2018年高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)藝體生專(zhuān)練：專(zhuān)題19 閱讀理解-說(shuō)明文類(lèi)

專(zhuān)題19閱讀理解一一說(shuō)明文類(lèi)

方法與技巧

題型介紹：

材料特點(diǎn)這類(lèi)文章的總體特點(diǎn)是：科技詞匯多，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，理論性強(qiáng)，邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。

具體說(shuō)來(lái)它有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1.文章中詞匯的意義比較單一、穩(wěn)定、簡(jiǎn)明，不帶感情色彩,

具有單一性和準(zhǔn)確性的特點(diǎn)。這類(lèi)文章通常不會(huì)出現(xiàn)文學(xué)英語(yǔ)中采用的排比、比喻、夸張等

修辭手法，一詞多義的現(xiàn)象也不多見(jiàn)。2.句子結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，語(yǔ)法分析較困難。為了描述一

個(gè)客觀事物，嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)自己的思想，作者經(jīng)常會(huì)使用集多種語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象于一體的長(zhǎng)句。3.常

使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，尤其是一些慣用被動(dòng)句式。

命題形式：

命題特點(diǎn)科普類(lèi)閱讀的主要命題形式有事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題、詞義猜測(cè)題、推理判斷題以及主旨

概括題等，其中推理判斷題居多。

方法概述

高考對(duì)說(shuō)明文的考查多為科普說(shuō)明文，它是閱讀理解重要內(nèi)容，也是高考考查難點(diǎn)?？?/p>

普類(lèi)“閱讀理解”題愈來(lái)愈受到命題者的青睞。而科普類(lèi)文章往往具有跨學(xué)科、行文邏輯性

強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn)，要求考生能從文章的整體邏輯以及重要細(xì)節(jié)上全面把握。

【試題特點(diǎn)】

①注重學(xué)科滲透,行文邏輯性強(qiáng)，內(nèi)容抽象。

②貼近學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)、生活實(shí)際,有利于激發(fā)學(xué)生的思維,對(duì)選拔優(yōu)秀考生有一定的作用。

③能全面地考查學(xué)生的綜合閱讀能力和運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)去分析、解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力。

科普類(lèi)文章往往具有跨學(xué)科、行文邏輯性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn)，要求考生能從文章的整體邏輯以

及重要細(xì)節(jié)上全面把握。科普說(shuō)明文常設(shè)置下列題型：

a＞示題判斷題

科普說(shuō)明文多出現(xiàn)標(biāo)題判斷題，考查考生對(duì)全文的理解，它常以Whatwouldbe型

besttitleforthispassage?為設(shè)問(wèn)方式，解題時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意因科普說(shuō)明文常便白動(dòng)植物是

如何保護(hù)自身的，因此多以Howdofdoes…defendthemselve《itself)為標(biāo)題。

(2性詞詞義判斷題

科普說(shuō)明文往往揭示自然奧秘、動(dòng)植物生存特點(diǎn)及產(chǎn)品工藝原理，易出現(xiàn)一些學(xué)術(shù)

性較強(qiáng)的生詞,因此常出現(xiàn)生詞詞義判斷題,這種試題常以Whatdoestheunderlinedword

mean?或Whatisdiemeaningoftheunderlinedword。為設(shè)問(wèn)方式考查對(duì)生詞詞義的判斷。

解題時(shí)一定要認(rèn)真閱讀原文，分析原文對(duì)自然奧秘、動(dòng)植物生存特點(diǎn)、產(chǎn)品工藝原理是

如何解釋、如何定義的，在此基礎(chǔ)上抽象概括出生詞詞義。

(3)代詞指代判斷題

科技說(shuō)明文在對(duì)自然孰、動(dòng)植物生存特點(diǎn)及產(chǎn)品工藝原理進(jìn)行解釋時(shí)，易出現(xiàn)動(dòng)

作變換多、人稱(chēng)轉(zhuǎn)變頻的現(xiàn)象，因此常出現(xiàn)代詞指代判斷題，這些試題常以it,也ey,山皿

等表物的代詞為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生木艮據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境邏輯推斷其才副弋對(duì)象。解題時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)

真分析動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換背景，區(qū)分動(dòng)作不同執(zhí)行者，從而準(zhǔn)確判斷代詞的正確指代。

(4)科學(xué)方法圖示判斷題

科普說(shuō)明文常出現(xiàn)科學(xué)方法圖示判斷題，這種試題或以生物依賴關(guān)系為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生

判斷正確的生物依賴關(guān)系；或以工藝流程為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生判斷正確的流程順序，或以

生產(chǎn)方法為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生判斷正確的生產(chǎn)方法；或以機(jī)械配制為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生

判斷正確的機(jī)械配制。解題時(shí)一定要認(rèn)真閱讀分析原文對(duì)生物依賴關(guān)系、發(fā)明創(chuàng)造誕生過(guò)程

和工藝流程過(guò)程的介紹，并且邊讀邊畫(huà)簡(jiǎn)易草圖，以提高理解準(zhǔn)確率。分析備選項(xiàng)時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)照

原文介紹情況，找出各圖不同之處，以便最終做出正確判斷。

命題方式

考點(diǎn)一、細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)理解。

一篇文章必然是由許多具體的細(xì)節(jié)、具體的內(nèi)容構(gòu)成的，所有這些信息以某種順序(時(shí)

間、空間、情感變化等)排列起來(lái)，來(lái)進(jìn)一步解釋或闡釋主題，體現(xiàn)文章的主旨大意。

細(xì)節(jié)理解題目主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的理解能力，屬于表層理解題范疇，

難度較小，但在整個(gè)閱讀理解題中所占比例最大，細(xì)節(jié)理解題多從文章的某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或

細(xì)節(jié)出發(fā)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)題目。

此類(lèi)題通常根據(jù)文章具體內(nèi)容來(lái)設(shè)問(wèn)，也常使用下列方式來(lái)提問(wèn)

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)true/correct?

2.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?

3.Allofthefollowingaretrueexcept...

4.Accordingtothepassage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc...?

1.直接事實(shí)題

在解答這類(lèi)問(wèn)題時(shí)要求學(xué)生抓住題干文字信息，采用針對(duì)性方法進(jìn)行閱讀，因?yàn)檫@類(lèi)

題的答案在文章中可以直接找到。如：

AgiantdamwasbuiltmanyyearsagotocontroltheColoradoRiverintheU.S.This

damwasbuilttoprotectthelandandhousesaroundtheriver.

ThishugedamisintheBlackCanyon.Itispossibletodriveacarfromoneside

oftherivertotheotheronaroad,whichisonthetopofthedam.Thisdamisso

bigthatthereisanelevatorinside.Theelevatorgoesdownforty-fourstoriesfrom

theroadtothebottom.Thereisenoughconcreteinthisdamtobuildahighwayfrom

NewYorktoSanFrancisco.Thousandsofpeopleworkedonthisdamforfiveyears.

ThishugedamwascalledBoulderDamwhenitwasfinishedin1936.Lateritwas

renamedHooverDaminhonorofapresidentoftheUnitedStates.HooverDam,oneof

thehighestdamsintheworld,issituatedbetweenthestatesofArizonaandNevada.

Q：HooverDamlies.

A.betweenArizonaandNevada

B.intheBlackCanyon

C.betweenNewYorkandSanFrancisco

D.bothAandB

【解析】由第二段的第一句話和最后一段的最后一句話可得出正確答案是D項(xiàng)。

2.間接事實(shí)題

解答此類(lèi)題，需要結(jié)合上下文提供的語(yǔ)境和信息進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的概括和判斷或者要進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)

單的計(jì)算。

InvitedbyMr.YeHuixian,hostofthewell-receivedTVprogrammeStars

Tonightw,MissLuoLin,MissAsiaof1991,appearedastheguesthostessonthe

ShanghaiTVscreenlastSunday.

