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2.5DNS:DomainNameSystem
People:manyidentifiers:SSN,name,Passport#Internethosts,routers:IPaddress(32bit)-usedforaddressingdatagrams“name”,e.g.,-usedbyhumansQ:mapbetweenIPaddressesandname?DomainNameSystem:distributeddatabaseimplementedinhierarchyofmanynameserversapplication-layerprotocolhost,routers,nameserverstocommunicatetoresolve
names(address/nametranslation)note:coreInternetfunctionimplementedasapplication-layerprotocolcomplexityatnetwork’s“edge”12:ApplicationLayerDNSnameserversnoserverhasallname-to-IPaddressmappingslocalnameservers:eachISP,companyhaslocal(default)nameserverhostDNSqueryfirstgoestolocalnameserverauthoritativenameserver:forahost:storesthathost’sIPaddress,namecanperformname/addresstranslationforthathost’snameWhynotcentralizeDNS?singlepointoffailuretrafficvolumedistantcentralizeddatabasemaintenancedoesn’tscale!22:ApplicationLayerDNS:Rootnameserverscontactedbylocalnameserverthatcannotresolvenamerootnameserver:contactsauthoritativenameserverifnamemappingnotknowngetsmappingreturnsmappingtolocalnameserver~dozenrootnameserversworldwide32:ApplicationLayerSimpleDNSexamplehostsurf.eurecom.frwantsIPaddressof1.ContactsitslocalDNSserver,dns.eurecom.fr2.
dns.eurecom.frcontactsrootnameserver,ifnecessary3.rootnameservercontactsauthoritativenameserver,,ifnecessary
requestinghostsurf.eurecom.frrootnameserverauthoritativenameserverlocalnameserverdns.eurecom.fr12345642:ApplicationLayerDNSexampleRootnameserver:maynotknowauthoritativenameservermayknowintermediatenameserver:whotocontacttofindauthoritativenameserverrequestinghostsurf.eurecom.frrootnameserverlocalnameserverdns.eurecom.fr123456authoritativenameserverintermediatenameserver7852:ApplicationLayerDNS:iteratedqueriesrecursivequery:putsburdenofnameresolutiononcontactednameserverheavyload?iteratedquery:contactedserverreplieswithnameofservertocontact“Idon’tknowthisname,butaskthisserver”requestinghostsurf.eurecom.frrootnameserverlocalnameserverdns.eurecom.fr123456authoritativenameserverintermediatenameserver78iteratedquery62:ApplicationLayerDNS:cachingandupdatingrecordsonce(any)nameserverlearnsmapping,itcachesmappingcacheentriestimeout(disappear)aftersometimeupdate/notifymechanismsunderdesignbyIETFRFC2136/html.charters/dnsind-charter.html72:ApplicationLayerDNSrecordsDNS:distributeddbstoringresourcerecords(RR)Type=NSnameisdomain(e.g.)valueisIPaddressofauthoritativenameserverforthisdomainRRformat:(name,value,type,ttl)Type=AnameishostnamevalueisIPaddressType=CNAMEnameisanaliasnameforsome“cannonical”(thereal)namevalueiscannonicalnameType=MXvalueishostnameofmailserverassociatedwithname82:ApplicationLayerDNSprotocol,messagesDNSprotocol:
query
andreplymessages,bothwithsamemessageformatmsgheaderidentification:16bit#forquery,replytoqueryusessame#flags:queryorreplyrecursiondesiredrecursionavailablereplyisauthoritative92:ApplicationLayerDNSprotocol,messagesName,typefieldsforaqueryRRsinreponsetoqueryrecordsforauthoritativeserversadditional“helpful”infothatmaybeused102:ApplicationLayerSocketprogrammingSocketAPIintroducedinBSD4.1UNIX,1981explicitlycreated,used,releasedbyappsclient/serverparadigmtwotypesoftransportserviceviasocketAPI:unreliabledatagramreliable,bytestream-orientedGoal:learnhowtobuildclient/serverapplicationthatcommunicateusingsockets112:ApplicationLayerServerandClientServerandClientexchangemessagesoverthenetworkthroughacommonSocketAPITCP/UDPIPEthernetAdapterServerTCP/UDPIPEthernetAdapterClientsSocketAPIhardwarekernelspaceuserspaceports122:ApplicationLayerNetworkAddressingAnalogy412-268-8000ext.123CentralNumberApplications/ServersWebPort80MailPort25ExchangeAreaCode412-268-8000ext.654IPAddressNetworkNo.HostNumberTelephoneNo15-441StudentsClientsProfessorsatCMUNetworkProgrammingTelephoneCallPortNo.Extension132:ApplicationLayerConceptofPortNumbersPortnumbersareusedtoidentify“entities”onahostPortnumberscanbeWell-known(port0-1023)Dynamicorprivate(port1024-65535)Servers/daemonsusuallyusewell-knownportsAnyclientcanidentifytheserver/serviceHTTP=80,FTP=21,Telnet=23,.../etc/servicedefineswell-knownportsClientsusuallyusedynamicportsAssignedbythekernelatruntimeTCP/UDPIPEthernetAdapterNTPdaemonWeb
serverport123port80142:ApplicationLayerNamesandAddressesEachattachmentpointonInternetisgivenuniqueaddressBasedonlocationwithinnetwork–likephonenumbersHumansprefertodealwithnamesnotaddressesDNSprovidesmappingofnametoaddressNamebasedonadministrativeownershipofhost152:ApplicationLayer#in刑cl偷ud五e廊<ne候ti叢ne踢t/i慰n.刃h>/*樂I閣nt店er掌ne羨t清ad盼dr斤es及s傲st渴ru盛ct健ur鐘e紐奉*/st錦ru矩ctin獨(dú)_ad鋼dr{u_逗lo仁ngs_ad險(xiǎn)dr;食/雖*樓32懷-b女it縮慧I鉆Pv跑4逐ad固dr柿es只s儀*/};驕/貿(mào)*墓ne凱tw蓋or旺k犯by鄭te扶o搞rd預(yù)er諷ed且*畢//*勾S勸oc就ke巧t系ad疑dr屢es綢s,蜻I夾nt寺er壇ne波t虜st浩yl共e.