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TheNatureof

Science2010VirginiaScienceSOLEquippedwithhisfivesenses,manexplorestheuniversearoundhimandcallstheadventureScience.

Http://襯塑復(fù)合管涂塑復(fù)合管鋼塑復(fù)合管消防涂覆鋼管UNDERSTANDABLETHENATURALWORLDIS

TheNaturalWorldisUnderstandableThenaturalworldisunderstandablethroughthecarefulcollectionandcriticalanalysisofempiricalevidence.Everydisciplineinmodernsciencehasderiveditsprinciplesandparadigmsthroughthisprocess.Example/IllustrationEachyearbillionsofdollarsarespentbybusiness,political,andotherintereststofindoutwhatpeoplebelievetobetrueaboutagiventopic.Ratherthanaskingwhatpeoplebelievetobetrue,itmightbemoreinformativetoaskhowtheyarrivedatthisdecisionandwhatcriteriawereinvolved.

Infact,peopleuseavarietyof“truthfilters”(Toffler,2006,p.123)toguidetheminmakingdecisionsintheirpersonalandprofessionallives.Forexample,whendecidingwhichmovietoseeorbooktopurchase,apersonmightusea“consensus”filter.

“Authority”isanotheroftenused“truthfilter”andrelatestotheimportancebestowedupontheopinionsandbeliefsofinfluentialpeople.Whetherearnedornot-wetendtoplacemoreweightontheviewpointsofpeopleandinstitutionswhichrepresentauthority.Nationalnewscasters,successfulentrepreneurs,politicalleaders,respectedprintandnewsmedia,andmoviestarsarejustafewoftheauthoritiespeoplecurrentlylooktofortruth.Example/IllustrationTruthcanalsobeinherited.Ifafact,story,oropinionhasbeenaroundforalongtimethenitismorelikelytobebelievedbecauseithaswithstoodtherigorsoftime.“FormostofustodayitishardtoappreciatejusthowimportantinheritedtruthwasbeforetheEnlightenmentandtheindustrialrevolution”(Toffler,2006,p.126).

Thisbringsustoscienceasa“truthfilter.“Ofallthesevariouscriteria[fordeterminingtruth],scienceisprobablytheonewerelyonleastinourdailylivesyet…noneinrecentcenturieshashadagreaterimpacton[societal]wealth”(Toffler,2006,p.126).

“Theinventionofscientificthinking[hasbeen]…apowerfulmeta-toolforprobingtheunknownand…forspurringtechnologicalchangeandeconomicprogress”(Toffler,2006,127).

Byitsverynature,scienceisauniquetruthfilter.Itispredicateduponthepremisethatthenaturalworldisunderstandableandthattheuniverseis“knowable”andisgovernedbynaturalfactorsthatcanbediscernedthroughobservationorexperimentation.Themajordifferencebetweenscienceandother"truthfilters"isthatratherthanrelyingonexternalsourcesforvalidationsuchasgroupconsensus,authority,ordurabilityovertime,sciencereliesoninternalprocessesofvalidationthroughdatacollection,objectiveanalysis,andevaluation.

EVIDENCESCIENCEDEMANDS

ScienceDemandsEvidenceScientificknowledgeinvolvesacombinationofobservationsandinferences.Scientistsusedatatomakeinferencesandformulateexplanationsofphenomena.Datacanbeobtainedthroughexperimentationorobservation.Themythofthescientificmethod

Scientistsapplyvariousmethodsindoingresearch.Thereisnouniversallyacceptedscientificmethodagreeduponbythescientificcommunity.Sciencedoesdemandthatevidencebeempiricallycollectedandanalyzed.Example/Illustration:SpontaneousGenerationWemaylaughatthenotionnowbut,beforemicroscopeswereinventedpeoplegenerallybelievedthatlifesprangfrominanimatematter-thatlifecouldspontaneouslybegeneratedfrominanimatematter.

ThisviewhadfirstbeenintroducedbyAristotlewhosaidthatsomeanimalscouldgrowspontaneouslyandthatsuchanimalsneednotcomefromothersoftheirownkind.Earlierphilosophersbelievedthattheearliestmenmusthavesprungup,fullyformed,fromthesoilinadultformbecausetheynevercouldhavesurvivedotherwise.

Beforewelaughtoohardattheseideasweshouldnotethatmanyscientists–evenuptothe1800’s–heldthesesameviews.Infact,recipebooksformakinganimalswerewrittenandonesuchrecipeformakingascorpioncalledforbasiltobelayeredbetweentwobricksandthenplacedinthesunlight.

Realscience,however,reliesonempiricalevidenceandreplicableresults.Thankfully,themythofspontaneousgenerationwasfinallyputtorestin1859byLouisPasteur.LOGICANDIMAGINATIONSCIENCEISABLENDOF

ScienceisaBlendofLogicandImaginationScientificknowledgeinvolveshumanimagination,creativity,andinference.Muchofthescientificenterpriseisgovernedbytheabilityandcreativityofscientiststovisualizedifferentsituationsandpredictoutcomes.Example/Illustration:TheStructureofBenzeneSinceitsdiscoveryin1825,themoleculebenzenewasknowntocontaincarbonatomsandhydrogenatoms.However,theirexactarrangementwasamysteryfordecadesandeludedthescrutinyofmanyscientists.

About40yearsafteritsdiscovery,ayoungchemistbythenameofAugustKekuledevisedthehexagonalstructureofthenowfamiliarmolecule.AccordingtoKekule,theideacametohiminadreamduringanafternoonnap.Inhisdream,theatomsweremovingaboutinfrontofhimin"longrows,sometimesmorecloselyfittedtogether,alltwiningandtwistinginsnake-likemotion.”

Hewasamazedtoseethat“oneofthesnakeshadseizedholdofitsowntail,andtheformwhirledmockinglybeforemyeyes."Thusthering-likestructureofbenzenewasdiscoveredduringachemist’safternoonnap.DURABLESCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGEIS

ScientificKnowledgeisDurable

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