BorninShanghaiandtakentoHongkongwhenshewasonlysixyearsold,LuoLin

hasneverdreamedofbeingMissAsia.Herchildhooddreamwastobeanair

hostess.Beforeshetookpartinthecompetition,shehadbeenanairhostessinCathay

Airlineforsevenyears.However,itstilltookherthreemonthstolearntheart

ofwalkingonthestage,dancing,singing,making-upandotherpropermanners,

designedbytheAsiaTVStation.

“It'sreallyahardjobforme.Iwon'tenterforsuchcompetitionany

more.Anyhow,Iamquitelucky.Iamalsogladtohavehadmorechancetoworkfor

thesocialwelfaresinceIwonthetitle.Thistime,inShanghai,I'dlovetomake

adeepimpressiononmyTVaudience,“saidLuoLinwithasweetsmile.

Q：WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

A.LuoLinisanativeofShanghai.

B.LuoLinmovedtoHongkongwithherparents.

C.LuoLinwonthetitleofMissAsiain1991.

D.AsiaTVStationhelpedLuoLintobecomeMissAsia.

【解析】A、C和D項(xiàng)都可在原文找到答案，而B(niǎo)項(xiàng)原文所給的是：takentoHongkong

可判斷不是movedtoHongkongwithherparents,因此選B。

3、數(shù)據(jù)推算。

IfyouregisterboththeVIEWqualificationcourseandtheForumatthesame

time,youwillsave.

A.$100B.$300C.$350D.$400

這類(lèi)題目要求學(xué)生就文章提供的數(shù)據(jù)，以及數(shù)據(jù)與文中其他信息的關(guān)系做簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算和

推斷。在做此類(lèi)題時(shí)：

1.要抓住并正確理解與數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)的信息含義。

2.弄清眾多信息中那些屬于有用信息，那些屬于干擾信息。

3.不要孤立看待數(shù)字信息，而要抓住一些關(guān)鍵用語(yǔ)的意義。

考點(diǎn)二、主題理解或?qū)懽饕鈭D推斷。

一、主旨閱讀理解題考查的內(nèi)容

L短文的標(biāo)題(title,headline)；

2.短文或段落的主題(subject)；

3.中心思想想ainidea)；

4.作者的寫(xiě)作目的(purpose)o

二、此類(lèi)題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式

1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

2.Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlydiscuss?

3.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

4.Themainpurposeofannouncingtheaboveeventsis.

考點(diǎn)三、推理推斷。

推理題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線索進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推斷出作者沒(méi)有提到或者沒(méi)

有明說(shuō)的事實(shí)或者可能發(fā)生的事實(shí)。這類(lèi)題旨在考查學(xué)生透過(guò)詞語(yǔ)的字面意義去理解作者

的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，屬于深層理解題。

此類(lèi)題的設(shè)問(wèn)常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude等詞，這類(lèi)題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式主要

有：

1.WecaninferfromthePassagethat.

2.WhatcanbeinferredfromthePassage?

3.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthePassage?

4.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.

5.Theauthorsuggestsinthisparagraphthat.

6.Thewriterimpliesthat.

7.Itcanbeinferredthat.

8.ItcanbeconcludedfromthePassagethat.

9.Onthewhole,wecanconcludethat.

10.Fromthetextwecanconcludethat.

11.AfterreadingthePassagewemayconcludethat.

12.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthePassage?

13.Theauthorisinclinedtothinkthat.

14.Whenthewritertalksabout,whathereallymeansisthat.

15.What,sthewriter'sattitude/feelingtowards...?

16.InthewriterJsopinion,...

考點(diǎn)四、詞義、句義猜測(cè)。

詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解題考查對(duì)文中關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)的理解。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短語(yǔ)

的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境來(lái)判斷。

此類(lèi)題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式主要有

1.Theword”,??"inLine...means/canbereplacedby...

2.Asusedinthepassage,thephrase”…"suggests...

3.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword/phrase”is/referredto...

4.Theword”isclosestinmeaningto...猜詞是應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)的重要能力,也是

高考中常用的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或

認(rèn)識(shí)較多的課外詞匯。我們要學(xué)會(huì)“順藤摸瓜”，通過(guò)構(gòu)詞、語(yǔ)法、定義、同位、對(duì)比、

因果、常識(shí)、上下文等線索確定詞義。

L定義法。如：

Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthenlettingitcool

veryslowly.

句子給予annealing以明確的定義，即“退火”。

Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle-thatis,itwillbreakeasily.

從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。

Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.

定語(yǔ)從句中l(wèi)ooksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的詞義為"牧人”。

2.同位法。如：

Theytraveledalongwayandatlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginold

times.

同位語(yǔ)部分alargebuildinginoldtimes給出了castle的確切詞義，即“城

堡”。

Weareonthenightshift-frommidnightto8a.m.—thisweek.

兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的短語(yǔ)很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。

3.對(duì)比法。如：

Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleof

herfirstclass.

but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一節(jié)上了

一半才來(lái)”，因此反向推理，可得出她平時(shí)一向“準(zhǔn)時(shí)”的結(jié)論。

4.構(gòu)詞法（前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等）。如：

Perhaps,wecanseesomepossibilitiesfornextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?

possibility是possible的同根名詞，據(jù)此可以判斷定possibility意思是“可能

性”。

5.因果法。如：

Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswas

permanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.

從后面的結(jié)果“永遠(yuǎn)不能再運(yùn)動(dòng)”中，可以推測(cè)permanent的意思為“永遠(yuǎn)的，永久”。

體驗(yàn)高考

[2017?北京卷]

D

Hollywood'stheorythatmachineswithevil（邪惡的）mindswilldrivearmiesof

killerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythat

artificialintelligence（AI）maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingother

thanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,who

foundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制論），putitthisway:"Ifweuse,toachieve

ourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectively

interfere（干預(yù)），wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachine

isthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”

Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusually

associatewithlivingthings:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,

thisqualityisnotin-born,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogical

consequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurpose

ifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetching

coffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitch

orevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,

then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,super

intelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworld

asthechessboard.

Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethe

mindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachines

insideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutnever

allowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelyto

work:wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,let

alonesuperintelligentmachines.

SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossible

butnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuper

intelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asit

hasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexist

aslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethe

goalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjustaswitchthemoff“asifsuperintelligent

machinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.Stillothersthinkthatsuper

intelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnest

Rutherfordstated,withconfidence,aAnyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthe

transformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine."However,onSeptember12,1933,

physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron-induced（中子誘導(dǎo)）nuclearchain

reaction.

67.Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay.

A.runoutofhumancontrol

B.satisfyhuman*srealdesires

C.commandarmiesofkillerrobots

D.workfasterthanamathematician

68.Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartly

becausetheymightbeableto.

A.preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyed

B.achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependently

C.doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenorders

D.beathumansininternationalchessmatches

69.Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto.

A.helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetter

B.besecureagainstevilhumanbeings

C.keepmachinesfrombeingharmed

D.avoidrobots，affectingtheworld

70.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafety

problemofsuperintelligentmachines?

A.ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAL

T-n4.,r.Red-backedfairywrens（鼾

BD.I+twillgetworsewithhumaninterference.、?'、

鴻）,whichliveinnorthem

C.Itwi11besolvedbutwithdifficulty.andeasternAustralia,lay

D.Itwillstayforadecade.llueeorfour-eggsalatime.

