaimersThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territoryorcityorareaoritsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Someillustrationsorgraphicsappearinginthispublicationmayhavebeenadaptedfromcontentpublishedbythirdparties.Thismayhavebeendonetoillustrateandcommunicatetheauthors’owninterpretationsofthekeymessagesemergingfromillustrationsorgraphicsproducedbythirdparties.Insuchcases,materialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeconcerningthesourcematerialsusedasabasisforsuchgraphicsorillustrations.MentionofacommercialcompanyorproductinthisdocumentdoesnotimplyendorsementbytheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeortheauthors.Theuseofinformationfromthisdocumentforpublicityoradvertisingisnotpermitted.Trademarknamesandsymbolsareusedinaneditorialfashionwithnointentiononinfringementoftrademarkorcopyrightlaws.Theviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyre?ecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.Weregretanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenunwittinglymade.?Maps,photos,andillustrationsasspeci?edSuggestedcitationUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(2022).AdaptationGapReport2022:TooLittle,TooSlow–Climateadaptationfailureputsworldatrisk.Nairobi./adaptation-gap-report-2022Co-producedwith:UNEPCopenhagenClimateCentreandtheWorldAdaptationScienceProgramme(WASP)Supportedby:UNEPpromotesenvironmentallysoundpracticesgloballyandinitsownactivities.OurdistributionpolicyaimstoreduceUNEP'scarbonfootprint.TooLittle,TooSlowClimateadaptationfailureputsworldatriskAdaptationGapReport2022AdaptationGapReport2022:TooLittle,TooSlowAcknowledgementsChapter4.GlobalprogressonadaptationimplementationTheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)wouldliketothankthereport’sSteeringCommitteemembers,theleadandcontributingauthors,thereviewersandtheprojectLeadauthors:TimoLeiter(GranthamResearchInstitutecoordinationteamfortheircontributiontothedevelopmentonClimateChangeandtheEnvironment,LondonSchoolofthisreport.ofEconomicsandPoliticalScience),DeboraLey(UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheTheindividualsmentionedbelowcontributedtotheCaribbean[ECLAC]),HenryNeufeldt(UNEPCopenhagenproductionofthereport.AuthorsandreviewerscontributedClimateCentre).intheirindividualcapacitiesandtheira?liationsareonlyContributingauthors:MichaelK?nig(FrankfurtSchoolofmentionedforidenti?cationpurposes.FinanceandManagement),AlcadeC.Segnon(UniversityofAbomey-Calavi),GeorgiaSavvidou(ChalmersUniversityofTechnology).STEERINGCOMMITTEEEdithAdera(AfricanDevelopmentBank),AngelaAndrade(ConservationInternational),BarbaraBuchner(ClimateChapter5.EffectivenessofadaptationPolicyInitiative),BarneyDickson(UNEP),OmarEl-AriniLeadauthors:ChandniSingh(IndianInstituteforHuman(GovernmentofEgypt),JianLiu(UNEP),AnilMarkandyaSettlements),NickBrooks(Garama3CandUniversityof(BasqueCentreforClimateChange),YoussefNassefEastAnglia),HenryNeufeldt(UNEPCopenhagenClimate(SecretariatoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventionCentre).onClimateChange[UNFCCC]),AnneOlhoff(CONCITO–Contributingauthors:LeaBerrang-Ford(UniversityofDenmark’sgreenthinktank),JyotsnaPuri(InternationalLeeds),RobbertBiesbroek(WageningenUniversity),FundforAgriculturalDevelopment[IFAD]),DebraRobertsEdmondTotin(UniversiteNationaled'Agriculture,Benin),(IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange[IPCC]andAdelleThomas(UniversityofTheBahamasandClimateeThekwiniMunicipality),CynthiaRosenzweig(NASAGoddardAnalytics).InstituteforSpaceStudiesandColumbia?University).Chapter6.SynthesisonglobaladaptationprogressAUTHORS,ORGANIZEDBYCHAPTERLeadauthors:AlexandreMagnan(IDDRI),HenryNeufeldt(UNEPCopenhagenClimateCentre),MaríadelPilarBuenoRubial(UniversidadNacionaldeRosario),LarsChristiansenChapter1.SettingthesceneLeadauthors:AlexandreMagnan(IDDRI),MaríadelPilar(UNEPCopenhagenClimateCentre).BuenoRubial(CONICET–UniversidadNacionaldeRosario),Contributingauthors:ThomasDale(UNEPCopenhagenLarsChristiansen(UNEPCopenhagenClimateCentre),ClimateCentre),TimoLeiter(LondonSchoolofEconomics),ThomasDale(UNEPCopenhagenClimateCentre),HenryPieterPaw(EindhovenUniversityofTechnology),ChandiNeufeldt(UNEPCopenhagenClimateCentre).Singh(IndianInstituteofHumanSettlements),FatinTaw?g(SecretariatoftheUNFCCC),PaulWatkiss(PaulWatkissAssociates).Chapter2.GlobalprogressonadaptationplanningLeadauthors:FatinTaw?g(SecretariatoftheUNFCCC),MotsomiMaletjane(SecretariatoftheUNFCCC),MichalNachmany(ClimatePolicyRadar).REVIEWERSEdithAdera(AfricanDevelopmentBank),MariaTeresaContributingauthors:MaryamNavi(SecretariatoftheAbogado(UNEP),PortiaAdadeWilliams(CouncilforUNFCCC),MarcusDavies(ClimatePolicyRadar),DannyScienti?candIndustrialResearch[CSIR]),MozaharulAlamWaite(ClimatePolicyRadar).(UNEP),TarekAlkhouryAbdulAhaad(UNEP),AliceAnders(UNEPFinanceInitiative[UNEPFI]),AngelaAndrade(ConservationInternational),AriadnaAnisimov(IDDRI),Chapter3.Globalprogressonadaptation?nanceLeadauthors:PaulWatkiss(PaulWatkissAssociates),EmilieBeauchamp(InternationalInstituteforSustainableDipeshChapagain(CenterforDevelopmentResearch),Development[IISD]),RuciBotei(UNEP),DennisBoursPieterPauw(EindhovenUniversityofTechnology),Georgia(AdaptationFund–TechnicalEvaluationReferenceGroup),Savvidou(ChalmersUniversityofTechnology).BarbaraBuchner(ClimatePolicyInitiative),DavidCarlinContributingauthors:BlancheButera(independent),Arjuna(UNEPFI),SanderChan(GermanInstituteofDevelopmentDibley(UniversityofMelbourneandUniversityofOxford).andSustainability),HoonChan(UNCapitalDevelopmentFund[UNCDF]),AlvinChandra(UNEP),SununguraiIVAdaptationGapReport2022:TooLittle,TooSlowEDITORSDominicaChingarande(Women'sUniversityinAfrica),BrettCohen(UniversityofCapeTown),BruceCurrie-AlderHenryNeufeldt(ChiefScienti?cEditor,UNEPCopenhagen(InternationalDevelopmentResearchCentre[IDRC]),CraigClimateCentre),LarsChristiansen(UNEPCopenhagenDavies(CADLAS),AngieDazé(IISD),ManishkaDeMelClimateCentre),ThomasDale(UNEPCopenhagen(ColumbiaUniversity),JohannaDichtl(UNEPFI),BarneyClimate?Centre).Dickson(UNEP),OphélieClaraDrouault(UNEP),NokuthulaDube(independent),OmarEl-Arini(GovernmentofEgypt),SECRETARIATANDPROJECTCOORDINATIONSusannahFisher(UniversityCollegeLondon),JamesLarsChristiansen(UNEPCopenhagenClimateCentre),Ford(UniversityofLeeds),FrancescoGaetani(UNEP),ThomasDale(UNEPCopenhagenClimateCentre),HenryChristopherGordon(UniversityofGhana),AnneHammillNeufeldt(UNEPCopenhagenClimateCentre),Kaisa(IISD),AndreaHinwood(UNEP),AlistairHunt(UniversityUusimaa(UNEP),MaartenKappelle(UNEP),EdoardoZandriofBath),HansOlavIbrekk(NorwegianMinistryofForeign(UNEP).Affairs),LiliIlieva(UNEP),OscarIvanova(UNEP),JasonJabbour(UNEP),MaartenKappelle(UNEP),SumaleeKhoslaCOMMUNICATIONSANDMEDIA(UNEP),ThaddeusIdiKiplimo(UNEP),NicolinaLamhaugeUNEP:MatthewBannon,DanielCooney,KatieElles,Maria(OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentVittoriaGalassi,MirandaGrant,NancyGroves,ArtanJama,[OECD]),JianLiu(UNEP),NataliaLópez(UNEP),AnilRuneKier,MichaelLogan,BeverleyMcDonald,DuncanMarkandya(BasqueCentreforClimateChange),JadeMoore,PoojaMunshi,KeishamazaRukikaire,NicolienMaron(UNEP),AnnettMoehner(SecretariatoftheSchoneveld-deLange,ReaganSirengo,NehaSud,andUNFCCC),MartaMoneo(UNEP),AbdelmenamMohamedseveralothermembersoftheUNEPCommunication(UNEP),RichardMunang(UNEP),SusanMutebi-RichardsDivision.(UNEP),YoussefNassef(SecretariatoftheUNFCCC),HansonNyantakyi-Frimpong(UniversityofDenver),AnneUNEPCopenhagenClimateCentre:MonnaHammersh?yOlhoff(CONCITO[Denmark’sgreenthinktank]),GigiOwenBlegvad,LasseHemmingsen,MetteAnnelieRasmussen.(UniversityofArizona),JeanPalutikof(Gri?thUniversity),AngelaPrias(UNEP),JyotsnaPuri(IFAD),MikaelaRambali(OECD),MorganRichmond(ClimatePolicyInitiative),DebraLANGUAGEEDITINGANDTRANSLATIONOFTHEEXECUTIVESUMMARYRoberts(IPCCandeThekwiniMunicipality),ErinRobertsStrategicAgenda(ClimateLeadershipInitiative),CynthiaRosenzweig(NASAGoddardInstituteforSpaceStudiesandColumbiaDESIGNANDLAYOUTUniversity),GhulamMuhammadShah(InternationalCentrePhoenixDesignAid(?gures),StrategicAgenda(layout),forIntegratedMountainDevelopment[ICIMOD]),NicholasBeverleyMcDonald,UNEP(cover)Simpson(UniversityofCapeTown),PaulSmith(UNEPFI),MaximeSouvignet(UnitedNationsUniversity–InstituteTHANKSALSOTO:forEnvironmentandHumanSecurity[UNU-EHS]),MariaUNEP:AngelineDjampou,NiklasHagelberg,PolinaKoroleva,Tapia(GlobalCenteronAdaptation[GCA]),AdelleThomasAbdelmenamMohamed,JaneMuriithi,PazLópez-Rey,Lou(ClimateAnalytics),KaisaUusimaa(UNEP),KeesvanderPerpes,PinyaSarasas,NanditaSurendran,YingWang.Geest(UNU-EHS),MaríaPaulaViscardoSesma(UNEP),KorinnavonTeichman-Utesch(SecretariatoftheUNFCCC),Finally,UNEPwouldliketothanktheDanishMinistryofFlorianWaldschmidt(UNU-EHS),YvonneWalz(UNU-EHS),ForeignAffairs,theSwedishInternationalDevelopmentCharleneWatson(OverseasDevelopmentInstitute[ODI]),CooperationAgency(SIDA),andtheBelgianFederalPublicRomainWeikmans(FinnishInstituteofInternationalAffairs),ServiceForeignAffairs,ForeignTradeandDevelopmentFleurWouterse(GlobalCenteronAdaptation[GCA]),SuyeonCooperationfortheirsupporttotheproductionofthe2022Yang(UNEP),EdoardoZandri(UNEP),JinhuaZhang(UNEP).editionofUNEP’sAdaptationGapReport.VAvillageinPakistanisdevastatedby?ooding.In2022,muchofthecountrywasseverelyinundated.Photo:?Shutterstock/SaighAneesAdaptationGapReport2022:TooLittle,TooSlowContentsAcknowledgementsGlossaryIVVIIIXIForewordExecutivesummaryXIIChapter1Settingthescene11.1TheclimatepolicycontextoftheAdaptationGapReport2022StatusofglobalclimateriskFramingoftheAdaptationGapReport20222351.21.3Chapter2Globalprogressonadaptationplanning91011122.4IntroductionProgressinnationaladaptationplanningworldwideAssessmentofadequacyandeffectivenessofadaptationplanningPromotingadaptation–mitigationinterlinkagesinadaptationplanningChapter3Globalprogressonadaptation?nancingindevelopingcountries1718IntroductionThecostsofadaptationandadaptation?nanceneedsfordevelopingcountriesOverarchingglobalestimatesandtrendsinadaptation-related?nancefordevelopingcountries2124243.4InterlinkagesbetweenmitigationandadaptationEstimatingtheadaptation?nancegap3.5Chapter4Globalprogressonadaptationimplementation272828303034.44.5IntroductionImplementedadaptationactionsindevelopingcountriesImplementedadaptationactionsindevelopedcountriesEstimatingthepotentialforriskreductionInterlinkagesbetweenimplementingadaptationandmitigationChapter5Effectivenessofadaptation373840434445.45.5IntroductionIllustratingadaptationoutcomesovertimeandspaceAddressinggapsandshortcomingsinadaptationpracticePrinciplesforeffectiveadaptationConclusionsandrecommendationsChapter6Synthesisonglobaladaptationprogress4950516.16.2Overarchingtakeaways:arecurrentadaptationeffortsmakingadifference?Cross-chaptersynthesisReferences56VIIAdaptationGapReport2022:TooLittle,TooSlowGlossaryTheentriesinthisglossaryareprimarilytakenormodi?edCo-bene?ts:

Apositiveeffectthatapolicyormeasurefromdefinitionsprovidedbyreportspublishedbytheaimedatoneobjectivehasonanotherobjective,therebyIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)orincreasingthetotalbene?ttosocietyortheenvironmentpreviouseditionsoftheAdaptationGapReport.(IPCC2022).1Adaptation:TheprocessofadjustmenttoactualorExposure:Thepresenceofpeople,livelihoods,speciesexpectedclimateanditseffects.Inhumansystems,orecosystems,environmentalfunctions,services,andadaptationseekstomoderateoravoidharmorexploitresources,infrastructure,oreconomic,social,orculturalbene?cialopportunities.Insomenaturalsystems,humanassetsinplacesandsettingsthatcouldbeadverselyinterventionmayfacilitateadjustmenttoexpectedclimateaffected(IPCC2022anditseffects.(IPCC2022).1).1Hazard:Thepotentialoccurrenceofanaturalorhuman-Adaptationcosts:Costsofplanning,preparingfor,inducedphysicaleventortrendthatmaycauselossoflife,facilitatingandimplementingadaptationmeasures,injury,orotherhealthimpacts,aswellasdamageandlossincludingtransactioncosts(IPCC20072).toproperty,infrastructure,livelihoods,serviceprovision,ecosystemsandenvironmentalresources(IPCC2022).1Adaptationgap:Thedifferencebetweenactuallyimplementedadaptationandasocietallysetgoal,Impacts:Theconsequencesofrealizedrisksonnaturalanddeterminedlargelybypreferencesrelatedtotoleratedhumansystems,whererisksresultfromtheinteractionsclimatechangeimpactsandre?ectingresourcelimitationsofclimate-relatedhazards(includingextremeweatherandcompetingpriorities(UNEP20143).andclimateevents),exposureandvulnerability.Impactsgenerallyrefertoeffectsonlives;livelihoods;healthandAdaptationlimits:Thepointatwhichanactor’sobjectiveswell-being;ecosystemsandspecies;economic,socialand(orsystemneeds)cannotbesecuredfromintolerablerisksculturalassets;services(includingecosystemservices);andthroughadaptiveactions(IPCC20221).infrastructure.Impactsmaybereferredtoasconsequencesoroutcomes,andcanbeadverseorbene?cial(IPCC2022).1●●Hardadaptationlimit:Noadaptiveactionsarepossibletoavoidintolerablerisks.Maladaptation:Actionsthatmayleadtoincreasedriskofadverseclimate-relatedoutcomes,includingviaincreasedSoftadaptationlimit:Optionsarecurrentlynotvulnerabilitytoclimatechange,diminishedwelfare,oravailabletoavoidintolerablerisksthroughadaptiveincreasedgreenhousegasemissions,noworinthefuture.action.Maladaptationisusuallyanunintendedconsequence(IPCC2022).1Adaptivecapacity:Theabilityofsystems,institutions,humansandotherorganismstoadjusttopotentialMitigation(ofclimatechange):Ahumaninterventiontodamage,totakeadvantageofopportunities,ortorespondreducethesourcesorenhancethesinksofgreenhousetoconsequences(IPCC20221).gases(IPCC2022).1Baseline:Thestateagainstwhichchangeismeasured.Resilience:Thecapacityofsocial,economicandItmightbeacurrentbaseline,inwhichcaseitrepresentsenvironmentalsystemstocopewithahazardouseventorobservable,present-dayconditions.Itmightalsobeatrendordisturbance,respondingorreorganizinginways‘futurebaseline’,whichisaprojectedfuturesetofconditionsthatmaintaintheiressentialfunction,identityandstructure.excludingthedrivingfactorofinterest.AlternativeResilienceisapositiveattributewhenitmaintainscapacityinterpretationsofthereferenceconditionscangiverisetoforadaptation,learningand/ortransformation(IPCC2022multiplebaselines(IPCC2007).1).2Risk:ThepotentialforconsequenceswheresomethingClimate-resilientdevelopment:Theprocessofofvalueisatstakeandwheretheoutcomeisuncertain,implementinggreenhousegasmitigationandadaptationrecognizingthediversityofvalues.Inthecontextofclimatemeasurestosupportsustainabledevelopmentforallchangeimpacts,risksresultfromdynamicinteractions(IPCC?20221).betweenclimate-relatedhazardswiththeexposureandvulnerabilityoftheaffectedhumanorecologicalsystemtothehazards(IPCC20144;IPCC2022).1VIIIAdaptationGapReport2022:TooLittle,TooSlowTrade-offs:Acompetitionbetweendifferentobjectiveswithinadecisionsituation,wherepursuingoneobjectivewilldiminishachievementofotherobjective(s).Atrade-offexistswhenapolicyormeasureaimedatoneobjective(e.g.reducinggreenhousegasemissions)reducesoutcomesforotherobjective(s)(e.g.climateresilience,biodiversityconservation,energysecurity)duetoadversesideeffects,therebypotentiallyreducingthenetbene?ttosocietyortheenvironment(IPCC2022).1Vulnerability:Thepropensityorpredispositiontobeadverselyaffected.Vulnerabilityencompassesavarietyofconceptsandelementsincludingsensitivityorsusceptibilitytoharmandlackofcapacitytocopeandadapt(IPCC2022).11234https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Annex-II.pdf.https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4-wg2-app-1.pdf./resources/adaptation-gap-report-2014.https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-AnnexII_FINAL.pdf.IXPhoto:?NatalijaGormalova/ClimateVisualsCountdownAdaptationGapReport2022:TooLittle,TooSlowForewordClimatechangeislandingblowafterblowuponhumanity,aswesawtimeandagainthroughout2022:mostviscerallyinthecatastrophic?oodsthatputmuchofPakistanunderwater.Thesearethekindsofclimateimpactswearesufferingatonly1.1°Cabovepre-industrialtemperatures.Weareheadingformuchhighertemperatures:2.8°Cbytheendofthecentury,basedoncurrentpolicies.Theinternationalcommunitymusturgentlyreducegreenhousegasemissionsthroughatransformationofenergy,industry,transport,foodsystems,?nancialsystemsandsomuchmore.However,asthe2022editionofUNEP’sAdaptationGapReport:TooLittle,TooSlow?nds,wemustalsourgentlyincreaseeffortstoadapttotheimpactsofclimatechangethatarealreadyhereandtothosethataretocome.Thereport?ndsthatglobaleffortsinadaptationplanning,?nancingandimplementationareincreasingincrementally.However,theyarenotkeepingpacewithincreasingclimaterisks.Yes,over80percentofcountrieshaveatleastonenationaladaptationplanninginstrumentinplace.Butfundingtoturnplanningintoactionisn’tfollowing.Internationaladaptationfinanceflowstodevelopingallcontributedtoanenergyandfoodsecuritycrisis.CostscountriesreachedUSD29billionin2020,anincreaseof4peroflivingaregoingthroughtheroofacrosstheworld.Butcentfrom2019.ButuptoUSD340billionperyearisneededthetemperaturerangeswearecurrentlylookingatoverby2030,andfarmorebeyond.Theadaptation?nancegapthedecadestocome–evenwithmitigation–willturntheindevelopingcountriesislikely?vetotentimesgreaterclimateimpactsweareseeingnowintoknockoutblowsforthancurrentinternationaladaptation?nance?owsandwillgenerationstocome.onlywidenifwedonotrampupinvestments.This?nancialshortfalliscascadingdowntotheimplementationlevel,Wemustgetseriousaboutadaptingtoclimatechange.Andwhichremainsinadequatedespiteprogressbeing?made.wemustdoitnow.Themessageofthisreportisclear:strongpoliticalwillisneededtoincreaseadaptationinvestmentsandoutcomes.NationsneedtobackthestrongwordsintheGlasgowClimatePact,adoptedin2021,withstrongaction,startingatCOP27inSharmEl-Sheikh,Egypt.Weneedpedaltothemetalaccelerationinscienti?cresearch,innovativeplanning,financeandimplementationanddeeperinternational?cooperation.Ifwedon’twanttospendthecomingdecadesinemergencyresponsemode,dealingwithdisasterafterdisaster,weIngerAndersenneedtogetaheadofthegame.Wecannotuseotherglobalcrisesasexcusesforinaction.Yes,thewarinUkraine,ExecutiveDirectorglobalsupplyshortagesandtheCOVID-19pandemichaveUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeXIAdaptationGapReport2022:TooLittle,TooSlowExecutivesummaryClimaterisksareincreasingasglobalwarmingaccelerates.Strongmitigationandadaptationarebothkeytoavoidinghardadaptationlimits.theworldwillfacesevereclimaterisksbeforetheendofthiscentury,evenunderlow-emissionscenarios(figure?ES.1).Climateimpactsareincreasingacrosstheglobe.AAmbitious,acceleratedactiontoadapttoclimatechangemulti-yeardroughtintheHornofAfrica,unprecedentedisthereforeparamount,togetherwithstrongmitigationfloodinginSouthAsia,andseveresummerheatandefforts.However,evenambitiousinvestmentinadaptationrecord-breakingdroughtsacrossmultipleregionsofthecannotfullypreventclimatechangerelatedimpacts.northernhemisphere,amongothers,pointtomountingHence,dealingwithlossesanddamagescannotbeavoidedandever-increasingclimaterisks.AccordingtotherecentandmustbeaddressedadequatelyattheUnitedNationsIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)FrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)andWorkingGroupIISixthAssessmentReport(IPCCWGIIAR6),atnationallevels.FigureES.1ReasonsforConcernasassessedinIPCCWGIIAR6A.GlobalsurfacetemperaturechangeB.ReasonsforConcern(RFC)Increaserelativetotheperiod1850–1900Impactandriskassessmentsassuminglowtonoadaptation°CRisk/impact5.0ProjectionsfordifferentscenariosSSP1-1.9SSP1-2.6(shaderepresentingverylikelyrange)SSP2-4.5SSP3-7.0(shaderepresentingverylikelyrange)SSP5-8.5VeryhighHigh4.03.0ModerateUndetectableTransitionrangeCon?dencelevelassignedtotransitionrange2.01.51.0LowVeryhighHistoricalaveragetemperatureincreasein2011–2020was1.09°C(dashedline),range0.95–1.20°C0.01950200020502100RFC1RFC2RFC3RFC4RFC5UniqueandExtremeDistributionGlobalLargescalethreatenedweatherofimpactsaggregatesingularsystemseventsimpactseventsSource:IPCC(2022).ClimateChange2022:Impacts,AdaptationandVulnerability.ContributionofWorkingGroupIItotheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.P?rtner,H.-O.,Roberts,D.C.,Tignor,M.,Poloczanska,E.S.,Mintenbeck,K.,Alegría,A.etal.(eds.).Cambridge,UKandNewYork,NY,USA:CambridgeUniversityPress.3056.doi:10.1017/9781009325844.Adaptationmustnotbesidelinedbecauseoflarge-scale,non-climateandcompoundingfactors.terminvestmentsinadaptationareurgentlyneededtoavoidtheadaptationgapfromwidening.ItiscriticalthattheinternationalclimatecommunitybuildontheGlasgowThewarinUkraine,globalsupplyshortagesandtheglobalClimatePact,agreedduringthetwenty-sixthsessionoftheCOVID-19pandemichaveallcontributedtoanevolvingUnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceofthePartiesenergyandfoodsecuritycrisis,withthecostoflivingastotheUNFCCC(COP26)in2021,anddeepencollectivewellasin?mitmentsonnet-zero,adaptation,climate?nance,andHowever,unprecedentedpoliticalwillandmanymorelong-lossanddamage.XIIExecutiveSummaryGlobaleffortsinadaptationplanning,?nancingandimplementationcontinuetomakeincrementalprogressbutfailtokeeppacewithincreasingclimaterisks.whichpeopleandecosystemsaremoreresilientorlessvulnerabletoclimatechange.Countriesarealsoincreasingtheimplementabilityofadaptationplanninginstrumentsbydefiningobjectives,determiningtimeframes,consideringfutureclimatechange,strengtheningthesciencebase,andThiscallsforgroundbreakingaccelerationinscientificimprovingthecapacityandpartnershipsneededtoensureresearch,innovativeplanning,moreandbetterfinanceeffectiveimplementation.Moreover,nearly90percentofandimplementation,increasedmonitoringandevaluation,planninginstrumentsanalyseddisplayconsiderationforanddeeperinternationalcooperation.Currentprocessesgenderand/orhistoricallydisadvantagedgroups,suchasundertheUnitedNationsclimatenegotiations,includingindigenouspeoples.theGlasgow–Sharmel-Sheikhworkprogrammeontheglobalgoalonadaptationandtheglobalstocktake,presentanimportantopportunitytoactupontheconclusionsofTheadaptation?nancegapindevelopingcountriesthisreportandtheIPCCWGIIAR6.islikely?veto10timesgreaterthancurrentinternationaladaptation?nance?owsandcontinuestowiden.Morethaneightoutof10countriesnowhaveatleastonenationaladaptationplanninginstrument,andtheyaregettingbetterandbecomingmoreinclusiveofdisadvantagedgroups.Internationaladaptationfinancetodevelopingcountriescontinuestorise,reachingUS$28.6billionin2020.Thisrepresentsa34percentshareoftotalclimatefinancetodevelopingcountriesin2020andisa4percentincreaseAtleast