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Presuppositionvs.Entailment

主講人：鐘小丹2023202395Twobasicdefinitions1Distinctionsfrom3aspects2conclusion3references4Contents

DefinitionsPresupposition:

Inthebranchoflinguisticsknownaspragmatics,apresuppositionisanimplicitassumptionabouttheworldorbackgroundbeliefrelatingtoanutterancewhosetruthistakenforgrantedindiscourse.Examplesofpresuppositionsinclude:? Doyouwanttodoitagain? Presupposition:thatyouhavedoneitalready,atleastonce.? Janenolongerwritesfiction. Presupposition:thatJaneoncewrotefiction.

Inpragmatics(linguistics),entailmentistherelationshipbetweentwosentenceswherethetruthofone(A)requiresthetruthoftheother(B).

Forexample,thesentence(A)Thepresidentwasassassinated.entails(B)Thepresidentisdead.Noticealsothatif(B)isfalse,then(A)mustnecessarilybefalse.Toshowentailment,wemustshowthat(A)trueforces(B)tobetrueand(B)falseforces(A)tobefalse.EntailmentMaindifferencesAsimpletesttodifferentiatepresuppositionfromentailmentisnegation.Ifwenegateanentailingsentence,thentheentailmentfails,butnegatingapresupposingsentenceallowsthepresuppositiontosurvive.Presuppositionremainsundernegation.Eg.ThekingofFranceisillThekingofFranceisnotill.BothofthetwosentencespresupposethatthereisakingofFrance.Thepresidentwasassassinated.Thepresidentwasnotassassinated.ThelatersentencenolongerentailsThepresidentisdead.2.Thedifferencecanbeseenintermsoftheassignmentoftruthtable.Entailment:P:Theanarchistassassinatedtheemperor.q:Theemperordied.truthtable:pqT→TF→TorFF←FTorF←TPresupposition:P:John’sbrotherhasjustgobackfromNigeria.Q:Johnhasabrother.TruthtablePQT→TF→TTorF←TTorF←F3.Whileagivensentencealwaysproducesthesamesetofentailments,itseemsthatthisisnottrueofpresuppositions.Thetypeofpresuppositionusuallytriggeredbytimeadverbialclauses.EgShecriedbeforeshefinishedherthesis.Shefinishedherthesis.However,ifwechangetheverb,thepresuppositionisnolongerproduced.EgShediedbeforeshefinishedherthesis.ShefinishedherthesisconclusionEntailmentisarelationbetweensentencemeanings,orpropositions.(Sometimes,speakingloosely,wetalkasthoughitwerearelationbetweensentences.)Presuppositioncanalsobeseenasarelationbetweenpropositions,althoughmanylinguists(includingGeorgeYule)prefertoseepresuppositionasstrictlypragmatic,andarelationbetweenaspeakerandaproposition.Inanycaseitisimportanttoseethatthesearetwoindependentkindsofrelations.Apropositionwhichispresupposedinaparticularutterancemayormaynotalsobeentailed.[1]StephenC.Levinson,Pragmatics.ForeignLanguageteachingandResearchPress.2