【文章大意】本文為科普類(lèi)文章，講的是隨著科技的發(fā)展，人工智能（AI）可能會(huì)超出

人類(lèi)的控制。

67.A段落大意題。第一段第二句說(shuō)“人工智能雖然擅長(zhǎng)完成任務(wù)，但這有可能不是我們真正想要

的“。因此選Ao

68.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句話“…awishtopreserveitsown

existence.可知答案為A。

69.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句話“…butneverallowingthemtoaffectthe

realword."可知人們利用防火墻是為了避免機(jī)器人影響整個(gè)世界，故選D。

70.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句話“???seemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.”

推出超級(jí)智能機(jī)器人的安全問(wèn)題有可能得到解決但是會(huì)有困難，故選C項(xiàng)。

[2017?江蘇卷]

B

Beforebirth,babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.

Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother，svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.But

whenitcomestoembryoniclearning（月臺(tái)教），birdscouldrulethoooost.Asrecently

reportedinTheAuk：OrnithologicalAdvances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoung

tosingevenbeforetheyhatch（孵化）.New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmum，s

cal1withinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.

Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,a

biologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.Female

Australiansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragain

whilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilar

chirptotheirmothers-asoundthatservedastheirregularafeedme!”call.

Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds,theresearchers

soughtthered-backedfairywren,anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firstthey

collectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafter

hatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalysingtheorderandnumberof

notes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks,

rankingthembysimilarity.

Itturnsoutthatbabyred-backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingliketheir

mums.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs,themoresimilar

werethebabies'beggingcalls.Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperiment

thatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmum，svoicewere

rewardedwiththemostfood.

Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignal

neurological（神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的）strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionary

inferencecanthenbedrawn."Asaparent,doyouinvestinqualitychildren,

ordoyouinvestinchildrenthatareinneed?”Kleindorferasks."Ourresults

suggestthattheymightbegoingforquality.”

58.TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means"”.

A.betheworstB.bethebest

C.bejustasbadD.bejustasgood

59.WhatareKleindorfer，sfindingsbasedon?

A.Similaritiesbetweenthecallsofmumsandchicks.

B.TheobservationoffairywrensacrossAustralia.

C.ThedatacollectedfromQueensland*slocals.

D.Controlledexperimentsonwrensandotherbirds.

60.Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidentifythebabybirdswhich

A.canreceivequalitysignals

B.areinneedoftraining

C.fittheenvironmentbetter

D.maketheloudestcall

【文章大意】本文是一篇科普說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了一項(xiàng)新發(fā)現(xiàn)：幼鳥(niǎo)在被孵化前母鳥(niǎo)

便教它們識(shí)別聲音了。母親呼喚它們的鳥(niǎo)蛋越頻繁，則它們的孩子越會(huì)發(fā)出相似的聲音；幼

鳥(niǎo)的聲音越像它們母親的聲音，則它們獲得的食物獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)就越多。

58.B詞義猜測(cè)題。第一段將人類(lèi)嬰兒與幼鳥(niǎo)進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，畫(huà)線詞組所在句上文講出

生前人的辨別聲音的能力很強(qiáng)，下文講一些母鳥(niǎo)在幼鳥(niǎo)被孵化之前就教它們學(xué)唱歌了。據(jù)此

可以判斷，在胎教方面，鳥(niǎo)兒的表現(xiàn)是最好的，推測(cè)“ruletheroost”意為“bethebest”，

故選B項(xiàng)。

59.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第三句"Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethe

similarchirptotheirmothers-asoundthatservedastheirregular'feedme!'call.“可

知,當(dāng)這些幼鳥(niǎo)被孵化出來(lái)的時(shí)候，它們也發(fā)出了和它們的媽媽類(lèi)似的鳴叫。據(jù)此可知，SoniaKleindorfer

的發(fā)現(xiàn)是以母鳥(niǎo)和幼鳥(niǎo)叫聲的相似點(diǎn)為基礎(chǔ)的，故選A項(xiàng)。

60.C推理判斷題。第四段"Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperiment

thatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmum'svoicewere

rewardedwiththemostfood.（一項(xiàng)單獨(dú)的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明模仿母鳥(niǎo)聲音最接近的幼鳥(niǎo)會(huì)得到最

