國家開放大學(xué)2021年《管理英語1》課程隨堂練習(xí)3

經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理，如有侵權(quán)，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！13Part1Questions1–10arebasedonpassages1.Passage1SearchingforUtopiaWhilemostoftheworldseemstobemotivatedbymoremoney,bettertelevisions,morepowerfulcars,1thehighest-techcomputers,biggerhousestherearesomeindependentsoulswhoaretiredof“therat-race”,thatis,thestressfulpressuresofworkinghardtogetahead.Sincearound1990,therehasbeenaslowbutsteadyrisein“intentionalcommunities”intheU.S.Anintentionalcommunityisagroupofpeoplewhohavechosentolivetogetherwithacommonpurpose.Althoughquitediverseinphilosophyandlifestyle,eachofthesegroupsplacesahighpriorityonasenseofcommunity,inotherwords,thefeelingofbelongingandmutualsupport.Therewere300intentionalcommunitieslistedinthe1990editionoftheintentionalCommunitiesDirectory;by1995,thishadgrownto600,anditisestimatedthattherearenowseveralthousand,listedandunlisted,inoperation.Thesecommunitiesvaryinsize,butinthe600listedcommunitiesin1995,totalpopulation,includingchildren,wasestimatedat24,000.2Atfirstglance,theintentionalcommunitymovementappearsquitediverse.Itismulti-generational,i.e.withagesrangingfromchildrentoseniors.Theymaychoosetolivetogetheronapieceofruralland,inasuburbancenter,orinanurbanneighbourhood.Insomecommunities,individualsowntheirownlandandhouse;inothers,thesethingsareshared.Thereisawidevarietyofchoicesregardingstandardofliving–someembracevoluntarysimplicitytolivewithotherswhosharetheirvalues.Somearesecularāwhileothersarecommittedtoacommonreligiousbelief.3Whatunitestheintentionalcommunitymovementisitsmembers’proudrejectionofmainstreamconsumervalues.Nearlyallcommunitiesencouragesharingitemsmembersdon’tneedtoownprivately,forexample.Washingmachines,trucks,swimmingpools.Manycommunitiesserveasmodelenvironmentalorteachingcentersforsustainableagriculture.Forexample,“TheFarm”,alargecooperativecommunityinruralTennesseedoesnotrejectcompetitivebusinesspracticesbutrather,commitstoavisionofenvironmentallyfriendlybusiness.Membersof“TheFarm”workinseveralsmall-scaleindustriesincludingsolarelectronics,solarcarresearch,andapublishingcompanyforalternativebooks.4AnexampleofanintentionalcommunitycommittedtovoluntarysimplicityisVashonCo-HousingCommunity.Itsmemberschoosetoliveinsmallunpaintedwoodhouses,shingledwithcedar.“UncleMartin”decidedtoleaveNewYorkin1989andmovehisfamilyspendstheireveningplayingold-fashionedcardgames,orreading.Residentsliveinseparatedwellingsbuthomesareconnectedbydirtroads,thereare13acresofcommunalland,allresidentsattendbimonthlymeetings,andeverymonththereisaworkpartyinwhicheverybodypitchesinwithoutdoorchores.5Thesecommunitiesarethenewestexpressionofthe300-year-oldAmericandesiretobuildanon-hierarchical,orequal,communitywithvaluesuncorruptedbythelargersociety.Itwasthisdesiretoformanew,idealcommunitywhichbroughtthePilgrimstotheU.S.intheearly17thcentury.300yearslater,itisstillimpossibletofindacommunitythathasachievedperfection.Theproblemswesee“outthere”inthemainstream–greed,dishonesty,egoism,competition,factionalism–allmanagetofindtheirwayintoalternativeculturestoo.However,intentionalcommunitieshaveamuchlowercrimeratethattheirmainstreamneighbours,andclaimamorecaringandsatisfyinglifestyle.Theyarecommittedtoidealsof1ecology,cooperation,andfamily,eventhoughtheymayoftenfailtoreachthoseidealsperfectly.TheirutopianvisionprovidesachallengetothepaceandpurposeofmodernAmericansociety.Directions:FindthefollowinglistofwordsinPassage1andthenguessthemeaningofthemfromtheircontext.Finallyusethesewordstocompletethefollowingsentences.motivatedrejectionstressfuldiversemovevarysharecaringcompetitiveold-fashioned.Hewaswearing__________________plastic-rimmedglasses.