新版職稱英語衛(wèi)生類新增文章

第二部分閱讀判斷第九篇 WhatIsaDream?Forcenturies,peoplehavewonderedaboutthestrangethingsthattheydreamabout.Somepsychologistssaythatthisnighttimeactivityofthemindhasnospecialmeaning.Others，however，thinkthatdreamsareanimportantpartofourlives.Infact,manyexpertsbelievethatdreamscantellusaboutaperson’smindandemotions.Beforemoderntimes,manypeoplethoughtthatdreamscontainedmessagesfromGod.Itwasonlyinthetwentiethcenturythatpeoplestartedtostudydreamsinascientificway.TheAustrianpsychologist,SigmundFreud1，wasprobablythefirstpersontostudydreamsscientifically.Inhisfamousbook,TheinterpretationofDreams(1900),Freudwrotethatdreamsareanexpressionofaperson’swishes.Hebelievedthatdreamsallowpeopletoexpressthefeelings,thoughts,andfearsthattheyareafraidtoexpressinreallife.TheSwisspsychiatristCarlJung2wasonceastudentofFreud’s.Jung，however，hadadifferentideaaboutdreams.Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer.Hethoughtpeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams.Forexample,peoplewhodreamaboutfallingmaylearnthattheyhavetoohighanopinionofthemselves.Ontheotherhand,peoplewhodreamaboutbeingheroesmaylearnthattheythinktoolittleofthemselves.Modern-daypsychologistscontinuetodeveloptheoriesaboutdreams.Forexample,psychologistWilliamDomhofffromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz，believesthatdreamsaretightlylinkedtoaperson’sdailylife,thoughts,andbehavior.Acriminal,forexample,mightdreamaboutcrime.Domhoffbelievesthatthereisaconnectionbetweendreamsandage.Hisresearchshowsthatchildrendonotdreamasmuchasadults.AccordingtoDomhoff,dreamingisamentalskillthatneedstimetodevelop.Hehasalsofoundalinkbetweendreamsandgender.Hisstudiesshowthatthedreamsofmenandwomenaredifferent.Forexample,thepeopleinmen’sdreamsareoftenothermen,andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomen’sdreams.3Domhofffoundthisgenderdifferenceinthedreamsofpeoplefrom11culturesaroundtheworld,includingbothmodernandtraditionalones.Candreamshelpusunderstandourselves?Psychologistscontinuetotrytoanswerthisquestionindifferentways.However,onethingtheyagreeonthis:Ifyoudreamthatsomethingterribleisgoingtooccur,youshouldn’tpanic.Thedreammayhavemeaning,butitdoesnotmeanthatsometerribleeventwillactuallytakeplace.It’simportanttorememberthattheworldofdreamsisnottherealworld.詞匯：psychologist/sa??k?l?d??st/n．心理學家psychiatrist/sai'kai?tr?st/n．精神病學家(醫(yī)生)Austrian/??str??n/adj．奧地利gender/?d?end?/n．性別注釋：1．SigmundFreud西格蒙德?弗洛伊德（1856—1939)，猶太人，奧地利精神病醫(yī)生及精神分析學家。精神分析學派創(chuàng)始人。他認為被壓抑欲望絕大部分是屬于性，性擾亂是精神病根本原因。著有《性學三論》《夢釋義》《圖騰與禁忌》《日常生活心理病理學》《精神分析引論》《精神分析引論新編》等。2．CarlJung：卡爾?榮格，瑞士著名精神分析教授，分析心理學創(chuàng)始人。3．Forexample,thepeopleinmen’sdreamsareoftenothermen,andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomen’sdreams.比如，男人做夢會夢到男人，而且常與打斗關于；女人做夢與男人則不一樣。練習：1．Noteveryoneagreesthatdreamsaremeaningful.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned2．AccordingtoFreud,peopledreamaboutthingsthattheycannottalkabout.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned3．Jungbelievedthatdreamsdidnothelponetounderstandoneself.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned4．Inthepast,peoplebelievedthatdreamsinvolvedemotions.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned5．AccordingtoDomhoff,babiesdonothavethesameabilitytodreamasadultsdo.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned6．Menandwomendreamaboutdifferentthings.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned7．Scientistsagreethatdreamspredictthefuture.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned答案與題解1．A這句話恰好表示了本文第一段意思。即有些心理學家認為，人腦睡眠中活動沒有尤其意義；而有些人則認為，夢能夠揭示人思維和情感。2．A第三段最終一句講是弗洛伊德認為夢反應了人們在現(xiàn)實情況下害怕表示情感、想法或恐懼。此句與本敘述一致。3．B第四段第二句和第三句：Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer.（榮格認為夢用途是向做夢者傳遞一個信息）Hethoughtpeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams.（他認為人們經過思索所做夢能夠愈加好地了解自己）。他給出了兩個例子來說明他論點。4．C文中沒有提及。5．A依據第六段，Domhoff研究得出：嬰兒不像成人做那么多夢，做夢是一個需要時間提升技能。這就說明了嬰兒不具備成人做夢能力。6．A本文第七段講述了做夢與性別關系。第二句更指出男人和女人做夢是不一樣。7．B最終一段倒數(shù)第二句講是：夢可能會有意義，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定會發(fā)生。因而不能預測未來。第十三篇 StageFright1Falldownasyoucomeonstage.That’sanoddtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanic,2Mr.Feltsmansaid,“Allmyfrightwasgone.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen?”Today,musicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthatdealwithperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearntofightstagefrightanditssymptoms:icyfingers,shakylimbs,racingheart,blankmind.3Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvice,frombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout,4tomentaldiscipline,suchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don’tdenythatyou’rejittery，theyurge;someexcitementisnatural,evennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoften,simplyfortheexperience.PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggestssomestrategiesforthemomentsbeforeperformance,“Taketwodeepabdominalbreaths,openupyourshoulders,thensmile,’’shesays.“Andnotoneofthese‘pleasedon’tkillme’smiles.Thenchoosethreefriendlyfacesintheaudience,peopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusicto,andmakeeyecontactwiththem.”Shedoesn’twantperformerstothinkoftheaudienceasajudge.Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenattherootofstagefright，saysDorothyDelay,awell-knownviolinteacher.Shetellsotherteacherstodemandonlywhattheirstudentsareabletoachieve.WhenLynnHarrellwas20，hebecametheprincipalcellistoftheCleverlandOrchestra,andhesufferedextremestagefright.“ThereweretimeswhenIgotsonervousIwassuretheaudiencecouldseemychestrespondingtothethrobbing.Itwasjusttotalpanic.IcametoapointwhereIthought,‘IfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusic,IthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.”5Recovery,hesaid,involveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthatwhateverhistalent,hewasfallible，andthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster.6Itisnotonlyyoungartistswhosuffer,ofcourse.ThelegendarypianistVladimirHorowitz’snerveswerefamous.ThegreattenorFrancoCorelliisanotherexample.“Theyhadtopushhimonstage,”SopranoRenataScottorecalled.Actually，successcanmakethingsworse.“Inthebeginningofyourcareer,whenyou’rescaredtodeath,nobodyknowswhoyouare,andtheydon’thaveanyexpectations,”SopranoJuneAndersonsaid.