多的食物）”和最后一段研究人員的研究結(jié)果表明，母鳥(niǎo)會(huì)選擇質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)良的孩子，因此可以

推斷，母鳥(niǎo)通過(guò)胎教來(lái)確定質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)良的幼鳥(niǎo)，即最會(huì)模仿它們聲音的幼鳥(niǎo)。質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)良的幼鳥(niǎo)

無(wú)需過(guò)多幫助就能更好地適應(yīng)環(huán)境，故選C項(xiàng)。

[2017?江蘇卷]

D

Oldproblem,newapproaches

Whilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife,globalwarmingwill

continueforsomedecadesafterCO2emissions（排放）peak.Soevenifemissionswere

tobegintodecreasetoday,wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimate

change.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimate

adaptation.

Whenitcomestoadaptation,itisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechange

isaprocess.Wearethereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard,but

toaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.Thisiswhy,inpartatleast,theUS

NationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat：”Thereisno'one-sizefitsall'

adaptation.Nevertheless,therearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittle

riskorcost.

Aroundtheworld,peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways,especiallyinsome

poorcountries.FloodshavebecomemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdecades.

MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssawonlydisaster.Hisnot-for-profit

organizationruns100riverboatsthatserveasfloatinglibraries,schools,and

healthclinics,andareequippedwithsolarpanelsandothercommunicatingfacilities.

Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivity（連接）toreplacefloodedroadsandhighways.

Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel：hisstaffshowpeoplehow

tomakefloatinggardensandfishpondstopreventstarvationduringthewetseason.

ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.ChewangNorphel

livesinamountainousregioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan.Theloss

ofglaciers（冰川）thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreatto

agriculture.Withouttheglaciers,waterwillarriveintheriversattimeswhen

itcandamagecrops.NorpheTsinspirationcamefromseeingthewasteofwaterover

winter,whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasins

whereitfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsoficesupplyperfectly

timedirrigation（灌溉）water.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves,Norphel

calculatesthathehasstoredabout200,000m3ofwater.Climatechangeisacontinuing

process,soNorpheTsicereserveswillnotlastforever.Warmingwillovertakethem.

Butheisprovidingafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill,perhaps,beableto

findothermeansofadapting.

IncreasingEarth，sreflectivenesscancooltheplanet.InsouthernSpainthe

suddenincreaseofgreenhouses（whichreflectlightbacktospace）haschangedthe

warmingtrendlocally,andactuallycooledtheregion.WhileSpainasawholeis

heatingupquickly,temperaturesnearthegreenhouseshavedecreased.Thisexample

shouldactasaninspirationforallcities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite,cities

mayslowdownthewarmingprocess.

InPeru,localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthathasalreadyfallen

victimtoclimatechangehavebegunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthe

hopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife-givingice.Theoutcome

isstillfarfromclear.ButtheWorldBankhasincludedtheprojectonitslist

of"100ideastosavetheplanetn.

Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarehappeningeverywhere.Afriendofmine

ownsanareaoflandinwesternVictoria.Overfivegenerationsthelandhasbeen

toowetforcropping.Butduringthepastdecadedecliningrainfal1hasallowedhim

toplanthighlyprofitablecrops.Farmersinmanycountriesarealsoadaptinglike

this—eitherbygrowingnewproduce,orbygrowingthesamethingsdifferently.This

iscommonsense.Butsomesuggestionsforadaptingarenot.Whenthepolluting

industriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhave

nochoicebuttoadapt,it'sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessas

usual.

Humanbeingswillcontinuetoadapttothechangingclimateinbothordinary

andastonishingways.Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadapt

ourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.Afterall,ifweadaptinthat

way,wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.

65.TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2implies.

