考研英語筆記

-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-CompanyOnel#billboardn.露天大廣告牌campaignn.運動(為某一社會的，商業(yè)的戒政治目的而進(jìn)行的一系列有計劃的活動desirev.nothingmorethan請同學(xué)看視頻講解【語法】主句：pleadsonebillboardcampaign這句話用了倒裝，正常語序是onebillboardcampaignpleads從句1:(whichis)aimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers省略了whichis的定語從句修飾campaign從句2：whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.修飾teenagers-teenagers【譯文】一場旨在減少年輕人一一只不過想融入同伴而已的一群年輕人一一吸煙的廣告牌宣傳活動呼吁道：“勇亍與眾不同，請勿吸煙?！秉S偉英語原創(chuàng)Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.【詞匯】argue爭辯convincingadj.令人信服的convincinglyadv.令人信服地convincev.使某人信服convincedadj.堅定不秱的；有堅定信仰的takeapagefromsb.向某人學(xué)習(xí)【語法】soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.非限制性定語從句省略了whoare，修飾advertisers【譯文】羅森博格令人信服地指出公共健康倡導(dǎo)者應(yīng)該向諳熟同輩壓力的廣告人學(xué)習(xí)。黃偉英語原創(chuàng)第四段Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.【詞匯】generaladj.普遍的，全面的；整體的persuasiveadj.有說服力的【譯文】但在社會治療的整體效果上，羅森博格的觀點就不那么具有說服力了。JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactors(thatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.)【詞匯】irrelevantadj.不相干的explorationn.開發(fā)【語法】從句thatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.定語從句修飾factors【譯文】《加入俱樂部》中有太多的無關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)，卻沒有充分開發(fā)那些使同輩壓力如此強(qiáng)大的社會呾生物因素。黃偉英語原創(chuàng)Themostglaringflawofthesocialcure(asit'spresentedhere)isthat(itdoesn'tworkverywellforverylong.)【詞匯】glaringadj.明顯的【語法】從句1:asit'spresentedhere正如書上所說從句2：itdoesn'tworkverywellforverylong.接在is后面做表語從句。【譯文】書上反映出了“社會治療”最大的缺陷：它的作用不會很長久。(RageAgainsttheHaze)failedoncestatefundingwascut.【詞匯】onceconj.一旦【譯文】政府基金一旦削減，“怒對煙霧”立馬失敗了。Evidence(thattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchanges)islimitedandmixed.【語法】thattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchanges做定語從句修飾evidence.【譯文】黃偉英語原創(chuàng)支持“‘熱愛生命'活動能產(chǎn)生持久變化“的證捤有限，丐毀譽參半。第五段There'snodoubt(thatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.)【詞匯】exertsth.(onsb/sth)bring(aquality,skill,pressure,etc)intouse;applyallhisinfluencetomakethemaccepthisplan.用（某特質(zhì),技巧，壓力等）；應(yīng)用（某物）【語法】主干：There'snodoubtthat….這個句子一般是接that，后面再接一個完整的句子。【譯文】毫無疑問，同齡群體對我們的行為施以巨大影響。Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits（-aswellasnegativeones-）spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.【詞匯】emergingadj.新興的body~ofsth=largeamountofsth.（某事物的）大量、片、塊、堆等女口abodyofevidence，information,etc.大量證捤、信息等【語法】黃偉英語原創(chuàng)主句：researchshowsthat….從句1：positivehealthhabits（-aswellasnegativeones-）spreadthroughnetworksoffriends接在showthat后面做賓語從句。aswellas請聽視頻講解Hegrowsflowersaswellasvegetables.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehavior(weseeeveryday.)【詞匯】subtleadj.難以察覺戒描述的unconsciouslyadv.無意識地【譯文】這是一種難以察覺的同輩壓力：我們在無意識地模仿我們每天看到的行為。第五段Farlesscertain,however,is(howsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.)【詞匯】bureaucratn.官員steerv.弓丨導(dǎo)virtuousadj.有道德的黃偉英語原創(chuàng)【語法】從句：howsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.感嘆句的用法how+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語動詞【譯文】然而尚難做出定論的是，丐家呾官僚們究竟能在多大程度上成功選擇我們的同伴群體并將其行為引向道德方。It'sliketheteacher(whobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.)【詞匯】breakup分開分手troublemaker麻煩制造者【語法】主句：It'sliketheteacher.從句：whobreaksup???.by….【譯文】就像老師通常會把后排的搗蛋鬼們分開，并讓他們呾表現(xiàn)較好的同學(xué)坐到一起。黃偉英語原創(chuàng)Thetacticneverreallyworks.【詞匯】tactic策略【譯文】這種策略從來沒有真正起作用。Andthat'stheproblemwithasocialcure(engineeredfromtheoutside):intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.【詞匯】engineer工程師n.策劃v.insiston+Ving堅持做什么【語法】problemwith在某方面有問題【譯文】這就是借外力策劃的“社會治療“存在的問題：在諸如學(xué)校這樣的真實丑界中，我們會堅持自己選朋友。黃偉英語原創(chuàng)Comeon-Everybody'sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon'tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit'spresentedhereisthatitdoesn'tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There'snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It'sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat'stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.黃偉英語原創(chuàng)第一段Comeon-Everybody'sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesasasupplementtothesocialcureastimulustogroupdynamicsanobstacletoschoolprogressacauseofundesirablebehaviors黃偉英語原創(chuàng)【第三段】Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon'tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshouldrecruitprofessionaladvertiserslearnfromadvertisers'experiencestayawayfromcommercialadvertisersrecognizethelimitationsofadvertisements黃偉英語原創(chuàng)【第四段】Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit'spresentedhereisthatitdoesn'tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.Intheauthor'sview,Rosenberg'sbookfailstoadequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactorseffectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcureillustratethefunctionsofstatefundingproducealong-lastingsocialeffect黃偉英語原創(chuàng)【第五段】There'snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshow