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FMEATraining第一頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。目錄(Contents)一、何謂FMEA(WhatisanFMEA)二、FMEA的種類(lèi)(TheTypeofFMEA)三、FMEA的實(shí)施(FMEAImplementation)四、FMEA的持續(xù)追蹤(Follow-Up)五、DFMEA填表說(shuō)明(DesignFMEA)六、PFMEA填表說(shuō)明

(ProcessFMEA)第二頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。何謂FMEA(WhatisanFMEA)FMEA:失效模式與效應(yīng)分析(FailureModeandEffectsAnalysis)

FMEA係藉由系統(tǒng)性的小組活動(dòng)來(lái)進(jìn)行下列工作:

AnFMEAcanbedescribedasasystematicgroupofactivities intendedto: a.確認(rèn)及評(píng)估產(chǎn)品/製程潛在的失效模式及其影響

Recognizeandevaluatethepotentialfailureofaproduct/processand effectsofthatfailure b.採(cǎi)取消除或降低潛在的失效發(fā)生機(jī)率

Identifyactionsthatcouldeliminateorreducethechanceofthe potentialfailureoccurring c.記載全部的過(guò)程

Documenttheentireprocess

第三頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。FMEA的種類(lèi)(TheTypeofFMEA)DFMEA:D→Design

設(shè)計(jì)PFMEA:P→Process 製程SFMEA:S→System 系統(tǒng)MFMEA:M→Machinery 機(jī)械設(shè)備第四頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。將FMEA當(dāng)作一專(zhuān)門(mén)的技術(shù)應(yīng)用,以消除潛在失效為目的。

UsingtheFMEAasadisciplinedtechniquetoidentifyandhelpminimizepotentialconcern

全面實(shí)施FMEA確實(shí)能避免許多宣傳活動(dòng)的發(fā)生。

StudiesofvehiclecampaignshaveshownthatfullyimplementedFMEAprogramscouldhavepreventedmanyofthecampaigns.

要完成FMEA得依靠小組共同努力。

FMEAinputshouldbeateameffort.小組成員應(yīng)由知識(shí)或技術(shù)豐富人員共同組成而非應(yīng)付式的派遣單位助理來(lái)權(quán)充人數(shù)。

Teammembershouldbeknowledgeableandtechnicalexpert,andnottheassistantscombinedfromeachdepartments.FMEA的實(shí)施(FMEAImplementation)第五頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。適時(shí)性是成功實(shí)施FMEA的重要因素之一,強(qiáng)調(diào)「事前的防範(fàn)」,而非事後「事故的補(bǔ)救」。

OneofthemostimportantfactorsforthesuccessfulimplementationofanFMEAprogramistimeliness.Itismeanttobea“before-the-event”action,notan“after-the-fact”exercise.FMEA不僅是簡(jiǎn)單的填表工作,而是藉由對(duì)FMEA的瞭解,以消除風(fēng)險(xiǎn),使計(jì)劃獲得適當(dāng)?shù)墓苤?,藉以達(dá)到客戶(hù)的滿(mǎn)意。

ItisnotsimplyacaseoffillingouttheformbutratherofunderstandingtheFMEAprocessinordertoeliminateriskandplantheappropriatecontrolstoensurecustomersatisfaction.FMEA的實(shí)施(FMEAImplementation)第六頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。7.潛在FMEA實(shí)施步驟:FMEA的實(shí)施(FMEAImplementation)第七頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。7.FMEAProcessSequence:FMEA的實(shí)施(FMEAImplementation)SubsystemFunctionReqt’sPotentialFailureModePotentialEffect(s)ofFailureSEVCLASSPotentialCause(s)/Mechanism(s)ofFailureOCCURCurrentControlsDETECR.P.N.RecommendedAction(s)Responsibility&TargetCompletionDateActionResultsActionsTakenSEVOCCDETR.P.N.PreventionDetectionWhataretheFunctions,FeaturesorRequirements?Whatcangowrong?-NoFunction-Partial/Over/DegradedFunction-IntermittentFunction-UnintendedFunctionWhataretheEffect(s)?Howbadisit?WhataretheCause(s)?Howoftendoesithappen?Howcanthisbepreventedanddetected?Howgoodisthismethodatdetectingit?Whatcanbedone?-DesignChanges-ProcessChanges-SpecialControls-ChangestoStandards,Procedures,orGuides第八頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。實(shí)施FMEA的三種時(shí)機(jī)

TherearethreebasiccasesforwhichFMEA’saregenerated,eachwithadifferentscopeorfocus.1.新設(shè)計(jì)、新技術(shù)或新製程

Newdesign,newtechnology,ornewprocess2.當(dāng)現(xiàn)有設(shè)計(jì)或製造將要變更時(shí)

Modificationstoexistingdesignorprocess3.當(dāng)現(xiàn)有設(shè)計(jì)或製程使用新的環(huán)境、位置或應(yīng)用時(shí)

Useofanexistingdesignorprocessinanewenvironment,location,orapplicationFMEA的實(shí)施(FMEAImplementation)第九頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。FMEA的推動(dòng)雖由指定專(zhuān)人負(fù)責(zé),但其作業(yè)展開(kāi),應(yīng)由FMEA小組來(lái)完成(一般跨功能小組=FMEA小組)

AlthoughresponsibilityforthepreparationoftheFMEAisusuallyassignedtoanindividual,FMEAinputshouldbeateameffort.即使產(chǎn)品/製程是一致的,不同小組的比較及評(píng)價(jià)是不適宜的。