A.adaptationisanever-changingprocess

B.thecostofadaptationvarieswithtime

C.globalwarmingaffectsadaptationforms

D.adaptationtoclimatechangeischallenging

66.WhatisspecialwithregardtoRezwan*sproject?

A.Theprojectreceivesgovernmentsupport.

B.Differentorganizationsworkwitheachother.

C.Hisorganizationmakesthebestofabadsituation.

D.Theprojectconnectsfloodedroadsandhighways.

67.WhatdidtheIceMandotoreducetheeffectofglobalwarming?

A.Storingiceforfutureuse.

B.Protectingtheglaciersfrommelting.

C.Changingtheirrigationtime.

D.Postponingthemeltingoftheglaciers.

68.WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?

A.Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.

B.Theglobalwarmingtrendcannotbestopped.

C.Thiscountryisheatinguptooquickly.

D.Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.

69.Accordingtotheauthor,pollutingindustriesshould.

A.adapttocarbonpollution

B.planthighlyprofitablecrops

C.leavecarbonemissionalone

D.fightagainstcarbonpollution

70.What/stheauthor，spreferredsolutiontoglobalwarming?

A.Settingupanewstandard.

B.Reducingcarbonemission.

C.Adaptingtoclimatechange.

D.Monitoringpollutingindustries.

【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了世界各地適應(yīng)如今全球變暖的氣候的方

法。

65.A句意理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句"Wearethereforenottalkingabout

adaptingtoanewstandard,buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.“可

知I,我們并不是在討論適應(yīng)一個(gè)新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而是適應(yīng)不斷變化的條件。據(jù)此可以判斷，這句

話的意思是：適應(yīng)是一個(gè)不斷變化的過(guò)程。故選A項(xiàng)。

66.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第三句uMohammedRezwansawopportunitywhere

otherssawonlydisaster.v以及該段其他內(nèi)容可知，Rezwan所在的組織充分利用洪水災(zāi)

害為人們提供便利，故選C項(xiàng)。

67.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段"Thelossofglaciers（冰川）thereduetoglobalwarming

representsanenormousthreattoagricultuxe-Norphel，sinspirationcamefromseeingthewaste

ofwateroverwinter,whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasins

whereitfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring."可知，"冰人"適應(yīng)全球變暖的影響的方法是冬

天將水凍成冰儲(chǔ)存起來(lái)，以備春天用,故選A項(xiàng)。而這種方法并沒(méi)有防止冰川的融化和改變灌溉的時(shí)間，

故排除B、C和D項(xiàng)。

68.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段^IncreasingEarth，sreflectivenesscancoolthe

planet…Bypaintingbuildingswhite,citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess.”

以及第六段“…paintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheadded

reflectivenesswillrestorethelife-givingice.”可知,提高地球?qū)獾姆瓷淠芰?/p>

以緩解氣候變暖，而秘魯農(nóng)民的做法恰恰印證了這一點(diǎn)。故選D項(xiàng)。

69.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第七段“Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe've

lostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it，s

anonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.以及最后一段“Butthe

mostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitless

carbonpollution.v可知，一些污染企業(yè)辯解稱(chēng)他們無(wú)法控制碳污染，只能選擇適應(yīng)，這

完全是胡扯，污染企業(yè)仍然要減少碳排放，與碳污染做斗爭(zhēng)。故選D項(xiàng)。

70.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后兩句"Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationis

surelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.Afterall,ifwe

adaptinthatway,wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.“可知，作

者認(rèn)為最合理的應(yīng)對(duì)全球變暖的方法是減少碳排放，此舉將避免在其他很多方面改變的需

要。故選B項(xiàng)。

[2017?全國(guó)卷I]

D

Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill（蒸鐳苫號(hào)）isoneofthebestwaystoobtain

drinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.Developedbytwo

doctorsintheUSDepartmentofAgriculture,it'sanexcellentwatercollector.

Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit'sallbut

impossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,are

a5'X5'sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,and

acontainer-perhapsjustadrinkingcup-tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbe

foldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.

Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpsti