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Chapter2HistorySept.15ShaDeyuI.ThefoundationofthenationSummary:1.TheRomaninvasion2.Germanicwarriors’invasions3.TheVikingsandAlfredtheGreat4.TheNormanConquest(1066)5.TheHouseofAnjou(Plantagenet)6.TheGreatCharter7.TheoriginsoftheEnglishParliament8.TheHundredYears'War9.ThewarsoftheRoses1.BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion.1)theRomaninvasionIn55BCand54BC,JuliusCaesar,aRomangeneral,invadedBritaintwice.In43AD,theEmperorClaudiusinvadedBritainsuccessfully.Discussion:whydidRomeleaveBritainandgiveupitsoccupationoftheIsland?2)Roman’sinfluenceonBritainManynativeCeltsweredriventoScotlandandWalesTheRomanbuiltmanytowns,cities,roads,templesandbuildings.Theyalsobroughtthenewreligion,Christianity,toBritain.2.Germanicwarriors’invasionsandtheirconversiontoChristianity1)Germanicwarriors’invasionsInthemid-5thcenturyanewwaveofinvaders,Jutes,Saxons,andAnglescametoBritain.TheJutescametoBritainfirst,followedbytheSaxons,andfinallycametheAngles.2)Germanicwarriors’conversiontoChristianityIn597,PopeGregoryIsentSt.AugustinetoEnglandtoconverttheEnglishtoChristianity.In579St.Augustine(noteattached)becamethefirstArchbishopofCanterbury.(Note:St.Augustinewasremarkablysuccessfulinconvertingthekingandthenobility,buttheconversionofthecommonpeoplewaslargelyduetothemissionaryactivitiesofthemonksinthenorth.)Bythelate7thcentury,RomeChristianitybecamethedominantreligioninBritain.3.TheVikingsandAlfredtheGreat1)TheVikinginvadersweretheNorwegiansandtheDanes.TheyattackedvariouspartsofEnglandfromtheendofthe8thcentury.(notes:Theybecameaseriousprobleminthe9thcentury,especiallybetween835and878.TheyevenmanagedtocaptureYork,animportantcenterofChristianityin867.Bythemiddleof9thcentury,theVikingandtheDaneswereposingathreattotheSaxonkingdomofWessex.)2)AlfredtheGreatAlfredtheGreat,akingofWessex,defeatedtheDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththemin878.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeast,whileheruledtherest.HealsoconvertedsomeleadingDanesintoChristians.(notes:Hefoundedastrongfleetandisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”.HereorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient.HetranslatedaLatinbookintoEnglish.Healsoestablishedschoolsandformulatedalegalsystem.Allthisearnshimthetitle“AlfredtheGreat.”)4.TheNormanConquest(1066)1)EdwardtheConfessor2)ReasonsforWilliam’sinvasionofEnglandafterEdward’sdeath.(Notes:ItwassaidthatKingEdwardhadpromisedtheEnglishthronetoWilliam,buttheWitan(賢人)choseHaroldasking.SoWilliamledhisarmytoinvadeEngland.)InOctober1066,duringtheimportantbattleofHastings,WilliamdefeatedHaroldandkilledhim.OneChristmasDay,WilliamwascrownedkingofEngland,thusbeginningtheNormanConquestofEngland.3)TheNormanConquestanditsconsequencesItisperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheConquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.Re胳la專ti寇on暮s此wi匹th夕t萌he答C佳on父ti蠢ne碼nt鏈w屯er侍e財(cái)op潮en嗽ed誤,散an筍d布th謊e著ci輪vi罩li竹za盈ti精on這a鍵nd澇c己om犬me甚rc晉e侄we挽re拒e言xt飯en尼de緊d.No躬rm紀(jì)an叨-F陷re震nc爭h市cu桃lt丈ur橡e,息l非an方gu娃ag俊e,掏m裙an貴ne激rs家a宜nd網(wǎng)a倡rc稀hi叛te賀ct融ur型e矮we默re虧i耳nt活ro介du筐ce榨d.Th卵e岔Ch困ur兵ch塞w叉as撒b化ro錄ug典ht融i括nt稍o殃cl戚os惑er怠c剝on扯ne沉ct腸io謙n封wi睡th窗R父om芽e,軋a陽nd濫t必he演c集hu啄rc臨h潛co腎ur處ts銹w早er佛e堡se畝pa項(xiàng)ra焦te哪d其fr器om只t映he偶c傻iv壤il肯c南ou滑rt府s.5.敲K形in狂g稠He而nr腔y膝II匠a擴(kuò)nd染h聽is堆r挺ef滲or暗ms1)繪T塊he蠅H掩ou彈se形o聾f廈An戰(zhàn)jo辮u訂(P債la較nt顯ag遠(yuǎn)en紅et伸)Ki寨ng掠H玻en夫ry亡I課I,疲W批il減li映am分’s沙g塑re考at社g乖ra舍nd錄so驗(yàn)n,仿b織ui綢lt犯u原p格a甲la豆rg醬e暫em纏pi詞re環(huán)w罪hi舅ch贊i袖nc鉆lu改de累d吊En鋒gl觸an絕d交an弱d芝mo躲re外t峰ha魄n分ha候lf膀o候f乖Fr裙an用ce騙.2)客T廊he贊w販ay稍s戰(zhàn)He捉nr帆y作II伶’s捉r他ef野or餐m惱of睜t察he豬c射ou告rt害s啦an佩d亞th異e秒la服wIm瓜pr面ov州ed犯t羊he次c朱ou鼓rt悔s疫of虎j辭us琴ti拍ce押;in抵tr獅od感uc爐ed金t源he貢j顫ur緩y桃sy犁st塌em鄭;in突st止it銹ut哈io哨na歸li默ze蘋d即co寬mm支on徒l扭aw大t頑hr椒ou仙gh職ou涉t棵th掀e號co影un錘tr石y.6.售C戲on峽te登nt聾s鬼an夾d仆th咽e援si喪gn蓋if計(jì)ic變an移ce榜o野f繡th談e橋Ma趁gn別a茄Ca隔rt御a車(t妥he吸G棟re嚼at套C竿ha氣rt抱er港)1)語T證he搏G窗re雀at號C不ha首rt包er瘦w品as嗎s妥ig廊ne圾d桃by買K膀in告g炒Jo飾hn惕i夢n記12宰15東u棗nd選er跑t猛he狐p樓re螞ss動ur前e恥of獄t膨he稿b蓄ar悼on戲s.2)供6槳3霉cl秒au澤se粒sIt隔s頂im住po倉rt殘an杰t瓶pr嬸ov盲is堤io碰ns糟a零re春a退s蛇fo侮ll谷ow搬s:(1膊)辰th得e疏Ki減ng妖c密ou茂ld架n止ot末e葛xa會ct猾p法ay申me牲nt鍛f鍬ro抖m傍th幻玉e站va捷ss孟al雜s找wi縫th聾ou窩t勸th慶ei碎r喪co幻玉ns硬en飼t;(2洲)畢no丹f稠re黨em風(fēng)en胞s矩ho笛ul姑d麥be中a耳rr袋es華te邊d,職i謀mp壞ri繡so駛ne竄d披or兔d寸ep看ri哀ve揉d猛of鞏t孫he睡ir抓f瘋re輪ed墊om薯u慮nl兔es柴s誘th訴ey懸a掩re喘c宇on憂vi資ct疲ed脾a去cc艘or喂di抓ng杰t扶o惜th公e廟la由w飯of聯(lián)t乖he親l姥a(bǔ)n糠d;(3似)輔Me艦rc勻ha擊nt車s綱sh悲ou啦ld遵b煩e利al惡lo號we杏d劃to灣m托ov奔e起ab傲ou筐t遭fr唱ee挪ly(4組)錫Lo蒜nd觸on軟a秩nd段o施th旬er信t漢ow披ns崗s參ho醋u(yù)l漆d局re鼓ta晃in釋t窮he防ir滅t核ra堡di牌ti爭on規(guī)al鐮r鋼ig視ht沫s溫an爸d雀pr渣iv順il判eg溜es厚,量an梨d(5罷)鎮(zhèn)th緒er鎮(zhèn)e繞sh污ou沉ld緒b缺e展th辱e臥sa截me慨w辦ei員gh腎ts將a井nd降m肺ea圍su偷re筒s設(shè)th敘ro挽ug剃ho酷ut尖t遺he岡c祖ou敞nt駐ry斤.3)妖T光he注s謊ig細(xì)ni嚷fi堵ca縫nc沈e映of營t叢he溜M關(guān)ag痰na孫C金ar補(bǔ)taIt腹g董ra秤nt報(bào)ed霞t造he裂t淡ow霞ns內(nèi)pe馳op屋le蓄f暗re響ed其om售o膽f燈tr匆ad姨e寶an昏d聲se牙lf牌-g粗ov膊er計(jì)nm閃en錯t;Th版e新me蠻rc晨ha巷nt賽s限an揚(yáng)d幣cr需af線ts沒me鍛n叢ap浮pe卷ar固ed防f走or掠t擔(dān)he持f課ir跳st唯t溝im存e快as孕a千p命ol劃it袍ic龜al更f決or聞ce批;As欄t戚he咸f班ou赤nd示at它io韻n本of斑t青he蜂B虛ri方ti依sh幼c效on擔(dān)st金it宅ut炸io句na期li錢sm橋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