系統(tǒng)解剖學(xué)英文版教學(xué)課件：Joints of the head and trunk

JointsoftheheadandtrunkAtlanto-occipitaljointarticulationbetweentheatlasandtheoccipitalcondyleofoccipitalboneallowstheskulltomoveupanddownI.Craniovertebraeljoints(synovialjoints)2.Atlanto-axialjointArticulationoftheanteriorarchofatlaswiththeodontoidprocessoftheaxis,andthetransverseligamentoftheatlas.Itisapivotarticulation.2.Atlanto-axialjointTherearetwoatlantoaxialjoints:medianandlateral:Themedianatlantoaxialjointissometimesconsideredadoublejoint:onebetweentheposteriorsurfaceoftheanteriorarchofatlasandthefrontoftheodontoidprocessonebetweentheanteriorsurfaceoftheligamentandthebackoftheodontoidprocess2.Atlanto-axialjointThelateralatlantoaxialjointisanglidingjointbetweenthearticularprocessesofthetwobonesoneithersideAtlanto-axialjointallowstheuppernecktotwistleftandright.(1)Anterioratlanto-occipitalmembrane(ligament)broadandcomposedofdenselywovenfibers,whichpassbetweentheanteriormarginoftheforamenmagnumabove,andtheupperborderoftheanteriorarchofthe

atlasbelow.Ligamentsforcraniovertebraeljoints(2)Posterioratlanto-occipitalmembrane(ligament)abroadbutthinmembrane.Itisconnectedabovetotheposteriormarginoftheforamenmagnumandbelowtotheupperborderoftheposteriorarchoftheatlas.Ligamentsforcraniovertebraeljoints(3)Membranatectoria(occipitoaxialligaments)-situatedwithinthevertebralcanalandisastrongfibrousbandconnectedthebasilarpartoftheoccipitalboneandtheposteriorsurfaceofthebodyoftheaxis.Ligamentsforcraniovertebraeljoints(4)Cruciformligamentofatlas

(cruciate)isacruciateligamentintheneckformingpartoftheatlanto-axialjoint.Itconsistsofthetransverseligamentoftheatlas,alongwithadditionalfibersabove(superiorlongitudinalband)andbelow(inferiorlongitudinalband).Ligamentsforcraniovertebraeljoints(4)Cruciformligamentofatlas

(cruciate)Transverseligamentofalasastrong,thickligamentousbandthat,withtheanteriorarchoftheatlas,createsafibro-osseousringaroundthedensoftheaxis.Ligamentsforcraniovertebraeljoints(5)Alarligament-connectthesidesofthedenstothemedialsideoftheoccipitalcondyle.LigamentsforcraniovertebraeljointsFunctionsofLigamentsforcraniovertebraeljoints:STABILIZEJOINTPROTECTMEDULLAPREVENTEXCESSMOVEMENT⑤①②③④Abilateralsynovialarticulationbetweenthetemporalbone(upper)andmandible(lower).TherearesixmaincomponentsoftheTMJ.MandibularcondylesArticularsurfaceofthetemporalboneArticulardiscCapsuleLigamentsLateralpterygoidplate3.Temporomandibularjoint(TMJ)

Thetemporomandibularjoint(TMJ)Thearticulardisc(fibrocartilagenoustissue)divideseachjointintotwoparts.Thelowerjointcompartmentformedbythemandibleandthearticulardiscisinvolvedinrotationalmovement—thisistheinitialmovementofthejawwhenthemouthopens.Theupperjointcompartmentformedbythearticulardiscandthetemporalboneisinvolvedintranslationalmovement—thisisthesecondaryglidingmotionofthejawasitisopenedwidely.FunctionsofTMJ:itisbothahingingJointandanslidingjoint.openandclosemouth,,bitingandchewing.bygliding,g

protrusion,,retractionofmandibleTMJorktogetherinThreeligaments:associatedTMJ:temporomandibularlig.(major)stylomandibularlig.(minor)sphenomandibular.lig.(minor)LigamentsassociatedTMJTheTMJbecomesdislocatedwhenthecondylemovestoofar.Then,itcangetstuckinfrontofthearticulartubercle.Thecondylecan'tmovebackintoplace.Thishappensmostoftenwhentheligamentsthatnormallykeepthecondyleinplacearesomewhatloose.Thesurroundingmusclesoftengointospasm(痙攣)andholdthecondyleinthedislocatedposition.TMJDislocationJointsofthetrunk

1.Vertebraljoints(1)JointsofvertebralbodiesConnectedbyvertebraldiscsliebetweenadjacentvertebralbodiesformsacartilaginousjointtoallowslightmovementofthevertebraeactsasaligamenttoholdthevertebraetogether.

I.ThevertebralcolumnanouterannulusfibrosusinnernucleuspulposusStructureofIntervertebraldiscSpinaldischerniation(prolapseddisc)isamedicalconditionaffectingthespinalcolumn,inwhichatearinfibrousring(annulusfibrosus)ofanintervertebraldiscallowsthesoft,centralportion(nucleuspulposus)tobulgeout.Tearsarealmostalwayspostero-lateralThediscoftenpresses

onanerverootwhichalsocausespainandothersymptoms.(2)JointsofvertebralarchesZygapophysialjoints(synovialjoints&glidingjoints)asynovialjointbetweenthesuperiorarticularprocessofonevertebraandtheinferiorarticularprocessofthevertebradirectlyaboveit.Therearetwofacetjointsineachspinalmotionsegment.limitmovementofthespinalmotionsegment.2.Ligaments(1)LigamentsassociatedwithvertebralbodiesAnteriorlongitudinalligamentPosteriorlongitudinalligament(2)LigamentsassociatedwithvertebralarchesLigamenta

flavum(betweenpedicle)InterspinalligamentIntertransverseligmentSupraspinalligament(ligamentumnuchae-neck)II.Thoracicjoints

1.Costovertebraljointscostovertebraljointscostotransversejoints2.JointsbetweensternumandribsManubriosternal

jointsXiphisternaljointsThesetwoaresynchondroses,withagetheybecomeossified.Sternocostaljoints:RibI:synchondrosisRibsII-VII:synovialjoints

(Glidingjoints)Intercostaljoints:RibsVI-X