“There’slesstolose.Lateron,whenyou’reknown,peoplearecomingtoseeyou,andtheyhavecertainexpectations.Youhavealottolose.”Andersonadded，“IneverstopbeingnervousuntilI’vesungmylastnote.”詞匯：veteran/?vet?r?n/adj．經驗豐富jittery/?d??t?ri/adj．擔心不安mentor/?men?t?:/n．指導者soprano/s??prprɑ:n??/n．女高音；女高音歌手cellist/?t?el?st/n．大提琴演奏家abdominal/?b?d?m?n?l/adj．腹部fallible/?f?l?b?l/adj．易犯錯誤tenor/'ten?/n．男高音注釋：1．StageFright：舞臺恐懼2．TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanic…資深大提琴家MstislavRostropovich有意把VladimirFeltsman絆倒，因而治愈了他上臺前恐懼癥。curesomebodyofsomething(illness,problem)：醫(yī)治好?。ㄌ幚韱栴}）3．…itssymptoms：icyfingers,shakylimbs,racingheart,blankmind：舞臺恐懼癥狀有手冰涼、身體顫動、心跳加緊和大腦一片空白。4．Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvice,frombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout：老師和心理學家提出了方方面面提議，一些基礎知識，比如將演奏曲目爛熟于心……insideout：ingreatdetail詳細地，從里到外地5．IcametoapointwhereIthought，“IfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusic,IthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.”我曾經一度認為，假如搞音樂就必須經過克服舞臺恐懼這一關話，這項工作不能做。6．Recovery,hesaid,involveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthatwhateverhistalent,hewasfallible,andthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster.不舞臺恐懼意味著提升謙卑感，即認識到不論你多有才，你也會犯錯，一個有瑕疵音樂會也絕對不是世界末日。練習：1．FallingdownonstagewasnotagoodwayforVladimirFeltsmantodealwithhisstagefright.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned2．Therearemanysignsofstagefright.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned3．Teachersandpsychologistscannothelppeoplewithextreme-stagefright.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned4．Toperformwellonstage,youneedtohavesomefeelingsofexcitement.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned5．Ifyouhavestagefright,it'shelpfultohavefriendlyaudience.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned6．Oftenpeoplehavestagefrightbecauseparentsorteachersexpecttoomuchofthem.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned7．Famousmusiciansneversufferfromstagefright.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned答案與題解：1．B本文第一段講是鋼琴家VladimirFeltsman被MstislavRostropovich絆倒后，他舞臺恐懼被治愈了故事。2．A第二段最終一句點出舞臺恐懼很多癥狀為手冰涼、身體顫動、心跳加緊和大腦一片空白。3．B本文第三、四、五、六段都在講老師和心理學家為舞臺恐懼者提供全方位提議。4．A依據第三段倒數(shù)第二句：someexcitementisnatural,evennecessaryfordynamicplaying.(演出中激情是自然甚至是必要）5．C第四段提到克服舞臺恐懼方法之一是：在觀眾中選擇三位友好面孔，與他們用眼光交流。所以克服舞臺恐懼要靠自己而不是指望全部觀眾都友好。6．A第五段講了舞臺恐懼根源在于指導者或父母對演出者要求太高。extremedemands就是expecttoomuchofthem意思。7．B第七段講是：不只年輕藝術家有舞臺恐懼癥，鋼琴家VladimirHorowitz和男高音FrancoCorelli亦不能幸免。Never一詞不恰當。第十四篇 AzeriHillsHoldSecretofLongLifeYoucanseeforkilometersfromthemountainswhereAllahverdiIbadovherdshissmallflockofsheepamidaseaofyellow,red,andpurplewildflowers.TheviewfromAmburdereinsouthernAzerbaijantowardtheIranianborderisspectacular,butMr.Ibadovbarelygivesitasecondglance.Whyshouldhe?He’sbeencomingherenearlyeverydayfor100years.Accordingtohiscarefullypreservedpassport,Mr.Ibadov,whosebirthwasnotregistereduntilhewasatoddler,isatleast105yearsold.Hiswife,whodiedtwoyearsago,wasevenolder.Theyareamongthedozensofpeopleinthisbeautiful,isolatedregionwholiveextraordinarilylonglives.Mr.Ibadov’seldestsonhasjustturned70.Helostcountlongagoofhowmanygrandchildrenhehas.1“I’manoldmannowIlookafterthesheep,andIpreparethewoodforwinter.Istillhavesomethingtodo.“Alifetimeoftoil,itseems,takesveryfewpeopletoanearlygraveinthisregion.ScientistsadmitthereappearstobesomethingintheAzerimountainsthatgiveslocalpeoplealonger,healthierlifethanmost.MiriIsmailov’sfamilyinthetinyvillageofTatoniareconvincedthattheyknowwhatitis.Mr.Ismailovis110,hisgreat-great-grandsonisfour.Theyshareoneproudboast:Neitherhasbeentoadoctor.“Therearehundredsofherbsonthemountain,andweusethemallinourcookingandformedicines”;explainedMr.Ismailov’sdaughter,Elmira.“Weknowexactlywhattheycando.Weareourowndoctors.，’Thereisoneherbforhighbloodpressure，anotherforkidneystones，andathirdforahackingcough.Theyarecarefullycollectedfromtheslopessurroundingthevillage.ExpertsfromtheAzerbaijanAcademyofSciencebelievetheherbsmaybepartoftheanswer.Theyhavebeenstudyinglongevityinthisregionforyears.ItbeganasararejointSoviet-Americanprojectinthe1980s，butthesestudiesarenotbeingfundedanymore.Azeriscientistshaveisolatedatypeofsaffronuniquetothesouthernmountainsasonethingthatseemstoincreaselongevity.Anotherplant,madeintoapaste,dramaticallyincreasestheamountofmilkthatanimalsareabletoproduce.“Nowwehavetoexaminetheseplantsclinicallytofindoutwhichsubstanceshavethiseffect,”saidChingizGassimov,ascientistattheacademy.ThetheorythatlocalpeoplehavealsodevelopedageneticpredispositiontolonglifehasbeenstrengthenedbythestudyofagroupofRussianemigreswhoseancestorswereexiledtotheCaucasus200yearsago.2TheRussians’lifespanismuchshorterthanthatoftheindigenousmountainfolk—thoughitisappreciablylongerthanthatoftheirancestorsleftbehindintheRussianheartland.“Overthedecades，Ibelievelocalconditionshavebeguntohaveapositiveeffectonthenewarrivals”,ProfessorGassimovsaid.“It’sbeenslowlytransferreddownthegenerations.”ButMr.Ismailov,grippinghisstoutwoodencane,hasbeenaroundfortoolongtogetoverexcited.“There’snosecret,”heshruggeddismissively.“IlookafterthecattleandIeatwell.Lifegoeson.”詞匯：herd/h?:d/vt．放牧boast/b?ust/vt．以有……而自豪longevity/l?n?d?eviti/n．長壽Caucasus/丨?k?:k?s?s/n．高加索Dismissively/dis'misivli/adv．輕蔑地spectacular/spek?t?kjul?/adj．壯觀hackingcough干咳saffron/?s?fr?n/n．藏紅花indigenous/?n?d?d??n?s/adj．本土注釋：1．Helostcountlongagoofhowmanygrandchildrenhehas.他很久以前就數(shù)不清他有多少個孫輩孩子。lostcount：弄不清楚，數(shù)不清2．ThetheorythatlocalpeoplehavealsodevelopedageneticpredispositiontolonglifehasbeenstrengthenedbythestudyofagroupofRussianemigreswhoseancestorswereexiledtotheCaucasus200yearsago.當?shù)厝艘呀浘邆溟L壽遺傳素質，一組關于俄羅斯移民研究證實了這一理論。他們祖先在兩百年前被流放到高加索地域。geneticpredisposition：遺傳素質練習：1．AmburdereisacityinSouthernAzerbaijan.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned2．AllahverdiIbadovdoesnotknowexactlyhowoldheis.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned3．Mr.Ibadovcan’tdoanykindofworkanymore.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned4．MiriIsmailov hasneverbeentoadoctorbuthisgreat-great-grandsonhas.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned5．Peopleinthis regionenjoyaeasyandrichlife.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned6．ElmiraIsmailovisadoctorwhousesherbsasmedicines.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned7．Scientiststhinkpeople’sgenesmightaffecthowlongtheylive.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned答案與題解：1．A從第一段第二句前半句TheviewfromAmburdereinsouthernAzerbaijantowardtheIranianborderisspectacular中AmburdereinsouthernAzerbaijan能夠看出，Amburdere在Azerbaijan南部。2．A經過第三段第一句中Mr.Ibadov,whosebirthwasnotregistereduntilhewasatoddler以及atleast105yearsold能夠斷定，連他自己也不知道他確實切年紀。3．B從第四段Mr.Ibadov自己敘述：“I’manoldmannowIlookafterthesheep,andIpreparethewoodforwinter.Istillhavesomethingtodo.”能夠看出，Ibadov依舊在勞作。4．B第六段講是MiriIsmailov一家人都住在一個小山村里，他110歲，他玄孫4歲，他們有同一個引認為豪事：都沒有看過醫(yī)生。本句說Ismailov沒有看過醫(yī)生，而他玄孫看過醫(yī)生。5．C句意思是：這個地域人們生活無憂無慮且富足。本文即使提到這個地域人們身體健康且長壽，但沒有提及他們生活情況。6．B第六段和第七段即使講我們是我們自己醫(yī)生，這是一個比喻，意思是我們不用醫(yī)生，我們吃東西（山上植物）具備保健作用。所以Elmira職業(yè)不是醫(yī)生。7．A本句意思是：科學家們認為，基因可能影響人們壽命。第九段第一句所表示意思與本句相符：當?shù)厝司邆淞碎L壽遺傳素質（geneticpredisposition)，他們具備長壽基因。第五部分補全短文第四篇 TheBilingualBrainWhenKarlKimimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesfromKorea’sateenager,hehadahardtimelearningEnglish.Nowhespeaksitfluently,andhehadauniqueopportunitytoseehowourbrainsadapttoasecondlanguage.1Asagraduatestudent,KimworkedinthelabofJoyHirsch,aneuroscientistinNewYork.____1____Theyfoundevidencethatchildrenandadultsdon’tusethesamepartsofthebrainwhentheylearnasecondlanguage.TheresearchersusedaninstrumentcalledanMRI2(magneticresonanceimaging)scannertostudythebrainsoftwogroupsofbilingualpeople.____2____.Theotherconsistedofpeoplewho，likeKim，learnedtheirsecondlanguagelaterinlife.PeoplefrombothgroupswereplacedinsidetheMRIscanner.ThisallowedKimandHirschtoseewhichpartsofthebrainweregettingmorebloodandweremoreactive.Theyaskedpeoplefrombothgroupstothinkaboutwhattheyhaddonethedaybefore,firstinonelanguageandthentheother.Theycouldn’tspeakoutloudbecauseanymovementwoulddisruptthescanning.KimandHirschlookedspecificallyattwolanguagecentersinthebrain-Broca'sarea3,whichisbelievedtocontrolspeechproduction,andWernicke’sarea3,whichisthoughttoprocessmeaning.KimandHirschfoundthatbothgroupsofpeopleusedthesamepartofWernicke'sareanomatterwhatlanguagetheywerespeaking.____3____PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguageaschildrenusedthesameregioninBroca’sareaforboththeirfirstandsecondlanguages.PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguagelaterinlifeusedadifferentpartofBroca’sareafortheirsecondlanguage.____4____Hirschbelievesthatwhenlanguageisfirstbeingprogrammedinyoungchildren,theirbrainsmaymixthesoundsandstructuresofalllanguagesinthesamearea.Oncethatprogrammingiscomplete,theprocessingofanewlanguagemustbetakenoverbyadifferentpartofthebrain.Asecondpossibilityissimplythatwemayacquirelanguagesdifferentlyaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Hirschthinksthatmothersteachababytospeakbyusingdifferentmethodsinvolvingtouch,sound,andsight.____5____詞匯：immigrate/??m??gre?t/vt．使移居入境scanner/?sk?n?/n．掃描儀bilingual/ba??l??gw(?)l/adj．具備雙語能力neuroscientist/'nj??r??'sa??nt?st/n.神經系統(tǒng)科學家unique/ju:?ni:k/adj.獨特disrupt/dis?r?pt/使中止注釋：1．Nowhespeaksitfluently,andhehadauniqueopportunitytoseehowourbrainsadapttoasecondlanguage.現(xiàn)在他說一口流利英語，而且有一獨特機會來審閱我們大腦是怎樣適應第二語言。adaptto：適應2．MRI(magneticresonanceimaging)：磁共振成像3．Bmca’sarea：布洛卡區(qū)，也譯為布羅卡區(qū)是大腦一區(qū)，它主管語言訊息處理、話語產生。與Wernicke’sarea共同形成語言系統(tǒng)。布若卡區(qū)與韋尼克區(qū)通常位于腦部優(yōu)勢半腦(通常位于左側），這是因為大多數(shù)人(97%)是右利緣故。1861年法國神經學家兼外科醫(yī)生保羅。布羅卡（PaulBroca，1824—1880)對一些失語癥患者進行研究及治療時發(fā)覺此一區(qū)域，位于大腦皮層額下回后部44、45區(qū)，故以其發(fā)覺者名字命名為布羅卡區(qū)。練習：AButtheiruseofBroca’sareawasdifferent.BOnegroupconsistedofthosewhohadlearnedasecondlanguageaschildren.CHowdoesHirschexplainthisdifference?DWeusespecialpartsofthebrainforlanguagelearning.EAndthatisverydifferentfromlearningalanguageinahighschoolorcollegeclass.FTheirworkledtoanimportantdiscovery.答案與題解：1．F依照本空后一句：Theyfoundevidencethatchildrenandadultsdon’tusethesamepartsofthebrainwhentheylearnasecondlanguage.其中theyfoundevidence與discovery相呼應。2．B依據本空后一句Theotherconsistedofpeoplewho,likeKim,learnedtheirsecondlanguagelaterinlife.one...theother是一固定搭配，用來比較同類事物。3．A整段講是Kim他們對大腦兩個語言中心分析，得出兩組被試都用Wernicke’sarea中同一地帶，緊接著該談被試們使用Broca’sarea情況。4．C本段開頭談到孩子學習第一和第二語言都用Broca’sarea相同地帶；而成人學習第二語言時使用Broca’sarea不一樣地帶。后面都是Hirsch對這一現(xiàn)象解釋；Hebelieves…依照上下文C是恰當。5．E該句是全文結束語。本段前兩句都講成年人與小孩習得語言不一樣，Hirsch認為，母親教小孩說話用不一樣于成人方法，比如用觸摸、聲音和情景。Different是一關鍵詞，所以，我們在中學和大學課堂學語言方法和母親教孩子方法是不一樣。第十篇 HowDeafnessMakesItEasiertoHearMostpeoplethinkofBeethoven’shearinglossasanobstacletocomposingmusic.However,heproducedhismostpowerfulworksinthelastdecadeofhislifewhenhewascompletelydeaf.Thisisoneofthemostgloriouscasesofthetriumphofwilloveradversity1,buthisbiographer,MaynardSolomon,takesadifferentview.____1____.InhisdeafworldBeethovencouldexperiment,freefromthesoundsoftheoutsideworld,freetocreatenewformsandharmonies.Hearinglossdoesnotseemtoaffectthemusicalabilityofmusicianswhobecomedeaf.Theycontinueto“hear”musicwithasmuch,orgreater,accuracythaniftheywereactuallyhearingitbeingplayed.____2____.Hedescribedafascinatingphenomenonthathappenedwithinthreemonths:“myformermusicalexperiencesbegantoplaybacktome.Icouldn’tdifferentiatebetweenwhatIheardandrealhearing.2Aftermanyyears,itisstillrewardingtolistentotheseplaybacks,to‘hear’musicwhichisnewtomeandtofindmanyquietaccompanimentsforallofmymoods.”Howisitthattheworldwesee，touch，hear，andsmellisboth“outthere”andatthesametimewithinus?Thereisnobetterexampleofthisconnectionbetweenexternalstimulusandinternalperceptionthanthecochlearimplant3.____3____.However,itmightbepossibletousethebrain’sremarkablepowertomakesenseoftheelectricalsignalstheimplantproduces.WhenMichaelEdgarfirst“switchedon”hiscochlearimplant,thesoundsheheardwerenotatallclear.Gradually,withmuchhardwork,hebegantoidentifyeverydaysounds.Forexample,“Theinsistentringingofthetelephonebecameclearalmostatonce.”Theprimarypurposeoftheimplantistoallowcommunicationwithothers.WhenpeoplespoketoEagar,heheardtheirvoices“comingthroughlikealong-distancetelephonecallonapoorconnection.”Butwhenitcametohisbelovedmusic,theimplantwasofnohelp.4____4____.Hesaid,“IplaythepianoasIusedtoandhearitinmyheadatthesametime.Themovementofmyfingersandthefeelofthekeysgiveadded‘clarity’tohearinginmyhead.Cochlearimplantsallowthedeaftohearagaininawaythatisnotperfect，butwhichcanchangetheirlives.____5____.EventhemostamazingcochlearimplantswouldhavebeenuselesstoBeethovenashecomposedhisNinthSymphonyattheendofhislife.詞匯：obstacle/??bst?k(?)l/n．障礙biographer/bai??ɡr?f?/n．傳記作者insistent/?n?s?st(?)nt/adj．連續(xù)adversity/?d?v?:s?t?/n．逆境；不幸fascinate/?f?s?ne?t/vt.使著迷，使神魂顛倒accompaniment/??k?mp(?)nim(?)nt/n.伴奏注釋：1．