ā;Lifewithseveralchildrenishardand___________________.Thestudentsarehighly______________bytheirteachers’encouragement.Peoplefrom______________________culturesmighthavedifficultyunderstandingeachothersometimes..9.Childrenneeda___________________environment.Ourfirmisnolonger______________inworldmarkets.Thesefish______________inweightfrom3lbto5lb.Let’s_____________thelastcake;youhavehalfandI’llhavehalf.Therehadbeenawidespread___________________ofmanyofthetraditionalprocessesofpoliticalparticipation.10.Hehasdecidedto_______________hisfamilytoNewYork.PartIIQuestions11–20arebasedonPassage2.Passage2ImportanceofPetLossTherapy1NorikoSaito(notherrealname),acompanyemployeeinherearly20s,lostherbelovedmaledogacoupleofmonthsago.Sheattendedthedyingdognightandday,takingafullmonthofffromwork,butthedogpassedawaywhileshewasdozing.Nowshestillblamesherselfforhavingmissedtheverymomentofhisdeath."Ilethimdiealone,&āquot;shesays."I'mstillgrievingforhim.IfeelasifIwillneverhavesuchwonderfuldaysasIhadwithhim.Icannotfindanymeaninginlifeanymore."2HousewifeYukariMatsuoka(notherrealname)carriesaroundtheashesofhercat,whodiedfourmonthsago.Sheevenbringstheurnintoherbedeverynight."Myfriendstellmetoburyitinthecemetery.Theysaythecat'ssoulcannotrestinpeaceifIkeepherashes,"shesayswithasigh."ButIwanttokeepitforawhile."3Thesewomenmightsoundeccentricorevenneurotictosomereaders,buttheirreactionisfullyunderstandabletothosewhohavelostsomeoneorsomethingspecial,saysTsukimiWashizu,aveterinarianandlectureratNipponVeterinaryandZootechnicalCollege.InJapan,whereextendedfamiliesarebecomingathingofthepastandpeopleareincreasinglychoosingtolivealone,morepeoplearebeginningtokeeppetsastheircompanions.Petsgiveunconditionalaffectionandcomforttohumans,buttheirdeathcanalsobringthemunbearablegrief.24"Animalsbecomeapartofyourfamily.Itisverynaturaltobesaddenedoverthedeathofyourfamily,"Washizusays."Manypeople,however,willconsideryoualittlestrangeifyoutakeevenasingledayoffforyourpet'sfuneral,whilethey'llgiveyousympathyforadeathinyourfamilyandallowyoutotakeseveraldaysofffromworkorschool."5Washizurecentlycompiledabooktitled"PetnoShi,SonoTokiAnatawa(TheDeathofYourPet-WhatNext)"withseveralotherspecialistsinthefield.Whilemanybooksonhowtoraiseāandtrainpetshavebeenpublished,thisbookisprobablythefirstbookon"petloss"aimedatordinarypetownersinJapan,shesays.Thebookincludessuchsubjectsastheterminalcareofpets,howtodealwiththeremainsafterthedeath,andadviceonhowtocopewiththelossofpets.6Theterm"petloss"cameintousageinthelate'70samongsomeveterinariansandpsychotherapistsintheUnitedStatesandEurope.Beyondthephysicalloss,thetermencompassesthepetowners'psychologicalstress-suchasgrief,depression,anger,separationanxiety,guilt,sleepingandeatingdisorders,fatigue,sickness,transientauditoryandvisualhallucinationsandsoon.7AlthoughpetlosshasrecentlybecomeatopicintheJapanesemassmedia,Washizuisskepticalaboutthecoverage."Mediatendtosensationalizethestory,focusingononlyextremecases,butitcouldmakereadersorviewersmistakenlybelievethemajorityofpeoplesufferingfrompetlossaresufferingfrommentaldisorders,"shesays."Trulyseriouscasesareveryrare.Mostpeoplecangetoverthelosseventually,thoughitmighttaketime."8KeikoYamazaki,ajournalistandoneoftheauthorsof"PetnoShi,"agreeswithWashizu."Iwonderwhythemediaismakingsuchafussabouttheterm'PetLossSyndrome,'whenwedon'tevenhaveatermforspouseloss,"shesays.9Nevertheless,ageneralawarenessisimportant.YamazakipointsoutthatveryfewpetspecialistsinJapancanproperlyguidetroubledpeātowners.IntheU.S.andEurope,variousformsofpetlosscaresupportareoffered.Veterinaryhospitalsoffercounsellingservicefortheindividualorfamilymemberstocomeandtalkwithstaff,whoaretrainedtodealwithgriefanddepressionrelatedtopetloss.Telephonecounsellinghasalsobeensetup.*Trainedvolunteersmanthetelephonelinesforcallerstwenty-fourhoursadayinsomestatesintheU.S.,listeningtotheirstoriesabouttheirpets,andgivingthemadviceonhowtodealwithdeath.Self-helpgroupshavealsobeenorganizedinmanycitiesintheU.S.andEurope.Peoplewhohavelosttheirpetsmeetonceaweektosharetheirgriefandtrytoreadjusttolifewithouttheirpets.Booksonpetbereavementandcondolencecardsforpeoplewhohavelosttheirpetsarealsocommonlysold.Andalthoughnotallthepeoplewhohavelosttheirpetsareusingtheseservices,itisatleastavailable.Veterinariansurveysreportabout30percentofpetownersintheU.S.mayusetheseservicesatonetimeoranother.Petownersclaimthatitdoesn'tmatterhowmanyuseit,themostimportantpointisthatsocietyrecognizesthegriefcausedbythelossofpets.10ChifumiYoshida,aKawasaki-basedpsychotherapist,isprobablytheonlypersoninthiscountrywhoisofferingtelephonecounsellingserviceforthosesufferingfrompetloss.Sincehestartedtheservicetwoyearsago,Yoshidahashadover400callers.Manycallersdon'tneedtophonehimmorethanonce,becausetheyusuallyfeelsomehowrelievedaftersharingtheirfeelings.Some,hesays,seemtobemeāntallydepressed,thoughthepercentageisverylow."Ifyouhavedifficultyleadinganormalsociallifeforlongerthantwoorthreemonths,youshouldconsultwithatherapist,"Yoshidasays.311AccordingtoYoshida,manypeopledotendtohumanizetheirpets,asiftheyweretheirchildren,sothepet'sdeathcanimpactpeoplelikethelossofachildwould.Somecallersopenlysaylosingtheirpetcausedthemmoregriefthantheirparent'sdeath,hesays.12Oftenotherpeople'sreactionshaveagreatinfluenceonrecovery,Yoshidapointsout.Carelessremarkssuchas"It'sjustapet"or"Youcangetanotherone"canworsengriefanddepression.Warmacceptanceandcompassioncanhelpthemgetoverthelosssmoothly.Yoshida13"Afterall,"saysYoshida,"humanties,ortheexistenceofsomeonewhowilllistentoyouandprovideashouldertocryon,willhealpetloss."Directions:ReadPassage2andmatchthefollowingpersons’namesintheleftcolumnwiththeirrelevantdescriptionsintherightcolumn.Writeyouranswersonyouranswersheet.（20points,2pointsforeachchoice）11.NorikoSaitoA.ahousewifeB.unsureaboutthecoverageofpetlossbymassmedia12.D.YukariMatsuokaC.losthermaledogacoupleofmonthsagoholdingtheviewthaātwarmacceptanceandcompassioncanhelppetownersgetoverthelosssmoothly13.TsukimiWashizuE.a20-year-oldcompanyemployeeG.thecompilerofabookF.losthercatfourmonthsago14.KeikoYamazakiH.apsychotherapist15.ChifumiYoshidaI.holdingtheviewthatveryfewpetspecialistsinJapancanproperlyguidetroubledpetownersJ.ajournalistPartIIIQuestions21–30arebasedonPassage3.Passage3DataOnOceanFloors1Atthewater'sedgeofBaltimoreHarbor,twofreshlypaintedgrayshipsawaittobesentoutontheirnextmission.ThesearetheworkhorsesoftheInformationRevolution.TheyarewiringtheworldtomeettheexplosiveandseeminglylimitlessdemandforInternet,voiceandvideoservices,projectedtobea$1trillion-a-yearglobalmarketby2000.Thetowships,C.S.GlobalLinkanditscompaniontheC.S.GlobalMarinerareamongthemosttechnologicallyadvancedvesselsāinthebusinessoflayingunderseafiber-opticcommunicationscables.Theyarepartofaworldwidefleet,ownedbyTycoInternationalLtd.,thathasinstalledmoretransoceanicfiberthananyothercompany.2Mostoftheworld'stelephoneandInternettrafficcoursesthroughthesehair-thincapillariesofglass,whichstretchfromonecontinenttoanotheralongtheoceanfloor.*Inconstantpulsesoflight,codedinthecomputerlanguageofonesandzeros,theyflashmillionsofphonecalls,electronicmailmessages,videoclipsandWorldWideWebpagesatlightspeed.43Underseafiber-opticcableshavebecomeoneofthemostcrucialcomponentsoftoday'scommunications-basedglobaleconomy,despitemid-1960spredictionsthatsatelliteswouldmakeearthboundlong-distancecommunicationsobsolete.4"Mostpeoplereallydonotrealizetheamountoftelephonecablesthatareundersea,andthattheircallsactuallygothroughthem,"saidRobJones,captainoftheC.S.GlobalLink.Thereare228,958miles(368,472kilometers)offiber-opticcableonthefloorsoftheworld'ssea,enoughtoencircleEarthalmost10times,accordingtoKMICorp.ofRhodeIsland.Another177,717milesofcableareplannedforinstallationworldwideby2000,KMIestimates.5Thatfiguredoesnotcountthemostambitiousprogram,ProjectOxygen,whichbackersdescribeasa$14billion"SuperInternet"thatwouldpayout198,844milesofmainlyunderseafiber-opticcabletouching175countries.Oxygenalreadyhasthebackingof30internationaltele-communicationsprovidersandisscheduledforcompletionin2003.ProjectOxygenis"themostambitiousprojectofcommunicationsinthe20thcentury,"saidPresidentJohnKestrelofKMI.ā"Theinternetisamajordriveroftheexpansion.Theseconddriveristheneedforvideotransmissions.6Globalderegulationoftelecommunicationsmarketsisalsoplayingakeyroleinthesubseafiberboom.Phonecompaniesaroundtheworldarerapidlygoingprivateandgovernmentsareopeningtheirmarketstocompetition.Chineseofficials,forexample,cleverlyplayed14competitorsoffeachotherinbidstobuildthefirstlinkbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates--andthenultimatelytoldthemalltosharethe$1billioncontract.7Phrasessuchas"quantumleap"and"ordersofmagnitude"frequentlycomeupindiscussionsaboutadvancesinunderseafiberoptics.In1998,whenglassfibersbegantoreplacecopperintelecommunications,peoplestoppedtalkingintermsofhundredsofsimultaneousphonecallspercableandstartedtalkingabouttensofthousands.ScientistsatcompaniessuchasCienaCorp.ofMarylandhavemorethanquadrupledfiber-cablecapacitybyusinglaserstosplitlightintocolors,sendingdatathrougheachpathinaprocesscalled"wavedivisionmultiplexing."Thenewesttrans-Atlanticcablecanhandle2.4millionvoiceconversationsatonetime--orhundredsofthousandsofcompressedvideoimages.TheChina-U.S.projectwillhandle4millioncallsatonce.8LucentTechnologyInc.oneoftheleadingfiberopticcompanies,unveiledthelatestbreakthrough.Theabilitytotransmitasmanyas10millioncallsoverasinglefiberbydividingthestrandinto80separatewavelengthsoflightinsteadof16.Lucensaysthecable's400-gigabit(billionsofcomputerinstructionsperseconād)speedisenoughtocarrytheworld'sInternettrafficatanygiventimeononefiber