Itisnotappropriatetocomparetheratingsofoneteam’sFMEAwiththeratingsofanotherteam’sFMEA,eveniftheproduct/processappearstobeidentical,sinceeachteam’senvironmentisuniqueandthustherespectiveindividualratingswillbeunique.FMEA文件的審查建議應(yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)於公司品質(zhì)目標(biāo),且包含予公司管理審查會(huì)議中。

AreviewoftheFMEAdocumentagainstFMEAqualityobjectivesisrecommended,includingamanagementreview.FMEA的實(shí)施(FMEAImplementation)第十頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。FMEA的持續(xù)追蹤是非常重要的

Theneedfortakingeffectivepreventive/correctiveactions,withappropriatefollow-uponthoseactions,cannotbeoveremphasized.負(fù)責(zé)工程師應(yīng)確保所有的建議措施均已有效執(zhí)行

Theresponsibleengineerisinchargeofensuringthatallrecommendedactionshavebeenimplementationoradequatelyaddressed.FMEA是個(gè)隨時(shí)需要更新的文件,縱使該產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)量產(chǎn),如有設(shè)計(jì)或工程變更時(shí)亦需更新FMEA內(nèi)容

TheFMEAisalivingdocumentandshouldalwaysreflectthelatestlevel,aswellasthelatestrelevantactions,includingthoseoccurringafterthestartofproduction.FMEA的持續(xù)追蹤(Follow-Up)第十一頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。DesignFailureModeandEffectsAnalysis設(shè)計(jì)失效模式與效應(yīng)分析第十二頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。DFMEA簡(jiǎn)介(Introduction)設(shè)計(jì)FMEA主要是由負(fù)責(zé)設(shè)計(jì)的工程師/小組採(cǎi)用的一種分析技術(shù),用來(lái)佐證在可能的範(fàn)圍內(nèi)已充分地考慮到,並指明各種潛在的失效模式及其相關(guān)的起因/機(jī)制。

ADesignPotentialFMEAisananalyticaltechniqueusedprimarilybyaDesign-ResponsibleEngineer/Teamasameanstoensurethat,totheextentpossible,potentialfailuremodesandtheirassociatedcauses/mechanismshavebeenconsideredandaddressed.

最終成品及所有相關(guān)的系統(tǒng),子系統(tǒng)及零組件都應(yīng)納入評(píng)估。

Enditems,alongwitheveryrelatedsystem,subsystem,andcomponent,shouldbeevaluated.第十三頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。FMEA是設(shè)計(jì)小組想法的摘錄(包括依據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)有可能失效事項(xiàng)之分析)。

Initsmostrigorousform,anFMEAisasummaryoftheteam’sthoughts(includingananalysisofitemsthatcouldgowrongbasedonexperience)asacomponent,subsystem,orsystemisdesigned.根據(jù)潛在失效模式對(duì)顧客的影響程度,列出優(yōu)先順序來(lái),並據(jù)以建立設(shè)計(jì)、改善、開(kāi)發(fā)及驗(yàn)收測(cè)試或分析之優(yōu)先順序系統(tǒng)。

Developingarankedlistofpotentialfailuremodesaccordingtotheireffectonthe“customer”,thusestablishingaprioritysystemfordesignimprovements,development,andvalidationtesting/analysis.DFMEA簡(jiǎn)介(Introduction)第十四頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。顧客的定義(CustomerDefined)設(shè)計(jì)FMEA中“顧客”的定義,不僅僅是指“最終使用者”,還包括負(fù)責(zé)車(chē)型設(shè)計(jì)或更高一級(jí)裝配過(guò)程設(shè)計(jì)的工程師/小組,以及在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中負(fù)責(zé)製造、裝配和售後服務(wù)的工程師。Thedefinitionof“Customer”foraDesignFMEAisnotonlythe“EndUser”butalsothedesign-responsibleengineers/teamsofthevehicleorhigher-levelassemblies,and/orthemanufacturing/process-responsibleengineersinactivitiessuchasmanufacturing,assembly,andservice.第十五頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。小組的努力(TeamEffort)在最初的設(shè)計(jì)FMEA過(guò)程中,負(fù)責(zé)設(shè)計(jì)的工程師被要求能夠直接地、主動(dòng)地從所有受到影響的領(lǐng)域,這些領(lǐng)域應(yīng)該包括,但不限於:裝配、製造、設(shè)計(jì)、分析/測(cè)試、可靠度、材料、品質(zhì)、服務(wù)和供應(yīng)商,以及負(fù)責(zé)次一上層或下層組裝、系統(tǒng)、子系統(tǒng)或零組件。DuringtheinitialDesignFMEAprocess,theresponsibleengineerisexpectedtodirectlyandactivelyinvolverepresentativesfromallaffectedareas.Theseareasofexpertiseandresponsibilityshouldincludebutarenotlimitedtoassembly,manufacturing,design,analysis/test,reliability,materials,quality,service,andsuppliers,aswellasthedesignarearesponsibleforthenexthigherorlowerassemblyorsystem,subsystem,orcomponent.第十六頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。設(shè)計(jì)FMEA是一份動(dòng)態(tài)文件,且應(yīng)該:TheDesignFMEAisalivingdocumentandshould:在一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)概念最終形成之時(shí)或之前開(kāi)始;

Beinitiatedbeforeoratdesignconceptfinalization在產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)各階段中,當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)有變更或獲得資訊增加時(shí),要及時(shí)、不斷地修改;

