普通微生物學(xué)演示文稿

普通微生物學(xué)演示文稿目前一頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點ScheduleofMicrobiologyAcademicunit：2credithours/week×17weeksPracticalunit：3credithours/twoweeks(oddweek)×6weeks

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references：《微生物學(xué)》，沈萍主編，高等教育出版社?Microbiology?fifthedition,Prescott,Harley,KleinWebsite:目前二頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點ChapterⅠ:IntroductiontoMicrobiology目前三頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點1.microorganismsandMicrobiologyMicroorganisms(微生物)arenotequaltogerms(病菌).WhatisMicroorganism?Microorganisms——verytinylifeforms,mostofthemcannotbeseenwithoutmagnificationMicrobiology(微生物學(xué))——thesciencedealswithmicroorganismsBasicaspectAppliedaspect目前四頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Including:Bacteria(細(xì)菌),Fungi(真菌),Algae(藻類),Protozoa(原生動物)andViruses(病毒)Micrometer(m,微米)isalwaysusedtodescribethesizeofmicroorganisms.Microscope(顯微鏡)isalwaysusedtoobserveindividualmicroorganism.目前五頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點ThediscoveryofmicroorganismsDiseases-----invisiblelivingcreaturesTheconflictoverspontaneousgeneration(自然發(fā)生學(xué)說）---livingorganismscoulddevelopfromnonlivingmatterItalianphysicianFrancescoRedimeat---maggors？？3containersfinegauze：flieslayeggsonthegauzeuncovered:layeggsonthemeatpaper

目前六頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點ThescientificmethodProblemDevelophypothesisSelectinformationneededtotesthypothesisCollectinformationbyobservationorexperimentAnalyzeinformationfalsificationHypothesissupportedHypothesisrejectedConstructnewhypothesisExposetomoretestsEventualfalsificationDevelopnewhypothesisincorporatingstrongpointsofoldhypothesisControlgroup目前七頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點2.ImportanceofMicroorganismstoHumankindTheTotalofbacteriainsoil:10034×1012ton；onthesurfaceofmoney：9million；humanskin：100thousand/cm2；mouth：>500kinds；intestines：total1015

目前八頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點1）benefits

ofMicroorganismsManymicroorganismsbenefithumans,producingfoodsweeat,removingwastesweproduce,andmakingantibiotics(抗生素)andvaccines(疫苗)foruseinmedicine.Microorganismsareessentialformaintainingthebalanceofnatureandsustaininglifeonearth.Whichotherbenefitsdomicroorganismshave?目前九頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Wineproduction目前十頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Wineandbeerproduction目前十一頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Beerfermentation目前十二頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Mushroomculture目前十三頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Wastewatertreatmentwithmicroorganism目前十四頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Methaneproduction目前十五頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點2）MicroorganismsandDiseaseThereducedimpactonhumankindofdiseasescausedbymicroorganismsisdueinparttoadvancesinourscientificknowledgeofmicroorganismsandtheirinteractionswithhuman.——Vaccines(疫苗)andAntibiotics(抗生素)ThebattlebetweenhumansandmicroorganismswillcontinueEnemiesorfriends?目前十六頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Mortalityduetodifferentdiseasesin1900and1990’s目前十七頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Chickenpox(水痘)目前十八頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Measles(麻疹)目前十九頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Smallpox(天花)目前二十頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Colorizedmicrographofthehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),thatcauseAIDS,onthesurfaceofacell目前二十一頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Coronavirus(冠狀病毒)thatcauseSARS目前二十二頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Avianinfluenzavirus(禽流感病毒)目前二十三頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Streptococcussuis(豬鏈球菌)thatcancausedeathonbothpigsandhumanbeings目前二十四頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點DistributionofHIV/AIDSpatients目前二十五頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Spoilageofdairy目前二十六頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Spoilageoffood目前二十七頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點3.HistoricalPerspective

stageⅠ:DiscoveryofMicroorganismsLeeuwenhoek(列文虎克；呂文虎克)ofHollandinventedthefirstmicroscopeandmadethefirstrecordedobservationofbacteriain1670.目前二十八頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Leeuwenhoek’smicroscopesandhissketchesofbacteria目前二十九頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點LouisPasteur&RobertKoch

a.Pasteur

LouisPasteur（1822～1895）stageⅡ:experimentalstage目前三十頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點Spontaneousgenerationofmicroorganisms???目前三十一頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點b.KochRobertKoch（1843～1910）目前三十二頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點

discoveryofantibiotics：1929Fleming:discoveryofpenicillin1940Florey:purificationofpenicillinImmunologicalstudiesPasteur-----chickencholera（霍亂）stageⅢ:development目前三十三頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點MainBranchesofMicrobiologystageⅣ:modernmicrobiology目前三十四頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點4.classificationsandcharacteristics1）classificationsmicroorganismAcellular:virusProkaryotic：Eubacteria(真細(xì)菌）Archaebacteria（古細(xì)菌）Cellular:Eukaryotic：Fungi（真菌）Algae（藻類）Protozoa（原生動物）目前三十五頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點目前三十六頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點2）Characteristicssimplestructure,tinysize：measureunit：μmornmaveragelengthofrod：2μm；1500rodbacteria=thelengthofasesametheratioofsurfaceareatovolume(SA/V)ofmicroorganismislargerthanotherorganism.acellular（virus）；unicellular；multicellular目前三十七頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點strongdigestionandtransformation

variouswaystoacquirenutrition

thesourceofthenutritiontomicoorganisms:cellulose,lignose,keratin,oil,methanol,methane,plastic,manyorganiccompounds

目前三十八頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點quicklyreproduce，easilyculture

EachE.Coli:10–12grams，20minutes/generationafter24hours：4.7×1022cells，theweightis4722tonsafter48hours：2.2×1043cells，theweightis2.2×1025tons=4000timesoftheweightoftheGlobe！Manymicroorganismscanbeeasilyculturedinlabs！目前三十九頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點strongresistbadenvironments,highmutationExtremeenvironment：hightemperature,lowT,highpressureHighmutationtosurvive:突變率：10-5

Lotmutationsinshorttime目前四十頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點ProductionofPenicillin：20U/ml（1943）10000U/mlDosageofPenicillin：最高：105U/day（40s）數(shù)百萬-千萬單位/次目前四十一頁\總數(shù)四十七頁\編于十九點broaddistribution

Soil,water,air,onthesurfaceofanimalsandplantsandsoon10~20×104specieshavebeenconfirmed,onlyoccupy1%ofthetotalVariousmetabolicproducts；diversityofphysiology(生理）