.Onevoicephonecallrequires64,000bits.Isthereanylimittothecapacityincrease?"Absolutelynot,"saidNeilTagare,ProjectOxygen'sfounderandanunderseafiberveteran,"Thereisnoendinsight."9Andastheboominfiber-opticscontinues,thecostoffiberdecreases.Eachvoicecircuitinapre-fibertrans-Atlanticcablein1987costabout$40,000annuallytobuildandmaintain,Mr.Kesslersaid.Today,thecosthasdroppedtoroughly$100to$200percircuit,hesaid.Theplungingcosts,combinedwithderegulationandcompetitioninphonemarkets,havemadedistancemeaninglessincommunications--andthepriceofcalls.10AboardtheC.S.GlobalLink,CaptainJonesremainsverybusy.TheshipreturnedtoBlatimorefromtheArabianSeaandIndianOcean,afterdropping2,000milesofcablefromBombaytoMalaysiaaspartofanothermajorproject,calledFiberLinkAroundtheGlobe.BeforeBombay,ithelpedtolayAtlanticCrossing,covering3,557milesoffiber-opticcablesatanaveragespeedof6knotsover21days.Ittakes5lessthantwomonthstoinstallatrans-Atlanticcable.Shipsusecomputersthatareprogrammedtofollowaspecificrouteusingglobalpositioningsatellitenavigationsystems.Theroutesarechosenaftercarefulunderseatopographicalsurveysthatconsidersuchfactorsasunderwaterearthquakefaults,canyonsandshippingandfishingroutes."Ifgloballinkscontinuetogrowastheyhaveinthelastdecade,it'sgoingtogetkindofcrowdeddownthere,"saysJones.Directions:Readpassage3carefullyandthenchoāosethebestanswertoquestions16-25accordingtoyourunderstandingofthepassages.Writeyouranswersontheanswersheet.(20points,2pointseach)16.TycoInternationalLtd.______________________________________.a)b)c)isacompanywhichownsmanyshipsisatelephoneandInternetcompanyisaprojectinchargeofProjectOxygen17.RobJones________________________________________________.a)b)c)iscaptainoftheC.S.GlobalMarineriscaptainoftheC.S.GlobalLinkisPresidentofKMI18.Thereare______________________offiber-opticcableonthefloorsoftheworld’sseas.a)b)c)228,958kilometers177,717kilometers368,472kilometers19.ProjectOxygen___________________________________________________________.a)b)c)isaprojectofcommunicationsinthe21stcentury.isdescribedas“SuperInternet”byitsbackersalreadyhasthebackingofā175countries20.___________________wereusedfortelecommunicationsin1988.a)b)c)OpticfibersCoppercablesGlassfibers21.Thenewesttrans-Atlanticcablecanhandle______________________________atonetime.a)b)c)2.4millionvoiceconversationshundredsofcompressedvideoimages4millioncalls22.Onevoicephonecallrequires_________________________________.a)b)c)400-gigabit16billionbits64,000bits23.NeilTagareis_________________________________________________.6a)b)c)PresidentofTycoInternationalLtd.captainoftheC.S.GlobalLinkfounderofProjectOxygen24.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.B.C.CaptainJoneshasnothingtodoafterboardingtheC.S.GlobalLink.TheāC.S.GlobalLinkreturnedtoBaltimorefromtheArabianSeaandIndianOcean.TheC.S.GlobalLinkdropped2,000milesofcablefromBombaytoMalaysia.25.Ittakes____________________toinstallatrans-Atlanticcable.A.lessthan21dayslessthan2monthsmore2monthsB.C.PartIVQuestions26–35arebasedonPassage4.Passage4Sociobiology1.Thetightlyorganizedsocietiesofbeesandants….thehuntingtacticsoflionprides(獅群)….thesocialhierarchiesofmonkeytroops….Theseanddozensofotherexamplesofanimalbehaviorhavelongfascinatedpeople.Theyhaverarelybeenofferedasanythingmorethanevidencefortheremarkablevarietyofnature.2.Lately,however,someofthebiologistswhostudyanimalwayshavecometobelievethattheirfindingspointtoafarmoreprofoundconclusion.Thesuperficialaspectsofsocialbehaviorvarywidelyacrosstheanimalkingdom.Beneaththesedifferentaspects,however,thescientistsassert,arecommonbehavioralpatterns.Thesepatterns,theysay,aregovernedbythegenesandshapedbytheforcesdescribedintheDarwiniantheoryofevolution.3.Thisbeliefistheproductofanewfieldofscientificinquirycalledsociology.āItcarrieswithitarevolutionaryimplication.Thatis,muchofaperson'sbehaviortowardhisfellows,rangingfromaggressivetokindlyactions,maybeasmuchaproductofevolutionasisthestructureofthehandorthesizeofthebrain.4.Manypsychologistsandsociologists,inparticular,havelongheldthathumanbehaviorarisesalmostentirelyfromuniqueintellectualandemotionalcapacities.Butagrowingnumberofscientistsparticipatinginthestudyofsociobiologyareconvincedotherwise.Theybelievethattheideasnowemergingfromtheirworkaresopowerfulthateveryrationalefforttounderstandhumanbehaviormustsomedaytakethemintoaccount.Thegreatestimpactofsociology,outsideofanimalresearch,isexpectedtobeonsociologyandpsychology.Somesociobiologistspredictthatthesefieldsofstudywilleventuallybeforcedtomodifytheirtheoriesandpractices.5.Sociobiologyisthestudyofthebiologicalbasisforsocialbehaviorineveryspecies,fromlowants'societytomodernhumansociety.Itseekstoexplaintheoriginofthatbehaviorintermsofhowitimprovesanindividual'sorasociety'sfitnesstosurvive.76.Sociobiology'skeycontributionisthatitcombinesDarwiniantheorywiththeobservationsofanimalbehaviorresearch.Manyscientistshavestudiedcommunicationsystemsamonganimalsandspentlongyearsobservingwildanimalgroups.Directions:Readpassage4andthendecidewhichofthestatementsafteritareTRUEandwhichareFalse.Onyouranswersheet,indicateTforTRUEorFforFALSEagainstthenumberforeachofitems31-40fortheanswersyouchoose.(20points,2pointseach)26.Accordingtothepassage,allmonkeytroopsareequal.27.Peoplehavelongbeeninterestedinanimalbehaviour.28.ā;ThelastsentenceofPara.1meansthattheyareonlyregardedasevidencefortheremarkablevarietyofnature.29.Thesecondparagraphmainlytellsaboutthesuperficialaspectsofsocialbehavior.30.Thethirdparagraphmainlytellsaboutwhataffectstheformationofone'sbehaviortowardsone'sfellows.31.Moreandmorescientistsparticipatinginthestudyofsociobiologyareconvincedthathumanbeviourarisesalmostentirelyfromuniqueintellectualandemotionalcapacities.32.Somescientistsbelievesociobiologywouldaffecttheirtheoriesandpractices.33.Sociobiologymainlystudiesmodernhumansociety.34.Scientistsbelievethatanimalshavesimilarbehaviouralpatterns.35.Darwiniantheoryplaysakeyroleinthestudyofanimalbehavioraccordingtothepassage.PartVQuestions36–40arebasedonPassage5.Passage5ThePleasuresofEating1Thefirstmanwhocookedhisfood,insteadofeatingitraw,livedsolongagothatwehavenoideawhohewasorwherehelived.Wedoknow,however,thatforthousandsofyears,foodwasalwayseatencoldandraw.Perhapsthefirstcookedfoodwasheatedaccidentallybyaforestfireorbythemoltenlavafromaneruptingvolcano.Nodoubt,whenpeoplefirsttastedfoodthathadbeencooked,theyfoundittastedbetter.However,evenafterthisdiscovery,cookedfoodmusthaveremainedararityuntilmanlearnedhowtomakeandcontrolfire.2Earlypeopleswholivedinhotregionscoulddependontheheatofthesuntocookthāeirfood.Forexample,inthedesertareasofthesouthwesternUnitedStates,theIndianscookedtheirfoodbyplacingitonaflatstoneinthehotsun.