Becontinuallyupdatedaschangesoccuroradditionalinformationisobtainedthroughoutthephasesofproductdevelopment在最終產(chǎn)品加工圖樣完成至製迼模具之前全部結(jié)束。

Befundamentallycompletedbeforetheproductiondrawingarereleasedfortooling.小組的努力(TeamEffort)第十七頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。設(shè)計(jì)FMEA不是靠過(guò)程控制來(lái)克服設(shè)計(jì)中潛在的缺陷,但的確要考慮製造/裝配過(guò)程中技術(shù)的/物質(zhì)的限制。例如:TheDesignFMEAdoesnotrelyonprocesscontrolstoovercomepotentialdesignweaknesses,butitdoestakethetechnical/physicallimitsofamanufacturing/assemblyprocessintoconsideration,forexample:必要的拔模斜度(Necessarymolddrafts)表面處理的限制

(Limitedsurfacefinish)裝配空間/工具可加工性(Assemblingspace/accessfortooling)鋼材硬度的限制(Limitedhardenabilityofsteels)公差/過(guò)程能力/性能(Tolerance/processcapability/performance)小組的努力(TeamEffort)第十八頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。設(shè)計(jì)FMEA也可以考慮到產(chǎn)品維護(hù)(售後服務(wù))和資源回收利用技術(shù)的/物質(zhì)的限制。例如:TheDesignFMEAcanalsotakeintoconsiderationthetechnical/physicallimitsofproductmaintenance(service)andrecycling,forexample:工具加工(Toolaccess)診斷

(Diagnosticcapability)材料分類(lèi)標(biāo)示(資源回收利用) (Materialclassificationsymbols(forrecycling))小組的努力(TeamEffort)第十九頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。DFMEA的開(kāi)發(fā)(Development)負(fù)責(zé)設(shè)計(jì)的工程師擁有許多用於設(shè)計(jì)FMEA準(zhǔn)備工作的文件。Thedesign-responsibleengineerhasathisorherdisposalanumberofdocumentsthatwillbeusefulinpreparingtheDesignFMEA.設(shè)計(jì)FMEA的開(kāi)始將從列出設(shè)計(jì)希望做什麼?及不希望做什麼?即設(shè)計(jì)意圖.Theprocessbeginsbydevelopingalistingofwhatthedesignisexpectedtodoandwhatitisexpectednottodo,i.e.,thedesignintent.第二十頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。可能是透過(guò)品質(zhì)機(jī)能展開(kāi)(QFD)、車(chē)輛要求文件、已知的產(chǎn)品要求和/或製造/裝配/服務(wù)/回收利用要求等來(lái)源,應(yīng)該綜合地確定顧客要求和需求。Customerwantsandneeds–asmaybedeterminedfromsourcessuchasQualityFunctionDeployment(QFD),VehicleRequirementsDocument,knownproductrequirements,and/ormanufacturing/assembly/service/recyclingrequirements–shouldbeincorporated.期望特性的定義越明確,就越容易識(shí)別潛在的失效模式,以採(cǎi)取預(yù)防/矯正措施。Thebetterthedefinitionofdesiredcharacteristics,theeasieritistoidentifypotentialfailuremodesforpreventive/correctiveaction.DFMEA的開(kāi)發(fā)(Development)第二十一頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明1.FMEA編號(hào):填入FMEA文件編號(hào),以便追蹤查詢(xún)。FMEANumber:EntertheFMEAdocumentnumber,whichmaybeusedfortracking.2.系統(tǒng)、子系統(tǒng)及零組件:註明合適的分析等級(jí),並填入系統(tǒng)、子系統(tǒng)或零件名稱(chēng)和編號(hào)。System,Subsystem,orComponentNameandNumber:Indicatetheappropriatelevelofanalysisandenterthenameandnumberofthesystem,subsystem,orcomponentbeinganalyzed.FMEA小組必須決定那些是系統(tǒng)、子系統(tǒng)或零組件,基本上,這三者的區(qū)分是相當(dāng)主觀的。TheFMEAteammembersmustdecideonwhatconstitutesasystem,subsystem,orcomponentfortheirspecificactivities.Theactualboundariesthatdivideasystem,subsystem,andcomponentarearbitraryandmustbesetbytheFMEAteam.第二十二頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。

系統(tǒng)FMEA的範(fàn)圍(SystemFMEAScope):

一個(gè)系統(tǒng)可由多個(gè)不同的子系統(tǒng)所構(gòu)成,子系統(tǒng)可由不同的小組所設(shè)計(jì),典型的系統(tǒng)FMEA可包含下列系統(tǒng):底盤(pán)系統(tǒng)、動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)或內(nèi)裝系統(tǒng)等。

Asystemcanbeconsideredtobemadeofvarioussubsystem.Thesesubsystemoftenhavebeendesignedbydifferentteams.SometypicalSystemFMEAsmightcoverthefollowingsystems:ChassisSystem,orPowertrainSystem,orInteriorSystem,etc.

因此系統(tǒng)FMEA是用以確保所有構(gòu)成系統(tǒng)的不同子系統(tǒng)的所有介面,

及相互作用以及其他車(chē)用系統(tǒng)皆被含蓋在內(nèi)。

Thus,thefocusoftheSystemFMEAistoensurethatallinterfacesandinteractionsarecoveredamongthevariouscomponentsthatmakeupthesubsystem.

