2022年1月托?？荚囬喿x理解全真試題2

2022年年1月托福考試閱讀理解全真試題2Glassisaremarkablesubstancemadefromthesimplestrawmaterials.Itcanbecoloredorcolorless，monochromeorpolychrome，transparent，translucent，oropaque.Itislightweightimpermeabletoliquids，readilycleanedandreused，durableyetfragile，andoftenverybeautifulGlasscanbedecoratedinmultiplewaysanditsopticalpropertiesareexceptional.Inallitsmyriadforms-astableware，containers，inarchitectureanddesign-glassrepresentsamajorachievementinthehistoryoftechnologicaldevelopments.

SincetheBronzeAgeabout3，000B.C.，glassliasbeenusedformakingvariouskindsofobjects.Itwasfirstmadefromamixtureofsilica，lineandanalkalisuchassodaorpotash，andtheseremainedthebasicingredientsofglassuntilthedevelopmentofleadglassintheseventeenthcentury.Whenheated，themixturebecomessoftandmalleableandcanbeformedbyvarioustechniquesintoavastarrayofshapesandsizes.Thehomogeneousmassthusformedbymeltingthencoolstocreateglass，butincontrasttomostmaterialsformedinthisway（metals，forinstance），glasslacksthecrystallinestructurenormallyassociatedwithsolids，andinsteadretainstherandommolecularstructureofaliquid.Ineffect，asmoltenglasscools，itprogressivelystiffensuntilrigid，butdoessowithoutsettingupanetworkofinterlockingcrystalscustomarilyassociatedwiththatprocess.Thisiswhyglassshatterssoeasilywhendealtablow.Whyglassdeterioratesovertime，especiallywhenexposedtomoisture，andwhyglasswaremustbeslowlyreheatedanduniformlycooledaftermanufacturetoreleaseinternalstressesInducedbyunevencooling.

Anotherunusualfeatureofglassisthemannerinwhichitsviscositychangesasitturnsfromacoldsubstanceintoahot，ductileliquid.Unlikemetalsthatflowor“freeze“atspecifictemperaturesglassprogressivelysoftensasthetemperaturerises，goingthroughvaryingstagesofmalleabilityuntilitflowslikeathicksyrup.Eachstageofmalleabilityallowstheglasstobemanipulatedintovariousforms，bydifferenttechniques，andifsuddenlycooledtheobjectretainstheshapeachievedatthatpoint.Glassisthusamenabletoagreaternumberofheat-formingtechniquesthanmostothermaterials.

10.Whydoestheauthorlistthecharacteristicsofglassinlines1-5？

（A）Todemonstratehowglassevolved

（B）Toshowtheversatilityofglass

（C）Toexplainglassmakingtechnology

（D）Toexplainthepurposeofeachcomponentofglass

11.Theword“durable“inhue3isclosestinmeaningto

（A）lasting

（B）delicate

（C）heavy

（D）Plain

12.Whatdoestheauthorimplyabouttherawmaterialsusedtomakeglass？

（A）Theywerethesameforcenturies.

（B）Theyarcliquid

（C）Theyaretransparent

（D）Theyareveryheavy.

13.Accordingtothepassage，howisglassthathascooledandbecomerigiddifferentfrommostotherrigidsubstances？

（A）Ithasaninterlockingcrystalnetwork.

（B）Ithasanunusuallylowmeltingtemperature.

（C）Ithasvaryingphysicalproperties.

（D）Ithasarandommolecularstructure.

14.Theword“customarily“inline13isclosestinmeaningto

（A）naturally

（B）necessarily

（C）usually

（D）certainly

15.Thewords“exposedto“inline19areclosestinmeaningto

（A）hardenedby

（B）chilledwith

（C）subjectedto

（D）deprivedof

16.Whatmustbedonetoreleasetheinternalstressesthatbuildupinglassproductsduringmanufacture？

（A）theglassmustbereheatedandevenlycooled.

（B）theglassmustbecooledquickly.

（C）Theglassmustbekeptmoistuntilcooled.

（D）Theglassmustbeshapedtoitsdesiredformimmediately

17.Theword“induced“inline21isclosestinmeaningto

（A）joined

（B）missed

（C）caused

（D）lost

18.Theword“it“inline22refersto

（A）feature

（B）glass

（C）manner

（D）viscosity

19.Accordingtothepassage.whycanglassbemoreeasilyshapedintospecifi