thetriumphofwilloveradversity：thesuccessfulovercomingofdifficultythroughdetermination用意志力成功戰(zhàn)勝不幸2．Icouldn’tdifferentiatebetweenwhatIheardandrealhearing.我不能分辨我聽到和真實聲音有什么不一樣。3．cochlearimplant：adevice,surgicallyplacedintheear,thatchangessoundsintoelectricsignals人工耳蝸；耳蝸植入4．Butwhenitcametohisbelovedmusic,theimplantwasofnohelp.不過，假如碰到鐘愛音樂，人工耳蝸沒有任何幫助。（我不用人工耳蝸就能聽出來）5．Themovementofmyfingersandthefeelofthekeysgiveadded“clarity”tohearinginmyhead.因為我手指在鋼琴上飛動，我能感覺到琴鍵，因而使我聽到東西在腦海里愈加清楚。練習：ANoman-madedevicecouldreplacetheabilitytohear.BWhenhewantedtoappreciatemusic,Eagarplayedthepiano.CStill,asMichaelEagardiscovered,whenitcomestomusicalharmonies,hearingisirrelevant.DMichaelEagar,whodiedin,becamedeafattheageof21.EBeethovenproducedhismostwonderfulworksafterhebecamedeaf.FSolomonarguesthatBeethoven’sdeafness“heightened”hisachievementasacomposer.答案與題解：1．F本段開頭講：貝多芬例子是一個意志力戰(zhàn)勝耳聾極好例子。不過，他傳記作家MaynardSolomon卻持不一樣意見。貝多芬耳聾不是一個災難；相反，對他成為作曲家起到了促進作用。后一句解釋了耳聾怎樣使貝多芬愈加好地創(chuàng)作。2．D該句是本段開頭，依照后一句：他描述了在三個月之內發(fā)生奇妙現(xiàn)象：我先前音樂經歷開始在我腦海里回放。再有后一句whatIheardandrealhearing能夠判定D是恰當。3．A依據前一句：只有些人工耳蝸才能使外部刺激和內心感知聯(lián)絡起來（耳聾人經過人工耳蝸聽到外部聲音）。人工耳蝸就是一個man-madedevice，后一句也是在講人工耳蝸功效。所以A是正確。4．B依據后一句playthepiano呼應Whenhewantedtoappreciatemusic,Eagarplayedthepiano，能夠斷定答案為B。5．C前一句講人工耳蝸作用：它能使耳聾人聽到聲音，盡管不完美，但改變了他們生活；Still表示轉折，該句承上啟下，即使人工耳蝸能幫助耳聾人，但談到音樂韻律時，聽力是不相關（聽力不起作用）。所以后一句講貝多芬在他生命最終時刻創(chuàng)作第九交響樂時，不論多么完美人工耳蝸對他來說都沒有用。第十四篇 AMemoryDrug?IT’SDIFFICULTTOIMAGINEMANYTHINGSthatpeoplewouldwelcomemorethanamemory-enhancingdrug.____1____Furthermore,suchadrugcouldhelppeoplerememberpastexperiencesmoreclearlyandhelpusacquirenewinformationmoreeasilyforschoolandatwork.Asscientistslearnmoreaboutmemory,weareclosinginonthistantalizinggoal.1SomeofthemostexcitingevidencecomesfromresearchthathasbuiltonearlierfindingslinkingLTP2andmemorytoidentifyagenethatimprovesmemoryinmice.____2____MicebredtohaveextracopiesofthisgeneshowedmoreactivityintheirNMDAreceptors，moreLTP，andimprovedperformanceonseveraldifferentmemorytasks—learningaspatiallayout3,recognizingfamiliarobjects，andrecallingafear-inducingshock.Ifthesebasicinsightsaboutgenes,LTP,andthesynapticbasisofmemorycanbetranslatedtopeople—andthatremainstobeseen—theycouldpavethewayformemory-enhancingtreatments.____3____Asexcitingasthismaysound,italsoraisestroublingissues.Considerthepotentialeducationalimplicationsofmemory-enhancingdrugs.Ifmemoryenhancerswereavailable,childrenwhousedthemmightbeabletoacquireandretainextraordinaryamountsofinformation,allowingthemtoprogressfarmorerapidlyinschoolthantheycouldotherwise.Howwellcouldthebrainhandlesuchanonslaughtofinformation?Whathappenstochildrenwhodon’thaveaccesstothelatestmemoryenhancers?Aretheyleftbehindinschool—andasaresulthandicappedlaterinlife?____4____Imaginethatyouareapplyingforajobthatrequiresagoodmemory，suchasamanageratatechnologycompanyorasalespositionthatrequiresrememberingcustomers’namesaswellastheattributesofdifferentproductsandservices.Wouldyoutakeamemory-enhancingdrugtoincreaseyourchancesoflandingtheposition?Wouldpeoplewhofeltuncomfortabletakingsuchadrugfindthemselvescutoutoflucrativecareeropportunities?Memorydrugsmightalsohelptakethestingoutofdisturbingmemoriesthatwewishwecouldforgetbutcan’t.4ThehitmovieEt