設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第二十三頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。子系統(tǒng)FMEA的範(fàn)圍(SubsystemFMEAScope):一般而言,子系統(tǒng)是由較大系統(tǒng)之次一組系統(tǒng)所構(gòu)成。ASubsystemFMEAisgenerallyasub-setofalargesystem.例如:前懸吊子系統(tǒng)是底盤(pán)系統(tǒng)的下一層系統(tǒng)。Forexample,thefrontsuspensionsubsystemisasub-setofthechassissystem.因此子系統(tǒng)FMEA之重點(diǎn)在於確保構(gòu)成子系統(tǒng)的不同零組件的所有介面及相互作用皆能含蓋在內(nèi)。Thus,thefocusoftheSubsystemFMEAistoensurethatallinterfacesandinteractionsarecoveredamongthevariouscomponentsthatmakeupthesubsystem.設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第二十四頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。

零組件FMEA的範(fàn)圍(ComponentFMEAScope):

一般而言,零組件FMEA是著眼於子系統(tǒng)之次一層結(jié)構(gòu).

AComponentFMEAisagenerallyanFMEAfocusedonthesub-setofasubsystem.

例如,支柱為前懸吊系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)零組件。

Forexample,astrutisacomponentofthefrontsuspension(whichisasubsystemofthechassissystem.)設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第二十五頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。設(shè)計(jì)責(zé)任:填入OEM、部門(mén)和小組,可能的話還應(yīng)包含供應(yīng)商名稱(chēng)。

DesignResponsibility:EntertheOEM,department,andgroup.Alsoincludethesuppliername,ifapplicable.準(zhǔn)備者:填入負(fù)責(zé)FMEA準(zhǔn)備工作的工程師的姓名、電 話號(hào)碼和公司的名稱(chēng)。

PreparedBy:Enterthename,telephonenumber,andcompanyoftheengineerresponsibleforpreparingtheFMEA.設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第二十六頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。車(chē)型/年份/車(chē)型類(lèi)別:填入將使用或/和即將被分析的車(chē)型年份及車(chē)輛類(lèi)別(假如知道)。

ModelYear(s)/Program(s):Entertheintendedmodelyear(s)/program(s)thatwilluseand/orbeaffectedbythedesignbeinganalyzed(ifknown).

關(guān)鍵日期:填入FMEA初次預(yù)定完成日期,該日期不能超過(guò)計(jì)劃生產(chǎn)的發(fā)佈日期。

KeyDate:EntertheinitialFMEAduedate,whichshouldnotexceedthescheduledproductiondesignreleasedate.FMEA日期:填入編制FMEA原始稿的日期,和最新被修訂的日期。

FMEADate:EnterthedatetheoriginalFMEAwascompliedandthelatestrevisiondate.設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第二十七頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明8. 核心小組(CoreTeam):

列出被授權(quán)參與或執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)工作的負(fù)責(zé)個(gè)人和單位。(建議將所有小組成員名字、單位、電話號(hào)碼、地址等資料都紀(jì)錄在分發(fā)表上)

Listthenamesoftheresponsibleindividualsanddepartmentsthathavetheauthoritytoidentifyand/orperformtasks.(Itisrecommendedthateachteammember’sname,department,telephonenumber,address,etc.,beincludedonadistributionlist.)第二十八頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明9.項(xiàng)目/功能(Item/Function):

填入正被分析的名稱(chēng)和其他相關(guān)資料(如編號(hào)、零件等級(jí))。利用工程圖面上標(biāo)明的名稱(chēng)並顯示的設(shè)計(jì)等級(jí)。於最初發(fā)行之前,應(yīng)使用臨時(shí)性編號(hào)。

Enterthenameandotherpertinentinformation(e.g.,thenumber,thepartclass,etc.)oftheitembeinganalyzed.Usethenomenclatureandshowthedesignlevelasindicatedontheengineeringdrawing.Priortoinitialrelease(e.g.,intheconceptualphases),experimentalnumbersshouldbeused.第二十九頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。

盡可能簡(jiǎn)潔地填入被分析項(xiàng)目的功能使之符合設(shè)計(jì)意圖。包括這個(gè)系統(tǒng)作業(yè)相關(guān)環(huán)境的資訊(如:溫度、壓力、溼度範(fàn)圍、設(shè)計(jì)壽命)。如果項(xiàng)目包含一個(gè)以上有不同潛在失效模式功能時(shí),則必須列出所有個(gè)別功能.

Enter,asconciselyaspossible,thefunctionoftheitembeinganalyzedtomeetthedesignintent.Includeinformation(metrics/measurables)regardingtheenvironmentinwhichthissystemoperates(e.g.,definetemperature,pressure,humidityranges,designlife).Iftheitemhasmorethanonefunctionwithdifferentpotentialmodesoffailure,listallthefunctionsseparately.設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第三十頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。10.潛在失效模式(PotentialFailureMode):

所謂潛在失效模式是指零件、子系統(tǒng)或系統(tǒng)有可能未達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)意圖的形式。潛在失效模式也可能是較高階子系統(tǒng)或系統(tǒng)失效原因,或較低階零組件的失效效應(yīng)。