許*帳/st雪ru五ct撓s灘oc猶ka吹dd非r_i家n{u_滴ch邀arsi損n_列fa障mi將ly;崗/*掛A路dd榮re澇ss答F旨am湖il它y狼*/u_驗(yàn)sh鋼or爬tsi粗n_依po點(diǎn)rt;放/墳*毒UD昂P準(zhǔn)or禮T忽CP危P防or騰t#福*須//*竊n付et延wo毒rk壤b代yt騙e著or路de庫re趟d溫*/st央ru開ctin澡_ad卻drsi害n_ad瘡dr;選/炒*施In肢te筐rn擁et標(biāo)A痰dd尾re瓦ss齡*擺/ch關(guān)ar棚si切n_慰ze走ro屠[8流];沸/斑*勢un祖us盛ed阿*翻/};In競te雜rn抵et眾A框dd劍re普ss略in幟g率Da幻玉ta澇S攤tr攪uc訊tu冬resi疊n_醫(yī)fa股mi肢ly德=盛A奪F_塞IN暖ET啞s較el孝ec街ts般I熔nt附er其ne慕t濕ad笛dr測es達(dá)s端fa煩mi植ly162:Ap壁pl舌ic停at朗io通n吉La相ye瞎rBy披te服O非rd忙er睜in蜓gBi丹gEn夫di懼anSu推n撲So緣瑞la乓ri揚(yáng)s,瘡P蘇ow威er尾PC貍,境..假.Li雹tt豎leEn偏di扛ani3抽86嘩,牢al矩ph罰a,喜.千..Ne第tw是or尺k烤by回te害o霧rd糠er幣=持B會igEn侵di性an12袋8219澇495un燥io潔n曬{u_肯in葛t3絹2_些tad印dr;托/提*察4藏by致te束s納ad血dr陽es蠻s急*/ch右ar枝c訊[4得];}巨un槳;/*還1邊28猛.2臥.1赴94嘗.9訴5毀*/un而.ad急dr=孟0x銅80呈02祝c2糞5f拼;/*融c跟[0烘]綁=依?這*/c[爛0]療c梳[1彩]僵c[語2]債c田[3礙]9519槽4212袍8172:Ap鞠pl注ic釘at壘io帥n豪La循ye全rBy邁te每O次rd爐er辱in籠g籌Fu目nc懂ti芬on歷sCo攔nv他er瓶ts漆b難et部we繩enho敗st偉b披yt跑e盾or教de灣ran艙dne遞tw燙or倦k鑼by帝te無o競rd籮er‘h織’約=高h(yuǎn)o少st軌b慚yt前e窮or暗de貝r‘n棕’餐=護(hù)ne名tw瞞or們k堡by巾te醬o雨rd顫er‘l揚(yáng)’江=浸lo仙ng勸(踢4乘by冷te存s)漲,茄co吉nv勁er哥ts更I湯P哪ad疤dr圾es缸se企s‘s撕’象=罷sh魚or計(jì)t羨(2姻b西yt糾es翅),產(chǎn)c打on斜ve妙rt慶s抽po閣rt符n撤um褲be勁rs#in紋cl瞎ud具e泥<ne悼ti擴(kuò)ne再t/i撕n.大h>un淺si澇gn奪ed眾l因on拿gin伴tht義on輸l(u仙ns修ig窩ne磁d仔l(wèi)o多ngin掘t驕ho讓st刪lo浴ng);un采si申gn常ed磁s名ho學(xué)rtin絕tht童on躺s(u煮ns愈ig都ne否d疑sh州or粘tin啊t軍ho軟st忍sh擦or瘦t);un間si社gn填ed擠l艱on華gin定tnt勾oh掉l(u演ns涉ig量ne暢d惕lo餃ngin酒t掃ne播tl擱on辱g);un野si吵gn表ed臉s無ho聚rtin搖tnt在oh籮s(u授ns扔ig礦ne慌d帥sh界or雖tin幫t頁ne中ts據(jù)ho席rt);182:Ap伶pl誘ic粒at鍬io慮n咳La晶ye嫩rSo桃ck哄et孝:a搞do膚or智b策et極we消en攤a日pp船li糖ca效ti礙on朋p貢r(shí)o士ce界ss藍(lán)a摘nd鋸e袍nd只-e去nd皂-t亡ra凡ns恭po弄rt裙p穗ro切to啄co肺l滴(U筋CP恭o鐮r詢TC迷P)Aso督ck倦etis勒a繼f伶il簡e誓de越sc妥ri漂pt北or鄉(xiāng)豐t歲ha展t舉le夠ts鬧a塞n綿ap仔pl錘ic伶at兄io懶n熔re盈ad強(qiáng)/w夾ri毒te造d塑at疼a運(yùn)fr妥o(hù)m藍(lán)/t各o往th鴿e卸ne噴tw億or廟kso剝ck戴etre優(yōu)tu壁rn妖s德an宣i益nt鳴eg冤er墾(尸so溜ck牲et磁d揪es夕cr紋ip慰to棚r)fd<位0庫in至di憂ca幸te賺s感th果at挖a幕n影er臉ro欄r票oc礎(chǔ)cu武rr酬edso吐ck教et中d盟es英cr延ip瓶to適rs搖a帳re是s柔im存il倆ar學(xué)t在o花fi假le俘d帖es沙cr貌ip思to零rsAF似_I決NE抗T:as蒜so側(cè)ci川at虧es編a良s弓oc筍ke搬t(yī)財(cái)wi咬th鉤t漲he喇I糞nt坡er笛ne墻t糾pr尼ot途oc承ol渣f蝴am父il酒ySO甚CK嫌_S揮TR纖EA必M:se正le置ct狀s腎th仙e恭TC值P龍pr威ot植oc品olSO痛CK址_D病GR和AM悅:se現(xiàn)le濤ct丹s戴th銜e炭UD筒P旨pr退ot竹oc協(xié)olWh若at趣i鈔s益a估So脫ck親et繳?in請t栗fd;遺/謊*盡so咽ck性et出d月es博cr疑ip脊to桂r壘*/if霞(夠(fd=so杰ck表et(AF妥_I棉NE買T,SO蚊CK忠_S吹TR籮EA熊M,吃0)饅)桑<竄0)禮}pe昂rr災(zāi)or(“汗so詠ck很et副”)肝;ex婦it肅(1客);}192:Ap脾pl循ic房誠at計(jì)io滾n幣La澡ye隊(duì)rSo伴ck主et題-p把ro坊gr沃am擾mi漢ng場u票si離ng愧T貨CPTC賽P太se渴rv薄ic愿e:re鑒li埋ab起le候t順ra蜂ns趟fe堂r零of梢b威yt纏es徹f裝ro革m哭on巡壽e單pr刑oc送es羽s冒to牙a良no枯th賊erprocessTCPwithbuffers,variablessocketco揪nt提ro篇ll躁ed肺b叼yap益pl孝ic朗at島io拾nde泊ve怖lo彈pe獲rco即nt銜r(shí)o寨ll壇ed巨b依yop稱er攪at爺in南gsy欣st牛emho將st襲o豆rse壇rv頂erprocessTCPwithbuffers,variablessocketco礦nt瓣ro惕ll岡ed巴b董yap溪pl優(yōu)ic橋at郊io刊nde推ve借lo頃pe極rco殺nt癥ro爆ll潤ed窄b賤yop幅er禾at遺in細(xì)gsy夫st有emho怎st奧o愁rse詠rv津erin右te鳥rn亦et202:Ap項(xiàng)pl朱ic赴at騎io遞n績La鋪ye音rSo滑ck寨et勸p割ro屋gr賭am喜mi鵲ng盞w怨it安h仇TC組PCl儲ie漸nt堵m毛us戰(zhàn)t震co旨nt廁ac排t腫se沖rv割erse衰rv旅er擁p理ro舞ce但ss銹m壯us召t別fi溉rs放t曠be貓r赤un徑ni蝕ngse逮rv霸er碰m坑us究t優(yōu)ha摟ve象c沈re彼at杜ed橫s她oc道ke怪t返(d尚oo筐r)蘆t乒ha丸t隔we絞lc奏om零es責(zé)c繼li貨en采t’能s部co演nt旱ac企tCl袍ie雪nt拼c鳥on餐ta棍ct亮s銀se乖rv機(jī)er執(zhí)b誓y:cr冰ea堤ti湊ng譽(yù)c遣li劍en秩t-闊lo慈ca乖l伙TC配P動so胳ck日etsp型ec極if陽yi圓ng悲I這P擴(kuò)ad撲dr靈es鳳s,宣p艘or有t塵nu光mb土er趟o身f映se雜rv躺er要p境ro欄ce吃ssWh慶encl正ie趣nt梨c紛re校at抱es既s段oc給ke對t:球cl似ie津nt率T仿CP啊e永st鼻ab餅li您sh陷es坐c磚on累ne襲ct微io潑n圖to拋s役er憶ve議r處TC闖PWh昆en繞c借on辭ta讓ct立ed庭b翁y耽cl工ie諸nt幅,se厚rv申er述T柜CP他c漲re孫at棒es拿n倆ew豆s柴oc么ke斷tfo蟲r臺se弊rv撥er點(diǎn)p帶ro抖ce咸ss米t申o全co炭mm郊un掙ic吉at致e擇wi躲th屑c虛li滋en富tal捉lo原ws陳s恭er敗ve猜r崖to遵t尺al掛k摔wi珍th累m養(yǎng)ul蘇ti恥pl科e腳cl跟ie態(tài)nt臉sTCPprovidesreliable,in-ordertransferofbytes(“pipe”)betweenclientandserverapplicationviewpoint212:Ap浮pl之ic挖at殼io優(yōu)n獄La驚ye霉rTC英PIPEt圓he蔥rn狡et需A味da底pt斗erWe抬b伏Se思rv毅erPo悅rt掙8搖0Fo北r趨ex羊am綢pl照e:參w妹eb蝕s鉗er銜ve荒rWh燒at錢d啦oe窄s棋awe房誠b特se分rv踐erne扁ed擾t托o侍do須s刮o喘th觀at扎awe伸b奇cl袍ie幻玉ntca奶n給co渠nn戴ec房誠t諷to飽i有t?TC表P叫Se塌rv均er222:Ap訓(xùn)pl恢ic境at及io毛n順La便ye灣rSi情nc潛e艇we惹b齡tr弟af援fi弊c酸us身es繳T絡(luò)CP夢,樸th動e軋we現(xiàn)b鴿se陶rv燃er火m幸us蛇t扒cr殊ea叢te屑a掀s寨oc旗ke錘t檢of鏡t朵yp懷e煉SO陵CK巴_S皂TR為EA前Min榴t愚fd;燃/熄*新so蝕ck傭et烈d毛es墾cr侵ip威to園r伙*/if禮((fd=so膜ck乏et(AF錯_I芬NE即T,SO徑CK襪_S疾TR澤EA嘆M,弟0)氧)瓦<僅0)夜{pe育rr到or(“垮so寺ck垂et?!?尸;ex除it慈(1謝);}so咬ck談etre助tu踏rn調(diào)s顧an命i很nt親eg斧er螞(so苦ck參et秀d設(shè)es糊cr普ip狠to英r)fd<費(fèi)0毅in晚di密ca虹te倉s林th籃at居a辟n蔥er刑ro夕r饅oc嘴cu制rr巨edAF貝_I朗NE娛Tas倍so屢ci凈at奧es切a井s眨oc檔ke拉t胞wi著th突t做he稼I狹nt夕er儉ne賤t轎pr把ot巨oc睡ol霸f染am志il倉ySO弟CK陽_S抱TR粱EA牽Mse劃le喂ct堅(jiān)s饑th白e裂TC綱P中pr隔ot敬oc邀olSo岸ck糕et病I氧/O從:息so侮ck解et禾()232:Ap竭pl肌ic賣at事io忘n顏La粘ye仰rAso鋒ck面etca大n徒be膛b草ou跡nd澤t肉o避apo污rtin柏t恒fd;撞/套*側(cè)so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