Potentialfailuremodeisdefinedasthemannerinwhichacomponent,subsystem,orsystemcouldpotentiallyfailtomeetordelivertheintendedfunctiondescribedintheitem/functioncolumn(I.e.,intendedfunctionfails).Thepotentialfailuremodemayalsobethecauseofapotentialfailuremodeinhigher-levelsubsystemorsystem,orbetheeffectofoneinalower-levelcomponent.設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第三十一頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明對(duì)一個(gè)特定項(xiàng)目及其功能,列出每一個(gè)潛在失效模式。大前題是這種失效可能發(fā)生的,但不是一定會(huì)發(fā)生的。建議將以往TGW(錯(cuò)誤的案例)的研究,問(wèn)題報(bào)告以及小組的“腦力激盪”的檢討作為出發(fā)點(diǎn)。潛在失效模式可能發(fā)生於某些作業(yè)條件下(如:熱、冷、乾、多灰塵的條件)和在某些使用條件下(如:超過(guò)平均里程數(shù)以上、粗糙不平的地形、僅在市區(qū)行駛)。Listeachpotentialfailuremodeassociatedwiththeparticularitemanditemfunction.Theassumptionismadethatthefailurecouldoccurbutmaynotnecessarilyoccur.Arecommendedstartingpointisareviewofpastthings-gone-wrong,concerns,reports,andgroupbrainstorming.Potentialfailuremodesthatcouldoccuronlyundercertainoperatingconditions(i.e.,hot,cold,dry,dusty,etc.)andundercertainusageconditions(i.e.,above-averagemileage,roughterrain,citydrivingonly,etc.)shouldbeconsidered.第三十二頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。

典型的失效模式包含下列各項(xiàng),但不限於此:破碎的、變形、鬆弛、洩漏、黏著、短路、生鏽、氧化、龜裂。未傳送扭力,打滑(未保持全扭力)不能支撐(結(jié)構(gòu)上的),不適當(dāng)?shù)闹?結(jié)構(gòu)上的),切入不順,拖勾過(guò)快,不足信號(hào),信號(hào)間歇中斷,沒(méi)有信號(hào),電磁相容性/射頻干擾,偏移。

Typicalfailuremodescouldbebutarenotlimitedto:Cracked,Deformed,Loosened,Leaking,Sticking,Oxidized,Fractured,Doesnottransmit,Slips(doesnotholdfulltorque),Nosupport(structural),Inadequatesupport(structural),Harshengagement,Disengagestoofast,Inadequatesignal,intermittent,Nosignal,EMC/RFI,Drift.

註:潛在失效模式應(yīng)以「物理性」或技術(shù)用語(yǔ)來(lái)描述,而非以顧客所看 的現(xiàn)象來(lái)描述。

Note:Potentialfailuremodesshouldbedescribedin“physical”ortechnicalterms,notasasymptomnecessarilynoticeablebythecustomer.設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第三十三頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明11.潛在失效效應(yīng)

(PotentialEffect(s)ofFailure):

潛在失效效應(yīng)定義為失效模式對(duì)系統(tǒng)功能的影響。也就是,失效模式一旦發(fā)生時(shí),對(duì)系統(tǒng)或設(shè)備以及操作使用的人員所造成的影響。一般在討論失效效應(yīng)時(shí)要清楚說(shuō)明該功能是否會(huì)影響到安全性及法規(guī)的符合性並檢討失效發(fā)生時(shí)對(duì)於局部所產(chǎn)生的影響,然後循產(chǎn)品的組合架構(gòu)層次,逐層分析一直到最高層級(jí)人員、裝備所可能造成的影響。

Potentialeffectsoffailurearedefinedastheeffectsofthefailuremodeonthefunction,asperceivedbythecustomer.Describetheeffectsofthefailureintermsofwhatthecustomermightnoticeorexperience,rememberingthatthecustomermaybeaninternalcustomeraswellastheultimateenduser.Stateclearlyifthefailuremodecouldimpactsafetyornoncompliancetoregulations.Theeffectsshouldalwaysbestatedintermsofthespecificsystem,subsystem,orcomponentbeinganalyzed.Rememberthatahierarchicalrelationshipexistsbetweenthecomponent,subsystem,andsystemlevels.

第三十四頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。

例如:一個(gè)零件的斷裂可能引起總成的震動(dòng),進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的中斷,這種狀況會(huì)引起性能的下降,可能造成於組合過(guò)程的震動(dòng),最終導(dǎo)致客戶(hù)的不滿(mǎn)。

Forexample,apartcouldfracture,whichmaycausetheassemblytovibrate,resultinginanintermittentsystemoperation.Theintermittentsystemoperationcouldcauseperformancetodegradeandultimatelyleadtocustomerdissatisfaction.

典型的失效效應(yīng)包括:噪音、粗糙、操作不規(guī)則、無(wú)法操作、異味、不穩(wěn)定、操作不良、間歇性操作、熱現(xiàn)象、滲漏、校準(zhǔn)不符。

Typicalfailureeffectscouldbebutarenotlimitedto:Noise,Rough,Erratic,Operation,Inoperative,PoorAppearance,UnpleasantOdor,Unstable,OperationImpaired,IntermittentOperation,ThermalEvent,Leaks,RegulatoryNon-Compliance.設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第三十五頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。12.嚴(yán)重度(Severity):

嚴(yán)重度是針對(duì)失效模式衍生的嚴(yán)重影響所作的等級(jí)界定乃一相 對(duì)的等級(jí)評(píng)價(jià)。

Severityistherankassociatedwiththemostseriouseffectfora givenfailuremode.

只有透過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)變更,才能降低嚴(yán)重度的等級(jí)。

Areductionintheseverityrankingindexcanbeeffectedonly throughadesignchange.

設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第三十六頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。

建議評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(SuggestedEvaluationCriteria):

小組成員應(yīng)對(duì)評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及等級(jí)系統(tǒng)有一致的共識(shí),即使是個(gè)別 產(chǎn)品分析有所修訂,亦應(yīng)有一致的共識(shí)。

Theteamshouldagreeonanevaluationcriteriaandrankingsystemthatisconsistent,evenifmodifiedforindividualproductanalysis.

註:1.對(duì)評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)9分及10分者,建議不修訂其衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1分,一般不作進(jìn)一步分析。

Note:1.Itisnotrecommendedtomodifycriteriarankingvaluesof9and10.Failuremodeswitharankofseverity1shouldnotbeanalyzedfurther. 2.高嚴(yán)重度者,有時(shí)可藉由設(shè)計(jì)修改來(lái)降低失效的嚴(yán)重度,例如「平胎行駛」可減輕瞬間輪胎爆裂造成的嚴(yán)重度,而「安全帶」可以減輕車(chē)輛撞毀時(shí)人員的傷害。

2.Highseverityrankingcansometimesbereducedbymakingdesignrevisionsthatcompensateormitigatetheresultantseverityoffailure.Forexample,“runflattires”canmitigatetheseverityofavehiclecrash.設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第三十七頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。建議的DFMEA嚴(yán)重度評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

效應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)效應(yīng)的嚴(yán)重度等級(jí)危險(xiǎn)無(wú)警訊潛在的故障模式如果會(huì)毫無(wú)預(yù)警的影響到汽車(chē)的安全操作和/或違反政府的規(guī)定,則屬於高度危險(xiǎn)10危險(xiǎn)有警訊潛在的故障模式如果會(huì)有警訊的情況下,會(huì)影響到汽車(chē)的安全操作和/或違反政府的規(guī)定,則屬於非常危險(xiǎn)9極高汽車(chē)/零組件無(wú)法操作,失去主要功能8高汽車(chē)/零組件還能運(yùn)作,但是性能降低,導(dǎo)致顧客非常不滿(mǎn)7中等汽車(chē)/零組件還能運(yùn)作,但是舒適/便利的項(xiàng)目無(wú)法運(yùn)作,導(dǎo)致顧客感到不滿(mǎn)意6低汽車(chē)/零組件以及舒適/便利的項(xiàng)目都能運(yùn)作,但是性能表現(xiàn)降低,讓顧客感到有些不滿(mǎn)意5極低安裝加工/發(fā)出異音項(xiàng)目不合格,而且大部分的顧問(wèn)都注意到

(大於75%)4輕微安裝加工/發(fā)生異音項(xiàng)目不合格,而且50%顧客都注意到3極輕微安裝加工/發(fā)生異音項(xiàng)目不合格,而且挑剔的顧客會(huì)注意到2無(wú)無(wú)影響1第三十八頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。SuggestedDFMEASeverityEvaluationCriteriaEffectCriteria:SeverityofEffectRankingHazardouswithoutwarningVeryHighseverityrankingwhenapotentialfailuremodeaffectssafevehicleoperationand/orinvolvesnoncompliancewithgovernmentregulationwithoutwarning.10HazardouswithwarningVeryhighseverityrankingwhenapotentialfailuremodeaffectssafevehicleoperationand/orinvolvesnoncompliancewithgovernmentregulationwithwarning.9VeryHighVehicle/iteminoperable(lossofprimaryfunction).8HighVehicle/itemoperablebutatreducedlevelofperformance.Customerverydissatisfied.7ModerateVehicle/itemoperable,butComfort/Convenienceitem(s)inoperable.Customerdissatisfied.6LowVehicle/itemoperable,butComfort/Convenienceitem(s)operableatareducedlevelofperformance.Customersomewhatdissatisfied.5VeryLowFit&Finish/Squeak&Rattleitemdoesnotconform.Defectnoticedbymostcustomers(greaterthan25%).4MinorFit&Finish/Squeak&Rattleitemdoesnotconform.Defectnoticedby50%ofcustomers3VeryMinorFit&Finish/Squeak&Rattleitemdoesnotconform.Defectnoticedbydiscriminatingcustomers(lessthan25%).2NoneNodiscernibleeffect1第三十九頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。13.等級(jí)(Classification)對(duì)於需要近一步設(shè)計(jì)或製程管制的零組件,子系統(tǒng)或系統(tǒng),可利用此欄位來(lái)區(qū)分特殊的產(chǎn)品特性(關(guān)鍵、主要、重要、重點(diǎn)等).Thiscolumnmaybeusedtoclassifyanyspecialproductcharacteristics(e.g.,critical,key,major,significant)forcomponents,subsystems,orsystemsthatmayrequireadditionaldesignorprocesscontrols.設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第四十頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。

如果小組認(rèn)為對(duì)產(chǎn)品有幫助或管理階層有所要求時(shí),本欄位亦可將工程評(píng)估高優(yōu)先順序模式者予以註記。

Thiscolumnmayalsobeusedtohighlighthigh-priorityfailuremodesforengineeringassessmentiftheteamfindsthishelpfuloriflocalmanagementrequiresit.

特殊的產(chǎn)品或製品特性符號(hào)及其使用,系由三大汽車(chē)公司政策自訂,本手冊(cè)並未予以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。

Specialproductorprocesscharacteristicssymbolsandtheirusageisdirectedbyspecificcompanypolicyandisnotstandardizedinthisdocument.設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第四十一頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。14.潛在失效之原因/機(jī)制

典型的失效原因/機(jī)制項(xiàng)目如下:可能包括如下,但不限於 可能包括如下,但不限於.錯(cuò)誤的原物料規(guī)格 .彎曲.不適當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)壽命假設(shè) .金屬疲勞.壓力過(guò)大 .材料不穩(wěn)定.潤(rùn)滑能力不足 .潛變.保養(yǎng)說(shuō)明不適宜 .磨損.計(jì)算不正確 .腐蝕.軟體規(guī)格不適應(yīng) .化學(xué)氧化.表面處理規(guī)格不足/ .電移(electromigration).行程規(guī)格不足/材料的摩擦力不適宜.過(guò)熱公差計(jì)定不適當(dāng)1.失效原因2.失效機(jī)制設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第四十二頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。14.PotentialCause(s)/Mechanism(s)ofFailureTypicalfailurecausesmayinclude,butarenotlimitedto:.IncorrectMaterialSpecified.InadequateDesignLifeAssumption.Over-stressing.InsufficientLubricationCapability.ImproperMaintenanceInstructions.IncorrectAlgorithm.ImproperSoftwareSpecification.ImproperSurfaceFinishSpecification.InadequateTravelSpecification.ImproperFrictionMaterialSpecified.ExcessiveHeat.ImproperToleranceSpecifiedDesign

FMEATypicalfailuremechanismsmayinclude,butarenotlimitedto:.Yield.Fatigue.MaterialInstability.Creep.Wear.Corrosion.ChemicalOxidation.Electromigration第四十三頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。15.發(fā)生率(Occurrence):發(fā)生率是特定原因/機(jī)制在設(shè)計(jì)階段中可能發(fā)生的機(jī)率.Occurrenceislikelihoodthataspecificcause/mechanismwilloccurduringthedesignlife.發(fā)生機(jī)率的評(píng)估等級(jí)分?jǐn)?shù)具有相對(duì)的意義,而非絕對(duì)值。Thelikelihoodofoccurrencerankingnumberhasarelativemeaningratherthananabsolutevalue.藉由設(shè)計(jì)變更或設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程變更(如設(shè)計(jì)查核表、設(shè)計(jì)審查、設(shè)計(jì)指南)才是降低發(fā)生率的唯一方法,才是降低發(fā)生率的唯一方法.Preventingorcontrollingthecauses/mechanismsofthefailuremodethroughadesignchangeordesignprocesschange

(e.g.,designchecklist,designreview,designguide)istheonlywayareductionintheoccurrencerankingcanbeeffected.設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第四十四頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。潛在失效原因/機(jī)制發(fā)生率的評(píng)估分為1到10級(jí),在確定這個(gè)估計(jì)值時(shí),需考慮下列問(wèn)題:Estimatethelikelihoodofoccurrenceofpotentialfailurecauses/mechanismona1to10scale.Indeterminingthisestimate,questionsuchasthefollowingshouldbeconsidered:(a)相似零件、子系統(tǒng)或子系統(tǒng)的過(guò)去服務(wù)歷史資料和相關(guān)經(jīng)驗(yàn)?Whatistheservicehistory/fieldexperiencewithsimilarcomponents,subsystems,orsystems?(b)是否沿用以前使用的零件、子系統(tǒng)或系統(tǒng),還是與其相似?Isthecomponentacarryoverorsimilartoapreviouslevelcomponent,subsystem,orsystem?15.發(fā)生率(續(xù))(Occurrence(continued)):設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第四十五頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。 (c)與上一版序零件、子系統(tǒng)或系統(tǒng)改變程度的大小?

Howsignificantarechangesfromapreviouslevelcomponent,

subsystem,orsystem? (d)零件與上一版序零件,有無(wú)顯著的差異?

Isthecomponentradicallydifferentfromapreviouslevelcomponent? (e)零件是否為全新的產(chǎn)品?

Isthecomponentcompletelynew?

(f)零件的用途是否改變?

Hasthecomponentapplicationchanged? (g)作業(yè)環(huán)境是否改變?

Whataretheenvironmentalchanges?

15.發(fā)生率(續(xù))(Occurrence(continued)):設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第四十六頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。(h)是否運(yùn)用工程分析去預(yù)估,應(yīng)用此零件之發(fā)生度?

Hasanengineeringanalysis(e.g.,reliability)beenusedto

estimate theexpectedcomparableoccurrencerateforthe

application?(i)有無(wú)放入預(yù)防管制考量?

Havepreventivecontrolsbeenputinplace?

發(fā)生率評(píng)價(jià)等級(jí)分?jǐn)?shù)為FMEA作業(yè)範(fàn)圍內(nèi)的相對(duì)評(píng)分,並不

一定反映實(shí)際可能的發(fā)生

Theoccurrencerankingnumberisarelativeratingwithinthe

scopeof

theFMEAandmaynotreflecttheactuallikelihoodofoccurrence.15.發(fā)生率(續(xù))(Occurrence(continued)):設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第四十七頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。

建議評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(SuggestedEvaluationCriteria):

小組成員對(duì)評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及系統(tǒng)等級(jí)應(yīng)有一致的共識(shí),即使是個(gè)別產(chǎn)品分析有所修訂,亦應(yīng)有一致的共識(shí)

Theteamshouldagreeonanevaluationcriteriaandrankingsystem,thatisconsistent,evenifmodifiedforindividualproductanalysis.

註:等級(jí)1.極低是不太可能發(fā)生

Note:Therankingvalueof1isreservedfor“Remote:Failureisunlikely.”設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第四十八頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。建議的DFMEA發(fā)生率評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)失效的機(jī)率可能的失效率等級(jí)極高:失效幾乎不可避免≧100每一千輛車(chē)/項(xiàng)目10

50每一千輛車(chē)/項(xiàng)目9高:一再重複失效

20每一千輛車(chē)/項(xiàng)目8

10每一千輛車(chē)/項(xiàng)目7中等:偶爾發(fā)生失效

5每一千輛車(chē)/項(xiàng)目6

2每一千輛車(chē)/項(xiàng)目5

1每一千輛車(chē)/項(xiàng)目4低:相對(duì)較少失效

0.5每一千輛車(chē)/項(xiàng)目3

0.1每一千輛車(chē)/項(xiàng)目2極低:不太可能出現(xiàn)失效≦0.010每一千輛車(chē)/項(xiàng)目1第四十九頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。SuggestedDFMEAOccurrenceEvaluationCriteriaProbabilityofFailurePossibleFailureRatesRankingVeryhigh:Persistentfailures≧100perthousandvehicle/items10

50perthousandvehicle/items9High:Frequentfailures

20

perthousandvehicle/items8

10perthousandvehicle/items7Moderate:Occasionalfailures

5

perthousandvehicle/items6

2

perthousandvehicle/items5

1

perthousandvehicle/items4Low:Relativelyfewfailure

0.5perthousandvehicle/items3

0.1perthousandvehicle/items2Remote:Failureisunlikely≦0.010perthousandvehicle/items1第五十頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。16.現(xiàn)行設(shè)計(jì)管制(CurrentDesignControls):

列舉預(yù)防、設(shè)計(jì)確認(rèn)/驗(yàn)證(DV)或其他已完成或提出的活動(dòng),這些 活動(dòng)將保證該設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)於所考慮的失效模式和/或原因/機(jī)制是充分 的?,F(xiàn)行管制(如:設(shè)計(jì)審查、失效/安全設(shè)計(jì),如:壓力閥、數(shù) 學(xué)計(jì)算、線上/實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)試、可行性評(píng)估、原型測(cè)試、路試、車(chē)隊(duì) 測(cè)試),都是針對(duì)相同的或類(lèi)似設(shè)計(jì)所使用的管制方法。Listtheprevention,designvalidation/verification

(DV),orotheractivitiesthathavebeencompletedorcommittedtoandthatwillassurethedesignadequacyforthefailuremodeand/orcause/mechanismunderconsideration.Currentcontrols(e.g.,designreviews,fail/safedesignssuchasapressurereliefvalve,mathematicalstudies,rig/labtesting,feasibilityreview,prototypetests,roadtesting,fleettesting)arethosethathavebeenorarebeingusedwiththesameorsimilardesigns. 設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第五十一頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。16.現(xiàn)行設(shè)計(jì)管制(續(xù))(CurrentDesignControls(continued)):

小組應(yīng)隨時(shí)均著眼於改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)管制;例如:於實(shí)驗(yàn)室中創(chuàng)造出系統(tǒng)測(cè)試,或創(chuàng)造出系統(tǒng)模型計(jì)算程序等。

Theteamshouldalwaysbefocusedonimprovingdesigncontrols;forexample,creatingnewsystemtestsinthelab,orcreatingnewsystemmodelingalgorithms,etc.

有兩種設(shè)計(jì)管制的類(lèi)型可供考量(舊版為三種)

Therearetwotypesofdesigncontrolstoconsider:

(1)

預(yù)防:預(yù)防失效原因/機(jī)制或失效模式發(fā)生,或降低發(fā)生的機(jī)率。

Prevention:Preventthecause/mechanismoffailureorthefailure modefromoccurring,orreducetheirrateofoccurrence.設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第五十二頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。16.現(xiàn)行設(shè)計(jì)管制(續(xù))(CurrentDesignControls(continued)):(2)檢測(cè):檢測(cè)失效原因/機(jī)制或失效模式,可藉由分析的方法或物理的方法在大批量生產(chǎn)前查出。比較好的方式是第一種方式Detection:Detectthecause/mechanismoffailureorthefailuremode,eitherbyanalyticalorphysicalmethods,beforetheitemisreleasedtoproduction.Thepreferredapproachistofirstusepreventioncontrols,ifpossible.DFMEA之現(xiàn)行設(shè)計(jì)管制區(qū)分為兩個(gè)欄位,分別是預(yù)防管制及檢測(cè)管制,以協(xié)助小組成員明確區(qū)分兩者類(lèi)型的管制方式。有助於目視分辨決定所考量的管制方式。TheDesignFMEAforminthismanualhastwocolumnsforthedesigncontrols(I.e.,separatecolumnsforPreventionControlsandDetectionControls)toassisttheteaminclearlydistinguishingbetweenthesetwotypesofdesigncontrols.

Thisallowsforaquickvisualdeterminationthatbothtypesofdesigncontrolshavebeenconsidered.

設(shè)計(jì)FMEA填寫(xiě)說(shuō)明第五十三頁(yè),共一百四十三頁(yè)。16.現(xiàn)行設(shè)計(jì)管制(續(xù))(CurrentDesignControls(continued)):※在範(fàn)例中並沒(méi)有使用到預(yù)防管制欄位,因?yàn)樵擃A(yù)防並未被使用在相同或類(lèi)似的設(shè)計(jì)上。Intheexampleincludedhere,itisclearthattheteamhasnotidentifiedanypreventioncontrols.Thiscouldbeduetopreventioncontrolsnothavingbeenusedonthesameorsimilardesigns.※如果某

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